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    NO - Theory: (Types of )

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    Dipesh Lakhotia
    NOx - Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Controlled by reducing flame temperatures in the furnace, flue gas recirculation (FGR) SNCR - Drawbacks. High temperature range required. Large amount of space required to adapt injection nozzles and to accommodate enough residence time. Ammonia reagent is vaporized and injected into the flue gas stream for reaction.

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    NO - Theory: (Types of )

    Uploaded by

    Dipesh Lakhotia
    83 views22 pages
    NOx - Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Controlled by reducing flame temperatures in the furnace, flue gas recirculation (FGR) SNCR - Drawbacks. High temperature range required. Large amount of space required to adapt injection nozzles and to accommodate enough residence time. Ammonia reagent is vaporized and injected into the flue gas stream for reaction.

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    Nox Control

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    NOx - Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Controlled by reducing flame temperatures in the furnace, flue gas recirculation (FGR) SNCR - Drawbacks. High temperature range required. Large amount of space required to adapt injection nozzles and to accommodate enough residence time. Ammonia reagent is vaporized and injected into the flue gas stream for reaction.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views22 pages

    NO - Theory: (Types of )

    Uploaded by

    Dipesh Lakhotia
    NOx - Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Controlled by reducing flame temperatures in the furnace, flue gas recirculation (FGR) SNCR - Drawbacks. High temperature range required. Large amount of space required to adapt injection nozzles and to accommodate enough residence time. Ammonia reagent is vaporized and injected into the flue gas stream for reaction.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    2006 All Rights Reserved

    www.elyenergy.com

    NOx Theory (Types of)


    NOx - Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Thermal NOx High temperature oxidation of N2 (from air) in furnaces at >2200F. - Controlled by reducing flame temperatures in the furnace, flue gas recirculation (FGR). Fuel NOX Nitrogen bearing fuels (coal, oil etc.) - Controlled by pretreatment of fuels and treatment of flue gas.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

    www.elyenergy.com

    Flue Gas Treatment


    Converting NOx to N2 4NO + 4 NH3 + O2 4N2 + 6H2O NO + NO2 + 2NH3 2N2 + 3H2O SNCR Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction. High Temperature 1700 F <1600 Requires enhancers such as H2 >2000 NH3 + O2 NOX SCR - Selective Catalytic Reduction. Temperatures 600 F to 750 F (Depends upon Catalyst)

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    SNCR Drawbacks.
    The high temperature range required. Large amount of space required to adapt injection nozzles and to accommodate enough residence time to complete the reduction chemical reaction at the high temperatures. The undesirable excess ammonia reagent "slip" which takes place due to incomplete chemical reaction.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Ammonia Reagents
    Anhydrous Ammonia 99.5-99.7% pure NH3 Aqueous Ammonia NH3 diluted with water <30 % More volume to vaporize.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Ammonia Injection Grid


    Ammonia reagent is vaporized and injected into the flue gas stream for reaction. Factors affecting ammonia distribution:
    -

    Ammonia dispersion from one injection point to another. Achieved by increasing injection points per unit area Ammonia concentration with respect to localized NOX concentration. Achieved by adjusting ammonia flow through different injection points.

    - Use of Static Mixers downstream of AIG for uniform NOX/NH3 distribution.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    SCR Systems. Systems


    Main reaction at Catalyst 4NO + 4 NH3 + O2 4N2 + 6H2O Secondary reaction SO2 + O2 SO3 The DeNOx reaction is preferred over SO2 oxidation on the catalyst.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Typical SCR System

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    Typical Ammonia Flow Control

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    CATALYST

    Homogeneous honeycomb type. Titania-Vanadia base metals Performance depends upon surface area velocity and Ammonia/NOx distribution. Sizing factors NOx reduction, flue gas flow, ammonia slip, gas velocity, gas constituents and required life.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Catalyst Deactivation and poisoning


    High dust and Ash accumulation Plugging. Moisture. T>800F can cause sintering. At low temperatures ammonia can react with SO3 to form sulfates which deposit on the catalyst.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Temperature Control
    Most Important factor in SCR systems. systems Depending upon the catalyst Higher temperatures - SO3 formation rates may increase. Lower Temperatures - Limited NOx reduction, Ammonia passes through unreacted (ammonia slip)

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Ammonia Slip
    Flow of unreacted ammonia through the catalyst. Cause: Non uniform mixing of ammonia with the gas. Some areas may have higher concentrations then required. Absorption of ammonia onto ash or other dust particles. Effects: Less ammonia left for NOx reduction. Ammonia may react with SO3 to form ammonium bisulfate which might condense and lead to plugging.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Important Parameters
    Flow characteristics and flue gas composition. Localized NOx in flue gas. Temperature control depending upon catalyst requirements. Residence time for reaction. Ammonia Injection and amount of ammonia needed. Distribution of ammonia in flue gas, depending upon localized NOx Uniformity of ammonia/flue gas at catalyst, so that all of the catalyst is consumed.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Flow Modeling
    Flue gas flow dynamics before and after AIG. Ammonia distribution in the system. Mixing of ammonia with flue gas. Uniformity of the mixture before it enters the catalyst. Temperature and pressure distribution.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Our Scope
    Ammonia Storage. Ammonia Vaporization Skid. Ammonia-Air mixing. Ammonia/Air injection into Flue gas. CFD Modeling.

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Ammonia Storage

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Ammonia Vaporization

    Feed-Back FeedVaporizers above

    Feed Out Vaporizers to right

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    Ammonia Air Mixing Skid

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    Ammonia Air Mixing Skid

    2006 All Rights Reserved

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    Proposed SCR Configuration


    Multi Cyclone Ash/Dust Removal Ammonia Injection Grid Ammonia - Air Mixing Economizer Heat Recovery Catalyst

    Flue Gas In

    Air In

    Ammonia Storage

    Ammonia Vaporization

    Flue Gas Out

    2006 All Rights Reserved

    www.elyenergy.com

    2006 All Rights Reserved

    www.elyenergy.com

    References
    1) Steam its generation and use, Babcock & Wilcox. Ed. 40. 2) Pritchard et.al.,Optimizing SCR catalyst design and performance for coal-fired boilers. EPA/EPRI joint symposium. 16-19, May 1995. 3) Johnson et.al., Improved SCR control to reduce ammonia slip. ADA-ES Publication No. 99004. 4) www.fluent.com

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