GERO 1017 Notes and Quizzes PDF

GERO 1017: QUIZZES – Correct Answers - WINTER 2020 March 24, 2020
Quiz 1 - HEALTH
True or False
1. Most older adults have at least one disability. F
2. Between 10–20 per cent of older adults are diagnosed with mild to severe
depression. T
3. The most common chronic illness among older adults is heart problems. F
4. The concept of health transitions captures the interplay between individual and
societal factors that shape our health as we age. T
5. Morbidity compression is the tendency for the onset of disease to be compressed
into a shorter period at the end of life. T
6. Research suggests that the baby boomers are healthier than previous generations in
health status and health behaviours. F
7. Longevity is due to genetics, social resources, and healthy lifestyles experienced
throughout life. T
8. The social determinants of health are factors that operate over the life course and
include socio-economic status, living conditions, and social support. T
9. Physical activity levels have dropped significantly over the last two decades for older
adults. F
10. At least one-quarter of older adults do not comply with medication instructions. T
1. Professional assessments and diagnostic tests of symptoms usually result in a diagnosis of

disease that can be termed which of the following?
Natural or unnatural
Applied or theoretical
Physical or mental
Acute or chronic
See page 198
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the definitions of health according to the World Health
Organization?
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The access to world-class medical care when you need it

The absence of symptoms of illness or signs of disease
The presence of well-being and a sense of being healthy (or not ill or sick)
The capacity to perform activities of daily living and to function with some degree of
independence
See page 198
3. What are the most common chronic illnesses among older adults living in the community in
2014?
Dementia, Parkinson, Huntington, and MS
Coronary heart disease, cancer, stroke, and respiratory system diseases
Cancer, lung diseases, and diabetes
Arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, asthma, and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
4. What are blue zones?
Locations with cooler climates
Populations with high levels of depression
Pockets of extreme longevity
Areas with left-leaning political values
5. Which of the following is/are structural factor(s) associated with morbidity?
Ethnic/religious beliefs
Availability of a support system
Gender, age, and class
Adaptation to stress and pain
6. Which of the following is NOT a domain of interlocking multimorbidity resilience, according to
the Lifecourse Model of Multimorbidity Resilience?
Critical
Functional
Psychological
Social
7. What of the following is a benefit of physical activity for aging adults?
Increased life satisfaction, confidence, and sense of self-worth
Increased morbidity and mortality
Increased risk of cognitive impairment
Decreased physical health and functional ability
8. Which of the following has been defined as an acquired global impairment of cognitive function,
sufficient to impinge on everyday activities, occurring in clear consciousness?
Dysthymia
Depression
Delerium
Dementia
See page 222
9. Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is true?
Memory capacity alone constitutes a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
The rate of progression is predictable.
Various levels and types of care are required, depending on the symptoms.
There are several simple tests to confirm a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
10. Which of the following is NOT a principle of the Canada Health Act (1984)?
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Comprehensive
Universal
Privately administered
Accessible
11. Approximately 83 per cent of persons 65 and over have a disability.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 198
12. Many older adults see their own health in a more positive light that others do.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 199
13. The medical model of care has been criticized for over-medicalizing people.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 199
14. Self-efficacy, the perceived confidence that one can accomplish a behavioural change or adopt
a new behaviour, is not a necessary precursor to making a shift in behaviour.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 211
15. Most older adults report that they have poor or fair mental health. In fact, about 80 per cent of
community-living older adults have a mental health issue.
TRUE
FALSE
Chapter 7
Key Facts
• Approximately 43 per cent of persons 65 and over have a disability.
• In 2014, about 60 per cent of older adults had two or more chronic conditions; the most common
illnesses among older adults living in the community included hypertension (47.3 per cent),
arthritis (41.7 per cent), diabetes (18.2 per cent), heart disease (16.3 per cent), asthma (7.9 per
cent), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (7.1 per cent).
• In Canada, about 8 per cent of persons aged 65 and over and about one in three aged 85 and over
have mild, moderate, or severe dementia.
• Between 10 and 20 per cent of older adults are diagnosed with mild to severe depression.
• About 40 per cent of hospital days are used by the 5 per cent of patients who are hospitalized for
more than 30 days. Of these patients, two-thirds are 75 years of age and over.
• Canada spends only about 15 per cent of its public funds for long-term care on home care,
whereas the Netherlands, France, and Denmark spend 32 per cent, 43 per cent, and 73 per cent,
respectively.
Key Terms
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comorbidity The condition of having more than one illness at a given time, typically connected to
an index disease (e.g., persons with diabetes who have one or more other chronic conditions). (p.
199)
compression of disability With increasing life expectancy, there is a tendency for the onset of
disability (functional status) to occur closer to the end of life (see also morbidity compression). (p.
202)
disability-free life expectancy A measure of the average number of years of life remaining without
experiencing disability. (p. 202)
e-health A term used to describe the application and storage of information and communications
technologies in the health sector. (p. 216)
health According to the World Health Organization, a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and the capacity to perform activities of daily living and to function with some
degree of independence; not merely the absence of disease. (p. 198)
health literacy The ability to seek and understand health information. (p. 216)
health transitions The changing states of health as individuals age. These occur because of the
dynamic interplay among individual decisions, personal history, and social conditions. (p. 199)
healthy-immigrant effect The tendency for life expectancy and general health to be higher for
immigrants than for persons born in Canada and for this health differential to decline with duration
in Canada. (p. 213)
healthy lifestyles Clusters of health behaviours that influence the health risk faced by individuals as
the result of life chances and choices and the social context in which these occur. (p. 215)
incidence The frequency of new occurrences during a specific period of time, usually one year. (p.
199)
medical iatrogenesis Illness that is induced through contact with the medical system (surgery,
hospital induced infections). (p. 200)
mental health The ability to think, feel, and interact with others as we encounter challenges in
daily life. (p. 220)
mental illness A disorder of thinking, feeling, and acting that can range from a stressful disorder to
an organic brain disease with severe disorientation and memory impairment. The causes of mental
illness may be social, psychological, or physical. (p. 220)
morbidity A state of disease or chronic illness. (p. 208)
morbidity compression The theory supporting the notion that as people live longer, there is a
tendency for the onset of disease to occur closer to the end of life. (p. 201)
prevalence The number of cases of a phenomenon in a population at a specified point in time, such
as the number of cases of elder abuse per 1000 older persons. (p. 199)
prolongevity A significant extension of average life expectancy or maximum lifespan. (p. 231)
self-care The actions and decisions that an individual takes to maintain and improve health; to
prevent, diagnose, and treat personal ill-health; and to use both informal support systems and
formal medical services. (p. 216)
self-efficacy The perceived confidence that one can accomplish a behavioural change or adopt a
new behaviour; deemed an important precursor to making an actual shift in behaviour. (p. 211)
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social capital A major determinant of health that involves aspects of the community that facilitate
mutual support, caring, self-esteem, sense of belonging, and enriched social relationships. (p. 211)
social determinants of health A number of changeable elements in a person’s economic and social
environment, including socio-economic status, living and working conditions, and social support
from family, friends, and the community. (p. 211)
ecological model of aging? (The level of competence and envoronmental press)

The level of individual competence ranges from low to high. the degrees of environmental press rage from
weak to strong. The balance between the individual competence and environmental press effects mental
and emotional state. The less competent individual are effected more by the environmental influences (
environmental press)
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QUIZ 2 - RETIREMENT
Multiple-Choice
1. Starting in 2023, the age of eligibility for Old Age Security benefits will gradually
increase to age 67 from age 65, with the full transition completed by 2029.
2. Which of the following is incorrect? There is decreased education and labour-force
participation among women.
3. Which of the following is incorrect? The most dramatic shrinkage in Canada’s labour
force has already happened.
4. Those most likely to work past 65 include all of the following, except those with less
education.
5. ‘Older workers’ are defined by most government agencies as those over the age of
45.
6. Which of the following is true? The income security system is more generous to
those at or near the bottom of the socio-economic scale.
Chapter 10
Key Facts
• It is projected that by 2021, 25 per cent of the labour force will

be 45 to 54 years of age and that one in seven workers will be 55
to 64 years of age.
• More adults continue to work after 65 years of age, with about 8
per cent of older women and 16.5 per cent of older men being in
the Canadian labour force.
• Over the next 20 to 30 years, a retirement wave will evolve as
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9.5 million baby boomers become eligible to retire.

• In 2015, about 14.5 per cent of those aged 65 and over (16.7 per
cent for older women and 12 per cent for older men) lived below
the poverty line (using the Statistics Canada low-income after-tax
measure), but the highest poverty rates are for women aged 65
and over living alone or with non-family.
• there is age-based discrimination in the hiring, promoting, or retraining of older workers
and in the salary and benefits they are offered, and whether and to what extent this is
changing over time.
Inflation: A large increase in the price of consumer goods and

services that results in a loss of purchasing power, especially for
those whose income remains fixed or whose income rises slower
than inflation. Inflation is often measured by the size of and the
rate of increase of the Consumer Price Index. (p. 325)
1. Which occupation does NOT encourage mid-career changes?

Teachers
Armed forces personnel
Public servants
Non-unionized office workers
2. Which of the following statements regarding the labour market is FALSE?
The labour market is both aging and becoming more highly educated.
Workers over the age of 55 are increasing in numbers.
Workers over the age of 55 are decreasing in numbers.
The labour market is shrinking in size with fewer younger workers due to low fertility rates.
See page 317
3. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
There are more frequent and rapid shifts in the economy, leading to job losses, company
mergers, downsizing, the outsourcing of work to other countries where labour is cheap,
and fluctuations in retirement and pension plan investments
There is increased individualization of the work life: individuals, not just employers, make
decisions concerning entry into and exit from the workforce based on personal interests,
ambitions, and abilities to seek a "work-life balance"•
There is decreased education and labour-force participation among women
Gender relations are changing at home and at work: men are more involved in family
responsibilities because of two-career couples; women are more involved in management
and leadership positions at work
See page 319
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4. What is the average age of retirement in 2016?

61.5 years
63.6 years
55.3 years
58.5 years
See page 317
5. What is the government definition of "older workers"?
Over 45 years of age
See page 321
6. Which of the following is NOT a suggested intervention to recruit and retain older workers?
Redesign jobs, workplaces, and equipment to make work less difficult and the worker
more efficient.
Introduce alternative forms of work, working from home, flextime, job sharing, longer
vacations, seasonal work, or contract work to encourage older workers to remain
employed.
Promote younger workers to supervise older workers.
Develop employee assistance programs for older workers to help them cope with age-
related transitions and stay engaged in the workforce.
See pages 322-323
7. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
All workers in Canada must retire by 65 to make room for younger workers.
Retirement emerged as a social institution with the establishment of social security
payments, with the growth of industrialization and of unions that had won the right to
pension and retirement, and with the increase importance attached to leisure and
consumption in daily life.
Transition from work to retirement has become blurred in what has been termed the "new
retirement."
Those retiring voluntarily display the highest levels of life satisfaction, those who remain
employed past retirement ages have comparatively lower life satisfaction, whereas those
who retire involuntarily have the lowest levels.
See page 325
8. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the retirement income system and economic
status of older people that will challenges us in the next 20 to 30 years?
A longer work life to maintain sufficient income replacement in retirement
An overall increase in the size of the available labour force due to increased fertility
An ever-changing mix of policies, programs, and legislation concerning the relative
responsibility of the state and the individual to provide an adequate retirement income
An overall decrease in the size of the available labour force
See page
9. Pension reform has been debated for many years, often triggered by events. Which of the
following is NOT considered a triggering event?
Excessive government debts and deficits
Inflation, which increases the cost of living and requires indexed plans to increase
monthly payments
8
An increase in the total amount of CPP/QPP contributions because of a decrease in the

number of people who retire early or high unemployment among older workers who do
not contribute to the system
Demographic projections that argue that the CPP/QPP system will become bankrupt
10. Which of the following is NOT one of the four options to maintain or enhance the economic
viability of a public pension system?
Increase revenues
Decrease benefits
Shift the burden of financing pensions to individuals or to private pension plans
Workers need to save for retirement on their own
See page 338
11. In 2015, 14.5 per cent of seniors lived below the poverty line, but the highest poverty rates are
for older women who living alone and with non-family.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 314
12. The large baby boomer cohorts moving through retirement transition points will have a large
impact on the labour market, on pension systems, and on the economy.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 317
13. Family responsibility, such as caregiving, is one of the individual factors influencing retirement
decisions in later life.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 326
14. Economic security can be achieved through both economic production (employment) and
social support programs (pensions, health care, transportation, and housing subsidies,
community/home care support).
TRUE
FALSE
See page 330
15. Canada's retirement support system has three levels representing a mix of government and
individual responsibility for ensuring an adequate income in later life.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 334
Chapter 11
Key Facts •
The social network of older Canadians primarily includes immediate family (45 per cent), friends
and extended family (30 per cent), and neighbours (15 per cent).
• About 40 to 50 per cent of older adults are engaged in formal volunteer activities.
9
• More than 100,000 older Canadians are enrolled in some type of educational program, including
a few who are pursuing a PhD degree.
• Among those aged 65 and older, up to 10 per cent are considered to be a problem gambler.
• Only about 4.5 per cent of all incarcerated persons are 65 years of age or over.
Key Terms
Loneliness A subjective feeling that one lacks personal relationships (emotional or social) and/or
meaningful communication with significant others. (p. 360)
Social isolation An objective self-perception that one’s social network is small or decreasing and
that one lacks social relations with other people. (p. 360)
Social network A set of formal and informal relationships that include a core group (the family)
and a more transitory extended group (friends, co-workers, neighbours). The number and
availability of members in the network varies at different stages across the life course. (p. 356)
Practice Quiz Chapter 11

1. The majority of older adults do not live in isolation or feel lonely most of the time; however,
there are some vulnerable groups. Which of the following is NOT a vulnerable group?
Older women living alone
LGBTQ2 seniors
Older adults living with mental health conditions
Older men in relationships
See page 353
2. Which of the following has older adults NOT had to adapt to as they age?
Living longer and experiencing greater disability challenges while remaining in the community
Shifting from a health promotion and a chronic illness prevention model to a more medical
and disease treatment model
Attaching less importance on work with new meanings and greater importance being
connected to leisure
Placing increased importance on participating in social networks to enhance health, well-
being, and social integration in the community
See page
3. Which of the following is NOT a transition experienced in later life?
Retirement
Widowhood
Loss of mobility
Increasing income
See page 355
4. Which of the following statements about social networks is TRUE?
Social networks are not important.
Social networks are described in terms of quality of the relationship rather than type, size, and
density.
The networks for older people tend to shrink in the face of transitions such as retirement,
widowhood, and migration, to name a few.
Social networks of older adults are mostly friends (50%), family (30%), and neighbours (20%).
5. Based on the research on social isolation by the National Seniors Council, which of the
following was NOT one of the four findings?
10
Different groups of seniors examined are at risk for social isolation, yet the literature on each
group is uneven, both in quality and quantity of studies.
We know all we need to know about social isolation among different sub-populations of
seniors.
A two-pronged approached to social isolation is warranted, one that combines policy
interventions that can facilitate social inclusion across the general population of seniors with
targeted interventions.
There is a need for more evaluation studies of different programs and approaches that reduce
social isolation among seniors.
See page 361
6. Which of the following is NOT an individual-level constraint to social participation?
Declining health and energy
Loss of interest in specific activities
Information about leisure opportunities is not widely disseminated
A decline in financial resources and a loss of discretionary income
See page 362
7. Civic engagement in the political process is another form of active and productive aging.
Which of the following statements about political participation is FALSE?
More older adults report being involved as voters, political candidates, as members of political
organizations, and as political activists.
The increased involvement by older people is accounted for by a significant increase in the
political interest and political activity among men.
Political participation requires a commitment of time, money, and skills.
Increasing numbers of older citizens who feel marginalized or isolated in the political domain
are becoming political activists.
See pages 365-367
8. In addition to volunteering and political participation, which of the following forms of social
participation can have negative consequences?
Religious participation
Media consumption
Gambling
Lifelong learning
See pages 367-374
9. Which of the following statements about older criminals is FALSE?
There are two types of older criminals: those who offend in old age and those who have
grown older while incarcerated.
Criminal offenses committed by older adults are increasing, although the number of arrests
and convictions remains low.
Only 4.5 per cent of all incarcerated people are 65 years of age and over and of those, 40 per
cent are for violent offenses.
Most offenses committed by older women involve drunkenness and driving while intoxicated,
whereas for older men, the most frequent crime is shoplifting.
See page 375
10. Which of the following statements about leisure in later life is FALSE?
Opportunities for leisure do not vary by income, gender, education, social class, ethnicity,
health employment, and marital status.
With longer lives and changing lifestyles, there is greater diversity in leisure pursuits and new
forms of leisure are emerging.
Leisure activities for older people, especially women, take place outside the family in public
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and private facilities.

Shopping malls, seniors' centres, parks, and other recreational facilities are places where
older adults engage in social life in safe public spaces.
See page 376
11. The social networks of older Canadians include family, friends, extended family, and
neighbours.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 353
12. About 20 per cent of older adults engage in formal volunteer activities.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 353
13. Active aging involves optimizing opportunities for health, social participation, and security
to enhance quality of life as people age.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 354
14. Most older adults are not isolated, disengaged, alienated, or abandoned.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 359
15. While younger Canadians (15 to 24 years of age) are more likely to volunteer that older
Canadians (58% vs. 36%), older Canadians contribute more hours than younger Canadians
(109 hours vs. 223 hours).
TRUE
FALSE
See page 363
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QUIZ 3 - HOUSING
Multiple Choice
1. In total almost one-third of all older adults (65 and over) in Canada reside in which
combination of the following Canadian cities? Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal
2. Lawton’s ecological model of aging predicts that someone prematurely confined to a
nursing home with little contact will experience high competence and weak
environmental press.
3. Which of the following is incorrect? About three quarters of older people have a fall
each year.
4. The type of housing for older adults that includes shelter and a variety of services
that focus on the stimulation and activation of the residents by qualified staff, and
that aims to preserve an older person’s autonomy and dignity in a home-like
environment, is referred to as supportive housing.
5. Principlism is the use of commonly held principles and ethical rules that guide what
we “ought” to do when making decisions about or for others.
6. The primary reason for an older adult to move from their former residence does not
include to be alone.
Chapter 8
Key Facts
• In 2016, about 23.8 per cent of the population aged 65 and over (about 1.4 million people) lived
alone (a rate of 29.8 per cent for women and 16.5 per cent for men), while 7.2 per cent of persons
aged 65 and over (428,580) lived in health-care and-related facilities (institutional living)—nursing
homes, chronic care, long-term-care hospitals, and residences for senior citizens (a rate of 9.2 per
cent for women 65 and over, and 4.9 per cent for men).
13
• Also, in 2016, about one in five older Canadians lived in rural areas, with some rural villages and
towns having 20 to 25 per cent of their residents aged 65 and over.
• In some studies, as many as 50 per cent of seniors express fear that they may be victimized, or
they report changing their travel patterns, especially at night, to avoid being victimized.
• About one-third of accused individuals in violent crimes against seniors are family members.
Key Terms
activities of daily living (ADLs) Basic personal and necessary activities of daily living, such as
getting in and out of bed or a chair, dressing, grooming, toileting, and eating. (p. 253)
environment The sum of the various personal, group, social, and physical components that
influence behaviour and life chances throughout the life cycle. (p. 242)
gentrification The gradual resettlement and reconstruction of inner-city neighbourhoods by young
to middle-aged affluent adults. As a result of this process, the elderly and other low-income groups
are usually displaced. (p. 248)
instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) Activities of daily living that demonstrate
competence and independence, such as preparing meals, shopping, banking and managing
finances, cleaning and maintaining a home, driving a car. (p. 253)
migration Movement by an individual or group from one geographic region to another. (p. 247)
1. Which term has a number of meanings that we must be familiar with in order to create
successful policies and programs for older people?
City
Community
Activity
Geography
See page 244
2. In 2011, almost a third of all seniors lived in which cities?
Vancouver, Montreal, and Toronto
Calgary, Toronto, and Halifax
Ottawa, Montreal, and Victoria
Toronto, Regina, and Winnipeg
See page 246
3. What is gentrification?
A process of making housing prices soar and pushing out older or poorer people from the
neighbourhood
A process of inner-city houses are purchased, renovated, or demolished and a new, more
expensive home is built on the lot
A process of making a neighbourhood more dignified and desirable
A process of making your home more livable
4. Which model is based on the premise that adaptation involves the interaction of individual
competence and environmental press?
Ecological model of aging
Economic model of aging
Commercial model of aging
Congruent model of aging
14
See page 250

5. Which of the following is an instrumental activity of daily living?
Bathing
Eating
Preparing meals
Using the toilet
See page 253
6. Which of the following statements about falls and injuries among seniors is true?
Most falls produce injury.
Falls are the leading cause of both fatal and non-fatal unintentional injuries.
Men are more likely to fall than women.
There are no proven ways to reduce the risk of falls.
See page 253
7. Which of the following statements about victimization rates among older adults is true?
Older people are victimized more than younger people.
Older people often become victims of financial fraud.
Older people are at higher risk of being victimized if they live in wealthier neighbourhoods.
Older people are known as "visible victims"• because they are more likely than younger
people to report crimes.
8. What is NOT a widely available alternative housing option in later life?
Independent housing
Supportive housing
Communal and intergenerational living
Long-term care
9. Which of the following statements about moving to long-term care is true?
It represents a major change to a person's life
There is nothing you can do to reduce the stress of moving.
Adjustment is made harder by family interfering into the process.
There are no ethical issues for residents, family and staff during the transition.
See page 270
10. Which of the following is NOT a major migration pattern among seniors in Canada?
Seasonal migration to southern climates in winter and cottages in summer
International migration to be closer to family in other countries
Westward for interprovincial migration patterns
There is a high concentration of older residents in British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario
due to long-term migration patterns within and between provinces
11. In 2016, about 35 per cent of the population 65 and over lived alone, almost 30 per cent women
and 16.5 per cent of men.
TRUE
FALSE
12. In many rural communities, as many as 20 to 25 per cent of the residents are over the age of 65.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 245
13. Mobility, the ability to get around the city, is not a priority for seniors.
TRUE
FALSE
15
See page 254

14. Almost one-half of accused individuals in violent crimes against seniors are family members.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 257
15. Changes in place of residence in the last five years are decreasing among older people, from 30
per cent in 1971 to 20 per cent in 2006.
TRUE
FALSE
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QUIZ 4 - ETHNICITY
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is false concerning the responsibility of families and caring for
older adults in Eastern and Western societies and cultures? Filial piety is deeply
embedded in both Eastern and Western societies.
2. Which of the following is true concerning the primitive hunting-and-gathering
societies that existed before the Industrial Revolution? The oldest members were
considered to have a valuable source of knowledge concerning rituals and survival
skills.
3. Laslett (1985) argues that, contrary to modernization theory, the status of older
adults has increased since industrialization.
4. According to Maxwell and Silverman’s (1970) research into preliterate societies,
tribes in which elders tended to have the lowest status were nomadic.
5. Traditional Aboriginal cultures have preference in common with each other. Which of
the following is false? Love to live amongst mainstream society
6. The fastest-growing minority group in Canada is Muslims.
Chapter 2
Key Facts
• According to the 2016 Canadian census, 1,673,785 Canadians reported an ethnic identity as one
of the Indigenous Peoples of Canada—including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit—of which 121,665
(7.3 per cent) are aged 65 and over.
• Understand to what extent and why aging elders of Indigenous ancestry are disadvantaged in
Canadian society.
• In 2016, about 22 per cent of Canadians were foreign-born (approximately 7.5 million people),
and approximately 22 per cent of all immigrants were 65 and over; most of them were members of
a visible-minority group.
• In 2016, about 31 per cent of persons aged 65 and over were foreign-born. This higher rate than
for the total population reflects significant immigration from Europe around the time of the Second
World War.
17
• Canada admitted about 1.2 million new immigrants between January 2011 and May 2016; 4.4 per
cent of these new immigrants were 55 to 64 years of age, and 4.6 per cent were 65 years of age or
older.
Key Terms
acculturation A process in which individuals from one cultural group, through contact with
another cultural group, learn and internalize the cultural traits of the other group. (p. 46)
beliefs Socially constructed and shared views that influence the perceptions and behaviour of
people. (p. 46)
ethnic subculture A subgroup within a larger society in which members have a common ancestry
and an identifiable culture, including customs, beliefs, language, dress, foods, or religion (e.g.,
Cubans, Indigenous Peoples of Canada, East Indians, Italians, Portuguese). (p. 63)
ethnocentrism A tendency for individuals or groups to consider their own culture superior to
others and as the ideal standard when evaluating the worth of those from other cultures, societies,
or groups. (p. 46)
filial piety A felt need, duty, or moral obligation to honour and care for one’s parents in their
middle and later years. (p. 44)
Indigenous Peoples of Canada The original or indigenous inhabitants of Canada who normally
include three general categories of people, as defined by the Government of Canada: Status Indians
(First Nations), Métis, and Inuit. (p. 57)
marginalization UNESCO states that “marginalization occurs when people are systematically
excluded from meaningful participation in economic, social, political, cultural and other forms of
human activity in their communities and thus are denied the opportunity to fulfill themselves as
human beings.” (p. 45)
modernization A shift from an agricultural to an industrialized economy or from a “traditional”
primitive, rural social system to a “modern” industrialized, urban social system. (p. 50)
norm A commonly accepted formal or informal rule about how an individual or group is expected
to act in a specific social situation. (p. 46)
racial subculture A subgroup within a larger society in which biological physical appearances,
along with cultural commonalities, combine to define the boundaries of membership (e.g., African
Canadians, Indigenous Peoples of Canada). (p. 62)
subculture A set of unique and distinctive beliefs, norms, values, symbols, and ideologies that
guides the thinking, behaviour, and lifestyles of a subset of the larger population. (p. 57)
values Cultural or subcultural ideas about the desirable goals and behaviour for members of a
group. These internalized criteria are employed to judge the appropriateness or inappropriateness
of individual and group actions. (p. 46)
1. Approximately how many new immigrants were admitted to Canada between 2011 and 2016?
5 million
1.2 million
500,000
2.3 million
2. Where do most of today's immigrants settle?
The maritime provinces
Rural communities
18
Small towns
Large urban centres, such as Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver
See page 45
3. Which term refers to internalized criteria by which members of a society select and judge goals
and behaviour in society?
Values
Norms
Cultures
Beliefs
See page 47
4. Which of the following is used to help us to understand how minority-group status and
marginalization shape the experiences and identity of individuals based on the interaction of
culture, age, gender, social class, and other salient domains that influence inequality?
An intercultural lens
An intersectionality lens
An interdimensional lens
An interplay lens
See page 48
5. Which term refers to the process by which a society moved from the pre-industrial to the
industrial world?
Increased migration to rural and remote communities, especially by young people cutting
them off from family, social values and norms, and access to an education.
Strengthening of the extended family and increasing the number of multigenerational
households.
Shift from home to factory production that meant the family was no longer the centre of
economic production.
The rise in small- and medium-sized businesses that hired people with limited education,
decreased leisure time, and the stabilization of wealth for many people.
See page 49
6. What is the process by which a society moved from the pre-industrial to the industrial world?
Urbanization
Modernization
Globalization
Feminization
See page 50
7. The status of elderly people was lowest in what type of preliterate societies?
Those where the oldest members had knowledge of survival skills, rituals, and customs
Those that had a surplus of food
Those where the oldest members controlled property
Those where leadership was based on ability rather than on longevity or family ties
See page 53
8. The Canadian Constitution recognizes three separate groups of indigenous people: First Nations,
Metis, and Inuit. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
There are considerable similarities in beliefs, values, and customs, both among various
bands, nations and among generations in each community.
Some structural and cultural conditions are unique to many communities and have an
effect on Indigenous seniors, who have been held in low respect.
19
Traditional indigenous cultures share some of the following elements: a large kin networks
with strong familial ties and orientation; close-knit community; preference to care for their
own in their own communities; wide variety of spiritual beliefs; and adherence to
traditional healing practices and beliefs.
Indigenous communities are characterized by low fertility, high life expectancy, more
education, and the same level of disability in their population when compared to the
general population.
See page 58
9. Indigenous elders experience which paradox?
Longevity and declining birth rates
Lower mortality rates and lower life expectancy
High fertility and better health outcomes
Social/community connectedness and poorer health status
10. What distinguishes racial subcultures from the dominant culture?
National origin
Physical features
Language
Religion
See page 62
11. Biological aging is a universal experience.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 43
12. Ethnocentrism occurs when members of the "mainstream"• culture view themselves as inferior
to visible minorities.
TRUE
FALSE
13. There is significant evidence that disproves the claim the modernization lowers the status of
older people.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 50
14. Members of a subculture adopt a set of values, norms, customs, behaviours, and attitudes that
differ from those of mainstream society.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 57
15. In multicultural societies, members of ethnic or racial minority groups often experience
discrimination and marginalization.
TRUE
FALSE
See page 61
20
QUIZ 5 –
DEATH
Multiple Choice
1. The objective components of burden, which are more visible, excludes the following:
Feeling guilty
2. The use of formal services by older adults is quite low, with the main users being
men.
3. There are several possible reasons for using community services: Knowledge about the
availability of formal services
4. The person assigned by an older adult to make decisions regarding financial matters if the need
arises is called a durable power of attorney.
5. Currently, euthanasia and assisted suicide are illegal in Germany.
6. Withdrawing treatment, such as drugs or life support, while providing medication to reduce pain,
is referred to as passive euthanasia.
Chapter 12
Key Facts
• Globally, in the coming decades, there may be as many as two to four times the number of older persons
needing care than there are people to provide care.
• More than two million Canadians provide informal care or support to an older adult who is a family member or
a close friend.
• Most caregivers are between the ages of 45 and 64, and the most common care recipients are older parents or
spouses.
• About 28 per cent of caregivers can be considered “sandwiched” between caregiving and childrearing, having at
least one child under 18 living at home.
• In 2015, about one in six older adults aged 65 and over reported receiving some level of homecare services
from private or public agencies.
• It is estimated that one in four elderly people around the world experience some form of abuse in their home. In
Canada, it is estimated that approximately 7 per cent of older persons experience spousal abuse or neglect only
and is likely over 10 per cent for all sources of abuse.
Key Terms
Assisted suicide The provision of drugs and/or advice so that a patient can end his or her own life. (p. 413)
Elder abuse A conscious or unconscious physical, psychological, or fraudulent act against a frail or dependent
older person. This action may result in physical, psychological, or financial trauma for the older person. (p. 404)
21
Elder neglect The failure or refusal on the part of a caregiver to meet an older adult’s physical or psychological
needs. (p. 405)
Euthanasia An active or passive action that is taken to end a life. (p. 413)
Formal support The provision of assistance and care by formal or voluntary associations in the private sector
and by formal agencies in the public sector. (p. 385)
Hospice movement A philosophy that promotes “death with dignity” through the provision of care centres to
assist those who are dying from a terminal illness, and to provide support to relatives and friends of the person
who is dying. (p. 416)
Informal support The provision of care and assistance by members of the extended family, neighbours, and
friends. This process may or may not involve an exchange of resources. (p. 388)
Palliative care A type of care that seeks to improve the quality of life for a dying person by relieving his or her
physical pain and psychosocial discomfort. (p. 416)
Respite care A service available to caregivers that gives them relief from daily caregiving demands through a
daily, weekly, or vacation break. Respite provides brief periods of temporary emotional, psychological, and social
normality in a caregiver’s life. (p. 399)
Self-abuse The outcome of a lifestyle in which an individual consumes excessive amounts of alcohol or drugs or
ignores normal safety or nutrition practices, thereby placing himself or herself at risk. (p. 405)
Self-neglect The failure of a person to provide himself or herself with the necessities for physical and mental
health, including a safe environment. (p. 405)
1. For older people, an informal support network has the potential to prevent or alleviate stress and to help them
make decisions, live independently, and recuperate from an acute illness or adapt to a chronic illness. Supportive
family, friends, and neighbours can enhance or maintain physical or mental health and contribute to higher levels
of well-being and life satisfaction. Among older adults who live alone, isolation and loneliness can be alleviated
by an informal network of supportive friends and acquaintances. But not all assistance is beneficial. Although the
caregiver may have the best intentions, the recipient may see things quite differently. For example, older persons
may resent the loss of privacy that results from increasing levels of personal care—they may feel they are being
overprotected and losing personal control, and they may resent being treated like a child in a demeaning manner,
especially if they are frail. If different formal-care workers visit the home, an older person may not trust them,
may regard them as unwanted strangers in their home, or may view their work as unnecessary or shoddy.
Moreover, if the level of interaction with caregivers fails to meet needs or expectations, or if a primary caregiver
experiences a crucial life transition (a job promotion, failing health), an older person may feel neglected,
deprived, and isolated. (pp. 388–394)
2. There is no single definition of elder abuse and neglect, although there is agreement that the major types of
elder abuse include physical, psychological, financial, and sexual abuse. The World Health Organization has
developed a commonly used definition: “a single, or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within
any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person.” In
general, three types of instruments have been used to measure or identify abuse or neglect: interviews with older
people by professional care workers to identify victims; classification schemes to indicate types of abuse; and
survey instruments with lists of abusive behaviour to identify incidents of abuse or attitudes around whether such
behaviour is abusive and, if so, how prevalent it is. The Elder Abuse Survey Tool (EAST), designed by Stones
and Bédard (2003), lists 96 behaviours that constitute mistreatment in a situation where a person lives with or is
supervised by a person in a position of trust and 15 that might take place when older people live in an institution.
(pp. 402–410)
22
1. In 2015, how many older adults aged 65 and over reported receiving some level of home care services from
private or public agencies?
One in six
One-quarter
More than half
All older adults will receive home care services at one point in their lives.
See page 384
2. Approximately how many seniors experience spouse abuse or neglect in Canada?
7 per cent
23 per cent
51 per cent
Seniors do not experience abuse
See page 384
3. Which of the following statements about family responsibility for elder care is FALSE?
Most care received by older adults is provided by the health care system.
Where intergenerational relations are strong, family assistance is more likely.
Patterns of assistance are affected by the availability and ability of potential caregivers and by the
available support systems for the caregiver.
The majority of family caregivers juggle providing care and the demands of paid work.
See page 385
4. Which of the following is NOT one of the frames of the debate of where older frail adults should be cared for
in Canada?
Cost to the system and lack of available beds in long-term care
The care of older adults as the sole responsibility of families
Gaps in family caregiver supports
The principles of equity and accessibility
See page 386
5. According to the 2016 Census, how many older adults live in long-term care in Canada?
34 per cent of all older adults.
9 per cent of women and 5 per cent of men, but for those over the age of 85, it is 38 per cent of women
and 25 per cent of men.
Only people living with dementia live in long-term care.
Eventually all older adults live in long-term care.
See page 387
6. Which of the following is NOT a form of abuse and neglect of older adults is not criminal?
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Self-neglect or self-abuse
Emotional or psychological abuse
See page 405
7. The right to die is a hotly debated topic in Canada. A person who wants access to medical assistance in dying
must meet certain criteria. Which of the following is NOT a criterion?
Be a mentally component adult (18 years or older)
Make a voluntary request and give informed consent
Have a serious and incurable illness, disease, or disability
Experience some pain and suffering as a result of their medical condition
See page 415 23
8. Which of the following statements about palliative care is FALSE?
Palliative care is designed for those with terminal illness who need relief from pain and other
symptoms, such as loss of appetite, nausea, incontinence, and breathing difficulties.
The goal is to improve the quantity of life, not the quality of life.
Most palliative care facilities are for those dying of cancer or AIDS.
Palliative care units are underfunded.
9. Which of the following is the legislation that outlines division of responsibilities between the federal and
provincial or territorial governments?
Who Does What Act for Whom Act 1986
Canada Health Act 1984
Division of Responsibility among Federal, Provincial and Territorial Jurisdictions 1867
British North American Act 1867, renamed the Constitution Act 1982
10. Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of effective polices and program for older adults?
Exclusive benefits, or who is not entitled to benefits
Client-centred
Coordinated and integrated
Protective of legal and human rights
See page 425
11. More than 2 million Canadians provide care and support to an older adult who is a family member or close
friend.
True
False
See page 384
12. Most caregivers are over the age of 65 and are caring for a spouse.
True
False
See page 384
13. According to the Alzheimer Society of Canada, it is estimated that Alzheimerâ€ ™s disease and other forms
of dementia affect 8 per cent of people over the age of 65.
True
False
See page 387
14. Formal support services include home-based, community-based, employer-based, and technologically-based
services.
True
False
See page 395
15. While the overall rate of violence is higher among older mend that older women, older women are more
likely to be abused by strangers or acquaintances, whereas older men are more likely to be abused by family
members.
True
False
24
GERO 1016 EL12 – FALL 2019

QUIZZES
QUIZZES 1-5
QUIZ 1 – Demography
True or False
1. Population aging is the result of decreased fertility and longer life expectancy. 1. T
2. Age cohorts are people born at different ages. 2. F
3. Life span is the fixed maximum limit of survival. 3. T
4. Life expectancy is the number of years that a person thinks they will live. 4. F
5. Population aging began in Canada after the end of the baby boom era (1946–1980). 5. T
6. The ‘oldest’ country in the world is China. 6. F
7. In Canada, about 15 per cent of the population is aged 65 and over. 7. T
8. Canada is fast becoming one of the ‘oldest’ countries in the world. 8. F
9. Apocalyptic demography is the use of demographic trends to predict when life on the 9. F
earth will end.
10. The demographic transition is when a society shifts from high fertility and mortality to 10. T
low fertility and mortality.
Chapter 1
Key Facts • In 2016, almost one in six Canadians was 65 or older (5.99 million people), representing about 16.9
per cent of the total population.
• There were 8230 Canadians 100 years of age or older (i.e., centenarians), according to the 2016 census.
• In 2011, baby boomers (born between 1946 and 1965), comprising about 30 per cent of all Canadians, began to
turn 65. As a result, between 2011 and 2016, the 65 to 70 age group was growing most rapidly, followed by
centenarians. 25
age cohort A group of individuals born in the same year (e.g., 2008) or within the same period of time (e.g., a 5-
or 10-year period). (p. 5)
age discrimination The unequal treatment of someone because of his or her age. This can be preferential but
differential treatment, by age, or exclusion from some right on the basis of one’s age. It often arises where ageism
is present. In some jurisdictions, age discrimination, such as mandatory retirement at age 65, is prohibited by law.
(p. 20)
age identity Shaped by social observations and interactions with others, people define themselves through
speech, dress, behaviour, and thoughts as being younger or older than others. (p. 25)
ageism Discriminatory attitudes or actions toward others on the basis of negative perceptions or beliefs about the
actual or perceived chronological age of an individual or group. (p. 20)
agency A process in which individuals construct and shape their biographies across the life course and determine
their personal experience of aging (within a unique class, race, or gender structure) by acting or choosing, as
opposed to letting events or situations happen to them without being proactive or reactive. (p. 14)
age strata Age groups used in a classification system in which individuals are grouped according to
chronological age (e.g., 10–19, 20–39, 40–59, 60–9, 70–9, 80+). (p. 17)
attitudes Learned positive or negative evaluations and responses (verbal or behavioural) toward persons (others
or oneself) or situations that are relatively persistent and consistent and that include an emotional component. (p.
24)
baby boom The large birth cohorts comprising those born in Canada between 1946 and 1965. (p. 4)
biological aging The rate and incidence of biological changes in the muscular, skeletal, reproductive, neural,
sensory, and cardiovascular systems that influence the number of years a person is likely to live. (p. 16)
centenarians Persons aged 100 years or over. (p. 6)
chronological age norms Expected patterns of behaviour that are based on the chronological age of individuals
in a particular society or subculture. These rights and/or responsibilities are assigned or earned by reaching a
specific age or stage in life. (p. 15)
chronological aging The passage of calendar time from one birthday to the next. (p. 15)
community A geographical space defined by political, municipal, or national geographic boundaries; and/or a
concentrated settlement of people with a group identity based on living and interacting with others in the
neighbourhood, town, or region or in a religious and ethnic group. (p. 5)
concepts An abstract, generalized idea about an object or a phenomenon that provides a common meaning. (p.
22)
culture A set of shared symbols and their meanings that are passed on to subsequent generations within a
society. Some cultural elements are language, dress, art, literature, music, laws, folklore, ceremonies, rituals,
sports, and games. (p. 18)
deconstruction A critical perspective concerned with examining the relationship between language use and
meaning. (p. 22)
ethics An objective and reflective way of thinking about how we should debate and resolve moral or social
issues, taking into account the best interests of all involved in the decision or its outcome. (p. 32)
fertility rate The average number of births per woman through the “normal” childbearing years from 14 to 49.
The replacement level to maintain a consistent population is assumed to be 2.1 births per woman. (p. 7)
functional age How well an individual performs specific physical, cognitive, or social tasks at a given age,
compared with age norms or the average performance for the task. (p. 15)
gender The cultural definition of what it means to be male and female. Gender-related behaviour and attributes
are linked to the social roles of men and women and to the cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity,
which are learned and perpetuated within a culture or a subculture. (p. 5)
geriatrics A sub-specialty of medicine that focuses on the physical and mental diseases of later life and on the
clinical treatment and care of elderly patients by specialized physicians. (p. 28)
gerontology The scientific study of old age, the process of aging, and problems faced by old people. (p. 28)
26
QUIZ 2 – Ageism
True or False
1. Social structures can limit life opportunities. 1. T

2. The influence of social structures on individuals over the life course is known as agency.2. F
3. How most individuals behave in a given situation is termed ‘chronological age norms’. 3. T
4. Ageism originates from exaggerations of particular attributes of older people. 4. T
5. Frailty is experienced by the majority of older people. 5. F
6. Age identity is socially constructed. 6. T
7. Ethical issues should not question current legislation. 7. F
8. Filial piety refers to beliefs that the extended family is a burden. 8. F
9. People who regard their own culture as superior can be called ethnocentric. 9. T
10. The status of older adults was the lowest in societies that had a surplus of food. 10. F
27
QUIZ 3GERO 1017:
– Biology Mind– Correct Answers - WINTER 2020
QUIZZES
& Aging March 24, 2020
1. Individual aging is a multi-dimensional process of growth and development that involves physical,
social, behavioural, and cognitive changes over the life course. T
2. The interplay of life stories, social structures, and the environment are captured in the life course
perspective. T
3. Chronological age is more useful to researchers than functional age. F
4. Incidence of chronic disease relates to the number of cases of a disease in society. F
5. Epidemiological transition occurs when a population ages, and is the result of a shift from
infectious diseases to chronic diseases. T
6. Compression of morbidity refers to the speed at which societies become ‘older’ in population
structure. F
7. Life expectancy in Canada has finally begun to decrease. F
8. Functional age is a more useful guideline than chronological age. T
9. Stressful events in a person’s life can influence psychological aging. T
10. The average number of years a person can expect to live without chronic disability is referred to
as independent life expectancy. F
28
QUIZ 4GERO ILLNESS– Correct Answers - WINTER 2020
1017:&QUIZZES
– HEALTH March 24, 2020
1. Most older adults have at least one disability. F

2. Between 10–20 per cent of older adults are diagnosed with mild to severe depression. T
3. The most common chronic illness among older adults is heart problems. F
4. The majority of older adults report that they are in fair or poor health overall. F
5. About one-third of older adults aged 85 and over have a form of dementia. T
6. Suicide is the leading cause of death for older males. F
7. Persons aged 65 and over account for half of the patient stays in acute-care hospitals. T
8. Health care costs have risen mainly because of population aging. F
9. At least one-quarter of older adults do not comply with medication instructions. T
10. Integrated models of care cost more than other types of care models. F
29
QUIZ 5 – Discipline, Theories
1. Hypotheses and theories are the same thing. F

2. The interpretive perspective views individuals as actors who socially construct their
reality. T
3. The life course perspective bridged individual and structural dynamics of the process
of aging. T
4. Activity theory hypothesizes that older people should relinquish their earlier roles
in order to be happy. F
5. The political economy of aging approach assumes that as people age they lose
power as a group. T
6. Age structures are social dimensions of age that influence individuals and society. T
7. The notion of cumulative advantage and disadvantage stems from the life course
theory. T
8. Age grading is the process through which age influences social positions, roles, and
norms. T
9. Institutions for older adults should be age-segregated rather than age-integrated. F
10. Role transitions across the life course tend to be shaped more by predisposition to
disease than environmental factors. F
30

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GERO 1017: QUIZZES – Correct Answers - WINTER 2020 March 24, 2020

1. Most older adults have at least one disability. F

societal factors that shape our health as we age. T

5. Morbidity compression is the tendency for the onset of disease to be compressed

into a shorter period at the end of life. T

health status and health behaviours. F

7. Longevity is due to genetics, social resources, and healthy lifestyles experienced

include socio-economic status, living conditions, and social support. T

1. Professional assessments and diagnostic tests of symptoms usually result in a diagnosis of

The access to world-class medical care when you need it

ecological model of aging? (The level of competence and envoronmental press)

2. Which of the following is incorrect? There is decreased education and labour-force

participation among women.

force has already happened.

those at or near the bottom of the socio-economic scale.

• It is projected that by 2021, 25 per cent of the labour force will

9.5 million baby boomers become eligible to retire.

Inflation: A large increase in the price of consumer goods and

1. Which occupation does NOT encourage mid-career changes?

4. What is the average age of retirement in 2016?

An increase in the total amount of CPP/QPP contributions because of a decrease in the

Practice Quiz Chapter 11

and private facilities.

combination of the following Canadian cities? Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal

2. Lawton’s ecological model of aging predicts that someone prematurely confined to a

that aims to preserve an older person’s autonomy and dignity in a home-like

environment, is referred to as supportive housing.

we “ought” to do when making decisions about or for others.

See page 250

See page 254

embedded in both Eastern and Western societies.

2. Which of the following is true concerning the primitive hunting-and-gathering

considered to have a valuable source of knowledge concerning rituals and survival

adults has increased since industrialization.

4. According to Maxwell and Silverman’s (1970) research into preliterate societies,

the following is false? Love to live amongst mainstream society

6. The fastest-growing minority group in Canada is Muslims.

availability of formal services

arises is called a durable power of attorney.

5. Currently, euthanasia and assisted suicide are illegal in Germany.

is referred to as passive euthanasia.

GERO 1016 EL12 – FALL 2019

1. Social structures can limit life opportunities. 1. T

1. Most older adults have at least one disability. F

QUIZ 5 – Discipline, Theories

1. Hypotheses and theories are the same thing. F

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