BANTOG, Rianne Margaret V.

solve, control inhibition, spontaneity, initiate

STEM 11-B and self-regulate behaviors, pay attention,
remember and control emotions.

↪ Parietal Lobe - The parietal lobe is

located at the upper rear of our brain, and
controls our complex behaviors, including
senses such as vision, touch, body
awareness and spatial orientation. It plays
important roles in integrating sensory
information from various parts of our body,
knowledge of numbers and their relations,
and in the manipulation of objects. Portions
are involved with our visuospatial
processing, language comprehension, the
10 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ability to construct, body positioning and
BRAIN movement, neglect/inattention, left-right
differentiation and self-awareness/insight.
FOREBRAIN
↳ Cerebrum (cerebral cortex) - the ↪ Occipital Lobe - The occipital lobe is
cerebrum is the largest part of the human located at the back of our brain, and is
brain, and it is associated with higher brain associated with our visual processing, such
function such as thought and action. Nerve as visual recognition, visual attention,
cells make up the gray surface, which is a spatial analysis and visual perception of
little thicker than our thumb. White nerve body language; such as postures,
fibers beneath the surface carry signals expressions and gestures.
between nerve cells in other parts of the
brain and body. ↪ Temporal Lobe - The temporal lobe is
located near our ears, and is associated
Its wrinkled surface increases the surface with processing our perception and
area, and is a six-layered structure found in recognition of auditory stimuli (including our
mammals, called the neocortex. It is divided ability to focus on one sound among many,
into four sections, called “lobes”. They are; like listening to one voice among many at a
the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the party), comprehending spoken language,
occipital lobe and the temporal lobe. verbal memory, visual memory and
language production (including fluency and
word-finding), general knowledge and
autobiographical memories.

MIDBRAIN

↳ Limbic System - the limbic system is

often referred to as our “emotional brain”, or
‘childish brain’. It is found buried within the
cerebrum and contains the thalamus,
hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus.

↳ Thalamus - the primary role of the

↪ Frontal Lobe - lies just beneath our thalamus is to relay sensory information
forehead and is associated with our brain’s from other parts of the brain to the cerebral
ability to reason, organize, plan, speak, move, cortex
make facial expressions, serial task, problem
↳ Hypothalamus - the primary role of the cerebellum and cerebrum. Many important
hypothalamus is to regulate various nerves that originate in the pons, such as
functions of the pituitary gland and the trigeminal nerve, are responsible for
endocrine activity, as well as somatic feeling in the face, as well as controlling the
functions e.g.body temperature, sleep, muscles that are responsible for biting,
appetite. chewing, and swallowing.

↳ Amygdala - the primary role of the ↳ Medulla - The primary role of the medulla
amygdala is to be a critical processor for the is regulating our involuntary life sustaining
senses. Connected to the hippocampus, it functions such as breathing, swallowing and
plays a role in emotionally laden memories heart rate. As part of the brain stem, it also
and contains a huge number of opiate helps transfer neural messages to and from
receptor sites that are implicated in rage, the brain and spinal cord. It is located at the
fear and sexual feelings. junction of the spinal cord and brain.

↳ Hippocampus - the primary role of the DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEURONS

hippocampus is memory forming, organizing
and storing information. It is particularly
important in forming new memories, and
connecting emotions and senses, such as
smell and sound, to memories.

↳ Pituitary Gland - the primary role of the

pituitary gland is an important link between
the nervous system and the endocrine
system. It releases many hormones which
affect growth, metabolism, sexual
development and the reproduction system.
It is connected to the hypothalamus and is
about the size of a pea. It is located in the
center of the skull, just behind the bridge of PARTS OF A NEURON
the nose.
↳ Cell Body - Also known as a soma, the
HINDBRAIN cell body is the core section of the neuron.
The cell body contains genetic information,
↳ Cerebellum - he cerebellum, or “little
brain”, is similar to the cerebrum with its two maintains the neuron’s structure, and
hemispheres and highly folded surface. It is provides energy to drive activities. Like
associated with regulation and coordination other cell bodies, a neuron’s soma contains
of movement, posture, balance and cardiac, a nucleus and specialized organelles. It’s
respiratory and vasomotor centers. enclosed by a membrane that both protects
↳ Brain Stem - The brain stem is located it and allows it to interact with its immediate
beneath the limbic system. It is responsible surroundings.
for vital life functions such as breathing,
heartbeat, and blood pressure. The brain ↳ Axon - An axon is a long, tail-like
stem is made of the midbrain, pons, and structure. It joins the cell body at a
medulla. specialized junction called the axon hillock.
Many axons are insulated with a fatty
↳ Pons - The primary role of the pons is to
substance called myelin. Myelin helps
serve as a bridge between various parts of
the nervous system, including the
axons to conduct an electrical signal. ↳ Purkinje neurons - have multiple
Neurons usually have one main axon. dendrites that fan out from the cell body.
These neurons are inhibitory neurons,
↳ Dendrites - Dendrites are fibrous roots meaning they release neurotransmitters that
that branch out from the cell body. Like keep other neurons from firing.
antennae, dendrites receive and process
signals from the axons of other neurons. ↳ Sensory neurons - the nerve cells that
Neurons can have more than one set of are activated by sensory input from the
dendrites, known as dendritic trees. environment - for example, when you touch
a hot surface with your fingertips, the
TYPES OF NEURONS
sensory neurons will be the ones firing and
sending off signals to the rest of the nervous
system about the information they have
received.

The inputs that activate sensory neurons

can be physical or chemical, corresponding
to all five of our senses. Thus, a physical
input can be things like sound, touch, heat,
or light. A chemical input comes from taste
or smell, which neurons then send to the
brain.

Most sensory neurons are pseudounipolar,

which means they only have one axon
↳ Multipolar neurons - These neurons which is split into two branches.
have a single axon and symmetrical
dendrites that extend from it. This is the ↳ Motor neurons - Motor neurons play a
most common form of neuron in the central role in movement, including voluntary and
nervous system. involuntary movements. These neurons
allow the brain and spinal cord to
↳ Unipolar neurons - Usually only found in communicate with muscles, organs, and
invertebrate species, these neurons have a glands all over the body.
single axon.
There are two types of motor neurons: lower
↳ Bipolar neurons - have two extensions and upper. Lower motor neurons carry
extending from the cell body. At the end of signals from the spinal cord to the smooth
one side is the axon, and the dendrites are muscles and skeletal muscles. Upper motor
on the other side. These types of neurons neurons carry signals between your brain
are mostly found in the retina of the eye. But and spinal cord. When you eat, for instance,
they can also be found in parts of the lower motor neurons in your spinal cord
nervous system that help the nose and ear send signals to the smooth muscles in your
function. esophagus, stomach, and intestines. These
muscles contract, which allows food to
↳ Pyramidal neurons - These neurons move through your digestive tract.
have one axon but several dendrites to form
a pyramid type shape. These are the largest ↳ Interneurons - Interneurons are neural
neuron cells and are mostly found in the intermediaries found in your brain and
cortex. The cortex is the part of the brain spinal cord. They’re the most common type
responsible for conscious thoughts.
of neuron. They pass signals from sensory
neurons and other interneurons to motor But it isn’t just a pleasure chemical. New
neurons and other interneurons. Often, they work suggests DA also plays an important
form complex circuits that help you to react role in Parkinson’s disease, addiction,
to external stimuli. For instance, when you schizophrenia, and other neuropsychiatric
touch something sharp like a cactus, disorders.
sensory neurons in your fingertips send a
signal to interneurons in your spinal cord. : is responsible for allowing you to feel
pleasure, satisfaction and motivation.
Some interneurons pass the signal on to
When you feel good that you have achieved
motor neurons in your hand, which allows something, it's because you have a surge of
you to move your hand away. Other dopamine in the brain.
interneurons send a signal to the pain
center in your brain, and you experience Glutamate (GLU) - the most excitatory
pain. neurotransmitter in the cortex. Too much
glutamate results in excitotoxicity, or the
DIFFERENT TYPES OF death of neurons due to stroke, traumatic
NEUROTRANSMITTERS brain injury, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
the debilitating neurodegenerative disorder
Acetylcholine (Ach) - the first better known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. Yet,
neurotransmitter discovered. It is a direct it’s not all bad news. The excitement GLU
action small-molecule that works primarily in brings is important to learning and memory:
muscles, helping to translate our intentions long term potentiation (LTP), the molecular
to move into actual actions as signals are process believed to help form memories,
passed from the neurons into the muscle occurs in glutamatergic neurons in the
fiber. But it also has other roles in the brain, hippocampus and cortex.
including helping direct attention and
playing a key role in facilitating Serotonin (5HT) - sometimes called the
neuroplasticity across the cortex. “calming chemical,” is best known for its
mood modulating effects. A lack of 5HT has
: In the somatic nervous system, been linked to depression and related
acetylcholine is used at the neuromuscular neuropsychiatric disorders. But 5HT is
junctions, triggering the firing of motor farther reaching, and has also been
neurons and affecting voluntary implicated in helping to manage appetite,
movements. sleep, memory, and, most recently,
Dopamine (DA) - often referred to as the decision-making behaviors.
“pleasure chemical” because it is released : Serotonin plays several roles in your body,
when mammals receive a reward in including influencing learning, memory,
response to their behavior; that reward happiness as well as regulating body
could be food, drugs, or sex. It is one of the temperature, sleep, sexual behavior and
most extensively studied neurochemicals, hunger. Lack of enough serotonin is
mainly because it plays such diverse roles thought to play a role in depression, anxiety,
in human behavior and cognition. mania and other health conditions.
DA is involved with motivation, decision- Norepinephrine (NE) - is both a hormone
making, movement, reward processing, and a neurotransmitter. Some refer to it as
attention, working memory, and learning. noradrenalin. It has been linked to mood,
arousal, vigilance, memory, and stress. secretly binge — eating large amounts of
Newer research has focused on its role in food with a loss of control over the eating —
both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and then purge, trying to get rid of the extra
and Parkinson’s disease. calories in an unhealthy way.

: norepinephrine increases heart rate and Binge eating disorder - they typically eat
blood pumping from the heart. It also unusually large amounts of food in relatively
increases blood pressure and helps break short periods of time and feel a lack of
down fat and increase blood sugar levels to control during binges. People with binge
provide more energy to the body. eating disorder do not restrict calories or
use purging behaviors, such as vomiting or
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) - If excessive exercise, to compensate for their
GLU is the most excitatory neurotransmitter, binges.
then its inhibitory correlate is GABA. GABA
works to inhibit neural signaling. If it inhibits Pica - an eating disorder that involves
cells too much, it can lead to seizures and eating things that are not considered food
other problems. But this neurotransmitter and that do not provide nutritional value.
also plays an important role in brain Individuals with pica crave non-food
development. New research suggests that substances such as ice, dirt, soil, chalk,
GABA helps lay down important brain soap, paper, hair, cloth, wool, pebbles,
circuits in early development. Like DA, laundry detergent, or cornstarch.
GABA also has a nickname: the “learning
chemical.” Studies have found a link Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder -
between the levels of GABA in the brain and people with ARFID don't eat because they
whether or not learning is successful. are turned off by the smell, taste, texture, or
color of food. They may be afraid that they
: lessens the ability of a nerve cell to will choke or vomit. They don't have
receive, create or send chemical anorexia, bulimia, or another medical
messages to other nerve cells. GABA is problem that would explain their eating
known for producing a calming effect. It's behaviors.
thought to play a major role in controlling
anxiety, stress and fear. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MENTAL
CHALLENGES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EATING
DISORDERS Depression
- a mood disorder characterized by lowering
Anorexia nervosa - people with anorexia of mood, loss of interest and enjoyment,
generally view themselves as overweight, and reduced energy. It is not just feeling
even if they’re dangerously underweight. sad. There are different types and
symptoms of depression. There are varying
They tend to constantly monitor their weight, levels of severity and symptoms related to
avoid eating certain types of foods, and depression. Symptoms of depression can
severely restrict their calorie intake. lead to increased risk of suicidal thoughts or
behaviours.
Bulimia nervosa - people with bulimia
frequently eat unusually large amounts of Dissociation disorder
food in a specific period of time. They may
- is a mental process where a person reality. Symptoms of schizophrenia vary
disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, widely but may include hallucinations,
memories or sense of identity. delusions, thought disorder, social
withdrawal, lack of motivation and impaired
Dissociative disorders thinking and memory. People with
- include dissociative amnesia, dissociative schizophrenia have a high risk of suicide.
fugue, depersonalisation disorder and Schizophrenia is not a split personality.
dissociative identity disorder.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

- an anxiety disorder. Obsessions are

recurrent thoughts, images or impulses that
are intrusive and unwanted. Compulsions
are time-consuming and distressing
repetitive rituals. Treatments include
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), and
medications.

Paranoia
- the irrational and persistent feeling that
people are ‘out to get you’. Paranoia may be
a symptom of conditions including paranoid
personality disorder, delusional (paranoid)
disorder and schizophrenia. Treatment for
paranoia include medications and
psychological support.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

- a mental health condition that can develop
as a response to people who have
experienced any traumatic event. This can
be a car or other serious accident, physical
or sexual assault, war-related events or
torture, or natural disasters such as
bushfires or floods.

Psychosis
- People affected by psychosis can
experience delusions, hallucinations and
confused thinking.. Psychosis can occur in a
number of mental illnesses, including drug-
induced psychosis, schizophrenia and mood
disorders. Medication and psychological
support can relieve, or even eliminate,
psychotic symptoms.

Schizophrenia
- a complex psychotic disorder
characterized by disruptions to thinking and
emotions, and a distorted perception of