Electrochemistry: Prepared By: Engr. L.A. Agustin

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
PART I
Prepared by: Engr. L.A. Agustin

Electrochemistry
- branch of chemistry that deals with the interconversion of electrical
energy and chemical energy
Some examples include gas sensors, such as
those used in homes to detect CO, heavy
metal sensors for water quality analysis, and
hydrocarbon, alcohol, and ketone sensors
for measuring motor oil degradation.
Electrochemical sensors detect the

electrochemical reactions and measures by
using electrodes which is due to the interaction
between the sensing surface and the analytes
thereby converts this responsive information to
qualitative and quantitative electric signals
Electrochemical Toxic Gas Sensors
Basic Principle of an electrochemical sensor

Electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production from renewable and
nuclear resources. Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and
oxygen. This reaction takes place in a unit called an electrolyzer.
Electrolyzer manufacturers are expanding capacity to satisfy growing global demand

Electrochemical energy storage includes the conversion reaction between chemical energy and electric energy,
with the electric energy being stored in chemical bonds of electrode materials of both battery and
pseudocapacitor types.
Hydrogen as clean energy carrier

Electrochemistry plays an indirect but
Organic electrosynthesis means synthesizing
important role in the development of
organic compounds using electricity.
novel materials that can avoid or
Organic synthesis has a tremendous
minimize corrosion and the
importance in the fabrication of
consequences associated to this
pharmaceuticals.
phenomenon.
RedOx (Reduction-Oxidation Reaction)
à Involves the movement of electrons from one reactant to another
à Oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously
Oxidation Reduction
à Loss of electrons à Gain of Electrons
Oxidation State (Number)
à the charge that atom would have if the compound was composed of ions
General Rules for Assigning Oxidation Number:

1. For an atom in its elemental form, O.N. = 0
Example: Chlorine (Cl2), Phosphorus (P4) , O.N. = 0

2. For a monoatomic ion: O.N. = ion charge (with the sign
before the numeral)
Example: Chlorine Ion (Cl1-), O.N. = -1

Sodium Ion (Na1+), O.N. = +1
3. The sum of the O.N. in a neutral species is 0 and,
in a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
Example: NaCl, O.N = 0

SO42-, O.N = -2
Special Rules for Assigning Oxidation Number:
1. Certain elements have the same oxidation number in
all their compounds .
Ø Group 1 elements have an O.N. = +1.
Ø Group 2 elements have an O.N = +2
Ø Fluorine always has an O.N = -1
Example: O.N. of Zn2+ ion in ZnCl2 = +2

2. Hydrogen in a compound has an O.N. = +1 but if it
is combined with a metal or boron, it’s O.N. = -1
Example: O.N. of Hydrogen in HCl = +1

in NaH = -1
3. Oxygen in a compound has O.N. = -2 but with
combined with Group 1 metals (O.N. = +1) and
Group 2 metals (O.N. = +2)
Example: O.N. of Oxygen in Na2O = -2
in Na2O2 = -1
in NaO2 = -1/2
EXAMPLE: Determine the O.N. of each element in
these species:
1. ZnCl2 6. N2
2. SO3 7. N3-
3. HNO3 8. NO3-
4. O2F2 9. BaO
5. HOCl 10. K2O2
USING OXIDATION NUMBER TO IDENTIFY THE
OXIDIXING AND REDUCING AGENTS
üIf an atom has a higher (more positive or less

negative) O.N. in the product than it had in the
reactant, the reactant that contains the atom was
oxidized (lost electrons) and is called the reducing
agent.
LEORA
Loss of Electrons – Oxidation – Reducing Agent
Oxidation reaction:
Fe2+ (aq) à Fe3+
+2 à +3
OXIDATION IS SHOWN BY AN
INCREASE IN O.N.
USING OXIDATION NUMBER TO IDENTIFY THE
OXIDIXING AND REDUCING AGENTS
üIf an atom has a lower (more negative or less positive) O.N. in the
product than it had in the reactant, the reactant that contains the
atom was reduced (gained electrons) and is called the oxidizing
agent
GEROA
Gain of Electrons – Reduction – Oxidizing Agent
Reduction reaction:
Cl2 (g) à Cl -
(aq)
0 à -1
REDUCTION IS SHOWN BY A
DECREASE IN O.N.
Example:
Try this:
Determine the Reducing and Oxidizing Agent
in the following reaction:
2Al (s) + 3H2SO4 (aq) à Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2 (g)

BALANCING HALF REACTIONS
1. Fe2+ (aq) à Fe3+ (aq)
2. Cl2 (g) à Cl -
(aq)
How to balance half reactions when other
elements take part in the reaction
1. Assign oxidation numbers to each element
2. Balance the atoms of each element being oxidized or reduced
3. Multiply the oxidation number by the number of atoms that
have that oxidation number. This gives you the total oxidation
number.
4. Balance oxidation number by adding electrons.
5. Balance charge by adding H+ ions in acidic solution and OH-
ions in basic solution
6. Balance hydrogen by adding H2O molecules
7. Check to make sure that oxygen is balanced.
Try this!
1. BrO- à Br2
in acidic and basic medium
2. Cl2 (g) à ClO3 (aq)

-
in acidic solution
3. NO3- (aq) à NO (aq)

in basic solution
BALANCING REDOX REACTIONS
1.Split the equation into two half-equations
2.Balance one of the half-equations
3.Balance the other half-equation
4.Combine the two half-reactions in such a way as to
eliminate electrons
Example:
Balance the following redox reactions:
1. Fe2+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) àFe3+ (aq) + NO(g) (basic solution)
2. MnO4- (aq) + Cl2 (g) à Mn2+ (aq) + ClO3- (acidic solution)

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ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Prepared by: Engr. L.A. Agustin

Electrochemical sensors detect the

Electrochemical Toxic Gas Sensors

Basic Principle of an electrochemical sensor

Electrolyzer manufacturers are expanding capacity to satisfy growing global demand

Hydrogen as clean energy carrier

General Rules for Assigning Oxidation Number:

Example: Chlorine (Cl2), Phosphorus (P4) , O.N. = 0

Example: Chlorine Ion (Cl1-), O.N. = -1

Example: NaCl, O.N = 0

Example: O.N. of Zn2+ ion in ZnCl2 = +2

Example: O.N. of Hydrogen in HCl = +1

üIf an atom has a higher (more positive or less

Fe2+ (aq) à Fe3+

2Al (s) + 3H2SO4 (aq) à Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2 (g)

1. Fe2+ (aq) à Fe3+ (aq)

2. Cl2 (g) à ClO3 (aq)

3. NO3- (aq) à NO (aq)

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