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v1

Five Phases Music Therapy (FPMT) in Chinese Medicine: Fundamentals and

Application

Hui Zhang

Chengdu University of TCM

Corresponding author at Zhang Hui, Email:jeffery.h.zhang@gmail.com, Address:

School of Nursing, Liutai Road 1166, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611137, China

Abstract

Music therapy has served as complementary and alternative medicine for various
neurological disorders. Five Phases Music Therapy (FPMT) employs the theory of
five phases and five music scales or tones (Gong (do), Shang (ri), Jue (mi), Zhi (so)
and Yu (la)) to analyze and treat mind-body illness. In Chinese Medicine (CM) the
five music scales are used to connect the human body and the universe, summarize
personalities and constitution and analyze the influences of climatic changes on health.
FPMT has a self-contained theory and routine of practice application. Large amount
of clinical and fundamental reports has been available and clinical benefits have been
obtained. However more systemic clinic research esp. Evidence-based and random
controlled trials must be performed to validate and optimize it’s routines and
biological and neurological mechanism must be further explored. It’s reasonable to
believe that the introduction of FPMT to the world outside China may attract more
attentions to use this effective music therapy.

Keywords: emotion and will; music therapy; five phases; five phases music therapy;
psychology

1. Background

According to the definition by American Music Therapy Association (AMTA), music

therapy employs interventions to accomplish individual goals within a therapeutic
relationship by a professional who has completed an approved music therapy program
(Kim, 2013). For centuries, music therapy has served as alternative and
complementary approach for various neurological disorders, including stroke, aphasia,
visual neglect, Parkinson's disease, dementia, autism, and pain syndrome (Furuya,
2013, Maratos and Gold, 2008). Besides, its effectiveness has been validated by clinic
practitioners and researchers worldwide (Xu et al. 2017). Music therapy triggers
sneuroplasticity, repairs brain damage and regulates the cognitive, emotional and
social disorders (Thompson and Schlaug 2015 ). Music therapy is usually considered
as a subdivision of psychotherapy, esp. art pyschotherapy, which can be solely or in
combination applied to intervene mental disorders (Castillo-Pérez et al., 2010).In

© 2017 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license.

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Chinese Medicine (CM), psychology and physiology is regarded as an inseparable

unity, which means in the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment, psychological and
physiological changes are mutually affected (Karchmer 2013). Over 2000 years, CM
has been employing many non-physiological approaches in its therapeutic spectrum,
e.g. music therapy, linguistic therapy, kinesitherapy, etc. ( Scheid, 2013; Zhang, 2010).
Additionally music theories has been widely used in CM not only to analyze and
explain a illness condition but also to treat mind-body disorders (Liao et al., 2013).

2. Five Phases Music Therapy in Chinese Medicine

Five Phases Music Therapy (FPMT), also called Chinese Medicine Music Therapy
(CMMT) employs the theory of five phases and five music scales to analyze and treat
mind-body illness. The five music scales i.e. Gong (do), Shang (re), Jue (mi), Zhi
(sol), Yu (la) were firstly defined in Yue Ji translated as Chapter of Music, which is the
19th chapter in Li Ji or The Book of Rites (collected by Dai Sheng from 51 B.C. to 21
B.C.) and the first systemic theoretic records on music (Sung, 2001) . In this chapter,
the medical effects of music has already been involved.

The model of five phases i.e. metal, wood, water, fire and earth is one of the most
basic philosophic foundation in CM (Flower, et al.,2016). In Yellow Emperor’s Inner
Classic, a connection of the five phases, five Zang-organs, and human sound with the
five scales has been established (Figure 1). It is also explained that Jue, Zhi, Gong,
Shang, and Yu are derived from the very primary sound in the beginning of the
universe. As recorded in the classic, each organ has its sound in nature. This
relationship is in accordance to the unique holistic understanding in CM that human
being and the nature are unified. Music is the bridge of human body and the universe.
There are five scales and six temperaments in nature, therefore, there are five
Zang-organs and six Fu-organs in the human body. Pathologically, harmful sound of
Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi and Yu prefers to cause spleen, lung, liver, heart, and kidney
disorders respectively.
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Figure 1. Classification of the five phases, five organs, human sounds, and five scales.

In CM, the model of five music scales is used to summarize the personality and
constitution characteristic of individuals (Wang and Zhu, 2009). There are five main
types and each type is further divided into five sub-types. Altogether, the 25 types of
personality and constitution are defined. Yun-Qi theory employs five Yun (wood, fire,
earth, metal, water) and six Qi (wind, cold, summer, damp, dryness, fire) to analyze
the climatic changes and their relationship to illness on human body. Briefly, Yun-Qi
theory can be used to analysis the etiology and predict the onset of a disease (Ma et al.,
2013). The five music scales are applied to summarize a climatic feature. For instance,
Gong is the sound of Yang-earth and Yin-earth. The Yang Earth belongs to Tai Gong
(greater Gong) and the Yin Earth to Shao Gong (lesser Gong). Tai Gong generates
Yin-metal. Thus the fives sounds are systemically applied to analyze the temporal and
spatial variation of the nature and human illnesses (Gong, 2003).

3. Mechanism of Five Phases Music Therapy

Music is regarded as a universal feature of human societies, owing to its ability to

trigger strong emotions and affect moods (Koelsch, 2014). Music therapy has been
widely used in coping mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, insomnia,
schizophrenia, phobia, burnout, etc. The mental disorders belong to the emotion and
will illness (Zhang et al., 2015 and Scheid, 2013). Music with the parameters of pitch,
frequency, timbre, and volume affects the emotion, which thereby regulates the
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dynamics of Qi movement including ascending, descending, exiting and entering.

In CM, emotions are closely related to organs. Specifically, thinking belongs to the
spleen (Gong), sorrow/worry to the lungs (Shang), anger to the liver (Jue), joy to the
heart (Zhi) and fear/fright to the kidneys (Yu) respectively (Cui et al.,2016). The five
scales and human emotions are regarded as manifestations of Qi movements and
changes. Emotion-will plays a basic role in the onset, progress, prognosis of almost all
diseases, not only the psychological and psychiatric disorders. The emotion-will
overcoming therapy (EWOT) derived from the philosophical foundation of Chinese
medicine, i.e. Yin and Yang, and Five Elements, is believed to be the most effective
modality in dealing with mental illness (Zhang et al., 2014).

Shen (spirit) is the reflection of vitality of the human body(Hsu, 2000). Shen governs
all psychological and physiological activities. Therefore, priority focusing on the
healing of Shen must be given in all therapeutic approaches in Chinese Medicine, esp.
In acupuncture treatment (Moss, 1999). Music is regarded as the best connection with
Shen in all cultures (Gaok 2015 and Miller 2013). In CM the psychological and
physiological processes can be translated into Qi, blood, emotion and cognition. Thus
a model is established, showed in figure 2.

Figure 2. Network model of music therapy in Chinese Medicine.

Therefore, music is called remedy by Zhu Dan Xi (1281-1358 A.D.), the founder of
School of Minister Fire. Interestingly, the writings of music and herbal medicine in
Chinese language looks very similar(Figure 3) (Cui et al.,2016). For example, music
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could significantly treat the burnout symptoms (Brandes et al., 2009).

Figure 3. A: music; B. Herbal medicine. The stroke of B has a part of “grass” more
than A.

Jue (mi) and Anger

Anger belongs to the phase of wood and related to the liver. This category of music
/song is characterized with vigorous, melodious, cheerful, and bright. So it’s called the
music of the spring. When the reaction is hyperactive, anger and drives Qi upwards,
leading to rebellions liver Qi, lung Qi, stomach Qi etc. While the anger in a normal
range activates the free flow of Qi. A psychological disorder stimulated by anger or
manifested in anger normally hurts the liver. Music of Jue scale has the function of
lifting Qi and soothing liver Qi. Therefore, Qi blockage can be released.

Zhi (so) and Joy

Joy or happiness belongs to the phase of fire and related to the heart. This category of
music /song is characterized with warm, cheerful, relax, and infectious. So it’s called
the music of the summer. When the reaction is hyperactive, joy scatters the Shen,
leading to distraction, restlessness, palpitation, insomnia, insane. While a the joy in a
normal range facilitates the circulation of blood and inspires spirits. Thus Music of
Zhi invigorates heart Yang, expels cold and regulates Qi and blood.

Gong (do) and Thinking

Thinking belongs to the phase of fire and related to the heart. This category of music
/song is characterized with calm, solemn, mellow and heavy. So it’s called the music
of the late summer. When a person thinks too much or suffers entanglement, Qi is
bounded and symptoms of digestive system may appear. The music of Gong
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strengthens the spleen and stomach, improves the ascending and descending Qi
dynamic of the middle Jiao.

Shang (ri) and Sorrow

Sorrow belongs to the phase of metal and related to the lungs. This category of music
/song is characterized with resounding, sorrowful, solemn, sonorous and forceful. So
it’s called the music of autumn. When the reaction is hyperactive, sorrow consumes
Qi. The music of Shang strengthens the astringing and purifying effects of the lungs
and regulates water metabolism.

Yu (la) and Fear

Fear belongs to the phase of water and related to the kidneys. This category of music
/song is characterized with pure, plaintive, desolate, and gentle. So it’s called the
music of winter. When the reaction is hyperactive, fear drives Qi downwards. The
music of Yu helps the kidneys to consolidates Qi and essence, improves intelligence
and memory and prevent aging.

Based on above framework, A CD series composed by Mr. Shi Feng and played by
National Central Musical College Orchestra has been published by Chinese Medical
Multimedia Press Co.,Ltd. and widely used in clinic practice (Li et al., 2015, Zhang et
al., 2014). The CD series is also recommended by Chinese Musical Therapeutic
Association. In this set, two different songs (Yin and Yang) are composed, which can
be applied based on syndrome differentiation (Table 1).
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Table 1. FPMT used for pattern differentiation and music selection.

Music
Nature Name Meaning Effect Indication
Scales

Shining Sun The shining sun like a ball Poor appetite, fatigue,
Warming the spleen
Gong Yang above the of fire, warms and depression, diarrhea,
and lifting Yang Qi
Dantian eliminates damp sunken organs
Earth
Clearing fire,
Spleen Jade Fluids The jade fluids like a cool
harmonizes stomach, Epigastric distention,
Stomach Yin Returning to and sweet spring water
and removing food depressed stomach fire
Dantian nourish stomach
stagnation

Bell and
Supplementing lung
Drum Music The bell and drum voices Wheezing, too weak to
Qi, unblocking chest
Shang Yang in Evening are spreading under the spit phlegm, sweating,
and consolidating
with Sunset setting sun kindled the sky aversion to wind
Metal Wei-defensive Qi
Glow
Lung
In the midnight in a clear

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Autumn Generating Yin and
Large autumn with full moon, it’s
Breeze and clear heat, nourishing Dry cough, fever and
Intestine Yin slightly cold. Dew is
Morning lungs and generating restlessness
produced to moisture the
Dew fluids
leaves
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Warm and comfort wind
Warm Supplementing liver Dizziness, vertigo,
breezes in spring, with
Jue Yang Breeze under Qi, expelling cold and dreaminess, and
bright sunshine and full of
Dark Sky alleviating depression numbness of limbs
Wood vigor

Liver Green Vertigo, headache,

Cooling liver fire,
Leaves and Spring wind brings cool restlessness, red face and
Bladder Yin calm hyperactive liver
Wondering and cold, green leaves eyes, insomnia, and
Yang
Cloud dreaminess

Green and
Zhi Supplementing the Palpitation, upset, chest
Fragrant
Heat in Summer, Fragrance heart Yang, nourishing fullness and short of
Fire Yang Lotus under
of Lotus the heart and calming breath, insomnia and
Summer
Heart Shen dreaminess
Sunshine
Small
Rainbow Vivid and clear rainbow Clearing heart fire, Restlessness and fever,
Intestines Yin
after Raining after rainbow and calming Shen red face and thirst

Yu Lower back pain and

Warming and

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weakness of knees, afraid
Water supplementing kidney
Sunshine in Warm sun at noon in of cold, cold extremities,
Kidney Yang Yang, consolidating
Winter winter, spermatorrhea,
Urinary essence and
impotence, cold in uterus,
Bladder strengthening Qi
morbid leukorrhea
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Clear heart fire,
Snowing and Restlessness, vertigo,
Cold and clean ice, pure nourishing the
Yin Frozen tinnitus, spermatorrhea,
earth kidneys and
Winter amenorrhea.
consolidating will

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4. Application of FPMT

Composing of Selecting Music Based on the Pattern (Zheng)

Pattern is the diagnostic result from clinical data including looking, smelling and
listening, asking, and palpation. After a pattern of a illness is determined, treatment
principle and specific modalities e.g. herbal remedy, acupuncture, diet, Qigong, music
can be applied (Fang et al., 2013). Among the methods of analyzing pattern, Zang-fu
Bian Zhen or Pattern Differentiation plays the most important role in clinic practice.
Based on the relationship of the five scales and five Zang-organs, a music is
composed or selected according to it’s nature. For example, when the liver Qi is
injured by an excessive anger and the symptoms, such as bitter taste in mouth, red
eyes, rib-side pain, irritability, insomnia, irregular menstruation etc. present, Jue
Music should be used. The relationship of the music scales and organs was showed in
figure 1. Besides, if the patients shows symptoms and patterns which didn’t result
from the emotional disorder, music therapy is also effective.

Combination/Sheng and Ke

As the music therapy and pattern differentiation of patients’ symptoms are based on
the theory of five phases. The condition of the pattern must be determined first (Wu et
al., 2012). In the diagnostics of CM, all condition can be classified into Xu (deficient)
and Shi (excess) patterns (Grognet, 2007). According the clinic therapeutic principle,
the mother phase must be supplemented for Xu pattern while the child phase must be
reduced for Shi pattern (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Music composing and selecting model based on the Sheng and Ke principle
in the theory of the five phases in Chinese Medicine.
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5. Researches

Music therapy has been reported as a effective modality in the treatment of

neurological, psychological and psychiatric disorders, which are regarded as Shen
disorders in CM. Music therapy is found to have positive effects on decreasing state
anxiety score (Dai, 2016). There is evidence of a positive effect of music-supported
therapy, supporting its use for the treatment of stroke-induced motor dysfunction
(Zhang 2016). (Linnemann et al.,2015) reported that music listening in daily life
improved perceived control over pain in female FMS patients. There are also
abundant reports on the clinic application of FPMT. The FPMT has been widely used
in the treatment of depression, anxiety, PMS, chronic and pain etc., alone or in
combination (Zhang et al.,2014). Researchers have reported that FPMT could
alleviated the anxiety and depression symptoms and improve quality of life in lung
cancer patient after chemotherapy (Wang et al., 2011, Liao et al., 2011, Liao et al.,
2013,Tao et al., 2016 ). (Liu et al., 2014) reported that FPMT could alleviate the
symptoms of seasonal affective disorder in the elderly. FPMT is usually applied in
combination with acupuncture. For instance, (Li et al, 2015) reported that the
combination of FPMT plus electro-acupuncture could reduce the neonatal acidosis
and suffocation during normal childbirth. FPMT together with acupuncture, Tuina, Tai
Chi, and Qigong have represented adjunctive benefits for the symptoms of cancer
patients from the meta-review of 67 RCTs (Tao et al., 2016). FPMT has also reported
to improves the condition of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Wu et al found that
FPMT could regulate the emotion of CFS patients, relieve depression and anxiety,
improve the fatigue symptoms (Wu,et al., 2009). Researchers have tried to explore the
neurological mechanism of FEMP on animals. (Li and Qi, 2009) reported FPMT
tended to increase the value of OE%,as well as the crossing and rearing movement
times on SD rats. (Qi et al., 2008) found that the combination of FEMP or electronic
acupuncture could lower the 5-HT level in hypothalamus of anxiety rat.

6. Conclusion

Music therapy has served as complementary and alternative medicine for various
psychological and pathological disorders. FEMP is a unique method from the
combination of Chinese music and CM. It has a self-contained theory and practice
application. Abundant clinic trails have showed its benefits as primary or
complementary approach. More systemic clinic research must be performed to
validate and optimize it’s routines and biological and neurological mechanism must
be further conducted. Besides, it’s may be a new therapy in the filed conventional
music therapy. As CM is getting more and more popular worldwide, the introducing
FEMP to the world may attract more attentions to use this effective music therapy .
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Acknowledgment

This study is sponsored by Sichuan Chinese Medicine Culture Cooperation and

Development Grant (ZYYWH1619) and Fund of Chengdu University of TCM
(ZRQN1541).

Conflict of Interests

The author declares no conflict of interests.

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