Highway 1

University of Cihan ‫زانكؤي جيهان‬
College of Engineering ‫كوليَذي ئةندازياري‬

Civil Engineering Department ‫بةشي ئةندازياري شارستانى‬
Highway Engineering
Chapter 2 (Road Cross-Section Elements )
Instructor: Dlzar Bakr Qadr

Email: dlzar.qadr@cihanuniversity.edu.iq
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Road Cross-Section Elements
 Road Cross-Section Elements are those
features of a roadway which forms its
effective width.
2
Highway Engineering Assist. Lect. Dlzar B. Qadr
Two types:
 Basic elements
 Width of carriageway (including no. of lanes)
 Central reservation (or median strip)
 Shoulders
 Laybys
 Camber (‫)الميول‬of the carriageway
 Side-slopes of cuttings and embankments
Highway Engineering Assist. Lect. Dlzar B. Qadr 3

Two types:
 Ancillary elements
 Safetyfences
 Crash attenuation devices
 Noise barriers

See figures
 Figure a) 2-lane street
 Figure b) urban motorway
 Figure c) 2 or 3 – lane rural highway
 Figure d) rural motorway



Basic elements:
1. Carriageway width
Factors which influence the width of a
carriageway are:
 Design volume
 Vehicle dimensions
 Design speed
 Road classification

Basic elements:
In urban areas
Lane width is normally not less than 3.5m
Narrower lanes are used for economic or
environmental reasons
Highway Engineering Assist. Lect. Dlzar B. Qadr

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Basic elements:
In rural roads
recommended lane width is 3.65m to:
reduce accidents and increase capacity.

See Table 19.4 (O' Flaherty) for general practice with regard to
carriageway width in Britain.

See also Table 19-3 (Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering)

 Is Three-lane single carriageway
recommended? Why?
 Two-lane single carriageway roads
constitute the predominant type.
 A road of 10m width is preferred to have

2-lanes and not 3

Definition:
Motorways are:
 Dual carriageway roads with 3 or more
lanes in each direction
 With full control of access
 With grade-separated intersections and no
at-grade crossings.

In urban areas:
 Width of the nearside lane is often
increased to:
 Improve conditions for cyclists
 Allow more space for commercial
vehicles.

In urban areas:
 Two-way local distributor route can be:
 As narrow as 6.1m in carriageway
width;
 Provided that kerb (curb) parking is
restricted.

In rural areas
 Standard edge treatment on normal two-
lane single carriageways consists of a 1m
strip of the same construction as the
carriageway on both sides with a solid
white line.
 Total width becomes 9.3m
1.0 7.3m 1.0

Highway Engineering Assist. Lect. Dlzar B. Qadr 9.3m
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2.Central reservation (or median strip)
Dual carriageways are normally divided by a
central reservation of median strip.

 Central reservation has a number of uses:
 Separating
 Vehicles to recover
 Safe waiting place
 Left turning
 Space for road furniture
 Storage lanes

 Ideal width of central reservation
Rural Urban
10-15m 5.5 – 9m
Can be 30m (USA) Can be 1m but 3m preferred

3.Shoulders
Definition:
A surfaced clear portion of the roadway
cross-section immediately adjacent to the
carriageway edge.

 Advantages:
 Refuge for vehicles in case of emergency
stops
 Recovery space for vehicles
 Temporary extra traffic lanes
 Assist in horizontal sight distance
 Structural support to the road pavement
 Decrease accident risk

 Shoulder width:
A shoulder width of 3 to 3.35m is
internationally considered adequate for most
high-speed high-volume roads (motorways).
 However, to reduce cost of dual carriageways
and single carriageways in rural roads, only
1m wide hard strips are used in addition to
2.5m wide grass verges.

4. Laybys and bus bays
Laybys are provided instead of shoulders for
economic considerations.
For single carriageways:
In the UK, laybys are provided with 2.5m to 3m
width.
Intervals of providing laybys for single
carriageways
at 1.5km for well trafficked roads
and at 5.8km for light trafficked roads

For dual carriageways:
Laybys are provided at 3m width and 100m long at
1km intervals.
They should be with good visibility and tapers of
16m.
Bus stops (bays)
Usually in urban areas
3.25m wide by > or = 12m + 20m end tapers


5. Camber of the carriageway
Definition:
 Camber is a convexity of the carriageway
cross-section.
 Its purpose is to drain surface water from
the road and avoid ponding in surface
deformations on the carriageway.
 Shapes:
 Parabolic or circular

Definition:
 Methods of application for single and dual
carriageways
 In the UK 2.5% from the center of single
carriageways
 And from the central reservation edge of each
carriageway of dual carriageways to the outer
drainage channels
 Application of camber at road intersections ….

Application of camber at road intersection

At intersections other than roundabouts
the cross-section of each major
carriageway is retained across the
junction, and the minor road cross-section
is graded into the channel line of the
major road.

Question:
 Describe the term camber.
 Explain the different ways of applying the
camber to both single and dual
carriageways.

6. Side-slopes of cuttings and
embankments
Soil mechanics is used to determine the max.
slope
Slope 1 in 2 is used
Slope 1 in 3 is preferred
See Figure 19.11

embankments
The hinge-point at the top of the slope contributes
to the loss of steering control as an erring
(vehicle tends to become airborne (above
ground) when crossing this point.

embankments
The front slope region is important in that an erring
driver's natural instinct )is to reduce speed and
attempt a recovery maneuver before crashing
the ground at the bottom of the slope.

7. Safety fences
 Safety fences are used to reduce the severity
of accidents resulting from vehicles leaving the
carriageway.
 Two main groups:
 edge barriers (guardrails) for both vehicles and
pedestrians.
 crash barriers; located within narrow central
reservations.

 Materials of safety fences can be:
 Steel beam (shape: C or S)
 Rigid concrete
 Flexible cable
 see figure 19.12 for dimension and

shapes.



9. Noise and noise barriers
In a survey in 1992 in the UK,
9% of the adult population in England was
seriously bothered by traffic noise at home.
16% of them were bothered when out.
Noise barriers could be natural or
manufactured

Noise level < 68 dB(A) is accepted
To alleviate the noise nuisance:
 Insulation of buildings (closed double-glazed
windows 10cm cavity reduces noise by 25-38
dB(A))
 Constructing intervening barriers using
 Dense timber fences
 Concrete walls
 Landscaped earth mounds Height 1 – 3 m




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University of Cihan ‫زانكؤي جيهان‬

College of Engineering ‫كوليَذي ئةندازياري‬

Chapter 2 (Road Cross-Section Elements )

Instructor: Dlzar Bakr Qadr

Highway Engineering Assist. Lect. Dlzar B. Qadr 3

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 A road of 10m width is preferred to have

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1.0 7.3m 1.0

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 Ideal width of central reservation

Can be 30m (USA) Can be 1m but 3m preferred

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Application of camber at road intersection

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 see figure 19.12 for dimension and

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