Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 8 views

    Soft Copy Uself

    Uploaded by

    Nashmera Atong
    Sigmund Freud was an influential 20th century psychologist known for developing psychoanalysis, a practice to treat mental illness through dialogue. Freud believed the mind has three levels of consciousness - the preconscious, conscious, and unconscious. The unconscious contains unacceptable urges outside awareness. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes personality is motivated by unseen forces controlled by the rational conscious. It involves the Id seeking instant pleasure, the Ego balancing needs with reality, and the Super-Ego developing morality. Gilbert Ryle criticized Descartes' view of the mind and body as distinct. In his book The Concept of Mind, Ryle rejected the notion that mental states are separable from physical states. He argued mental processes are intelligent acts, not isolated

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Soft Copy Uself

    Uploaded by

    Nashmera Atong
    8 views3 pages
    Sigmund Freud was an influential 20th century psychologist known for developing psychoanalysis, a practice to treat mental illness through dialogue. Freud believed the mind has three levels of consciousness - the preconscious, conscious, and unconscious. The unconscious contains unacceptable urges outside awareness. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes personality is motivated by unseen forces controlled by the rational conscious. It involves the Id seeking instant pleasure, the Ego balancing needs with reality, and the Super-Ego developing morality. Gilbert Ryle criticized Descartes' view of the mind and body as distinct. In his book The Concept of Mind, Ryle rejected the notion that mental states are separable from physical states. He argued mental processes are intelligent acts, not isolated

    Original Title

    soft-copy-uself

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Sigmund Freud was an influential 20th century psychologist known for developing psychoanalysis, a practice to treat mental illness through dialogue. Freud believed the mind has three levels of consciousness - the preconscious, conscious, and unconscious. The unconscious contains unacceptable urges outside awareness. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes personality is motivated by unseen forces controlled by the rational conscious. It involves the Id seeking instant pleasure, the Ego balancing needs with reality, and the Super-Ego developing morality. Gilbert Ryle criticized Descartes' view of the mind and body as distinct. In his book The Concept of Mind, Ryle rejected the notion that mental states are separable from physical states. He argued mental processes are intelligent acts, not isolated

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    8 views3 pages

    Soft Copy Uself

    Uploaded by

    Nashmera Atong
    Sigmund Freud was an influential 20th century psychologist known for developing psychoanalysis, a practice to treat mental illness through dialogue. Freud believed the mind has three levels of consciousness - the preconscious, conscious, and unconscious. The unconscious contains unacceptable urges outside awareness. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes personality is motivated by unseen forces controlled by the rational conscious. It involves the Id seeking instant pleasure, the Ego balancing needs with reality, and the Super-Ego developing morality. Gilbert Ryle criticized Descartes' view of the mind and body as distinct. In his book The Concept of Mind, Ryle rejected the notion that mental states are separable from physical states. He argued mental processes are intelligent acts, not isolated

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Sigmund Freud

    A philosopher, physiologist, and psychologist, Sigmund Freud was


    one of the most influential thinkers of the 20 th century. His most
    important contribution, particularly in psychology was
    psychoanalysis, a practice devised to treat those who are mentally ill
    through dialogue.
    Freud’s three level of consciousness

     The preconscious consists of anything that could potentially be


    brought into the conscious mind.
     The conscious mind contains all the thoughts, memories,
    feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given moment.
    This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and
    talk about rationally. This also includes our memory, which is not
    always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily and
    brought into awareness.
     The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges,
    and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness. The
    unconscious contains contents that are unacceptable or
    unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict.

    Psychoanalytic theory

    It is the personality theory, which is based on the notion that an individual gets motivated more
    by unseen forces that are controlled by the conscious and the rational thought.
    Sigmund Freud is closely related to the psychoanalytic theory. According to him, the human
    behavior is formed through an interaction between three components of the mind, Id, Ego and
    Super Ego.

    1. Id: Id is the primitive part of the mind that seeks immediate gratification of biological or
    instinctual needs. The biological needs are the basic physical needs and while the instinctual
    needs are the natural or unlearned needs, such as hunger, thirst, sex, etc. Id is the
    unconscious part of the mind; that act instantaneously without giving much thought to
    what is right and what is wrong.
    2. Ego: Ego is the logical and the conscious part of the mind which is associated with the
    reality principle. This means it balances the demands of Id and super-ego in the context of
    real-life situations. Ego is conscious and hence keep a check on Id through a proper
    reasoning of an external environment.
    3. Super-Ego: The Super-Ego is related to the social or the moral values that an individual
    inculcates as he matures. It acts as an ethical constraint on behavior and helps an individual
    to develop his conscience. As the individual grows in the society, he learns the cultural
    values and the norms of the society which help him to differentiate between right and
    wrong.
    Two systems of Super-ego

    1. Conscience. If the ego gives in to the id’s demands. The superego may make the person
    feel bad through guilt
    2. Ideal self. It is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be. It represents career
    aspirations: how to treat other people: and how to behave as a member of society

    Gilbert Ryle

    A philosopher and professor, Gilbert Ryle produced a critique on


    Descartes’ idea that the mind is distinct from the body. He wrote the
    concept of mind (1949) where he rejected the notion that the mental
    states are separable from physical states. Ryle called the distinction
    between mind and matter a “category-mistake” because of its attempt
    to analyze the relation between mind and body as if the two terms of
    the same categories (Nath,2013).

    Ryle’s points against descartes’ theory

     The relation between mind and body are not isolated processes.
     Mental processes are intelligent acts. And are not distinct from each
    other.
     The operation of the4 mind is itself an intelligent act.

    Critique of Cartesian dualism


    Ryle rejects Descartes' theory of the relation between mind and body, on the grounds that it
    approaches the investigation of mental processes as if they could be isolated from physical
    processes.[4] In order to demonstrate how this theory may be misleading, he explains that
    knowing how to perform an act skillfully may not only be a matter of being able to reason
    practically but may also be a matter of being able to put practical reasoning into action.
    Practical actions may not necessarily be produced by highly theoretical reasoning or by complex
    sequences of intellectual operations. The meaning of actions may not be explained by making
    inferences about hidden mental processes, but it may be explained by examining the rules that
    govern those actions.
    According to Ryle, mental processes are merely intelligent acts. There are no mental processes
    that are distinct from intelligent acts. The operations of the mind are not merely represented
    by intelligent acts, they are the same as those intelligent acts. Thus, acts of learning,
    remembering, imagining, knowing, or willing are not merely clues to hidden mental processes
    or to complex sequences of intellectual operations, they are the way in which those mental
    processes or intellectual operations are defined. Logical propositions are not merely clues to
    modes of reasoning; they are those modes of reasoning.

    You might also like