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Nirmala Memorial Foundation Junior College Of Commerce &Science

QUESTION BANK
CHEMISTRY
FYJC –SCIENCE (2022-2023)
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2022

Syllabus: Chapters:-

1. Some Basic concepts of chemistry 10. States of Matter

2. Introduction To Analytical Chemistry 12. Chemical Equilibrium

3. Some Analytical Techniques 14. Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

4. Structure of Atom.

5. Chemical Bonding

6. Redox Reaction

7. Modern Periodic table

8. Elements of Group 1 and Group 2


Chapter 1. Some basic concepts of chemistry
1. Multiple choice questions (1mark each)
a. Which of the following has maximum number of molecules? 2g H2.
i. 7g N2
ii. 2g H2
iii. 8g O2
iv. 20g NO2

b. Which of the following has the largest number of atoms? 1g Li (s).


i.1g Au (s)
ii.1g Na (s)
iii.1g Li (s)
iv.1g Cl2 (g)

c. Sample of pure water, whatever the source always contains 88.8 by mass of oxygen and 11.1% by
mass of hydrogen?
i. 88.8 ii. 18 iii. 80 iv. 16

d. How many gram of water are present in 0.25 mole of it ?


i. 4.5 ii.18 iii.0.25 iv.5.4

2. Very Short questions: (1mark each)


a. How many particles are present in 1 mole of a substance ?
One mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms
b. What is SI unit of amount of substance ?
Mole is the SI unit of amount of substance

3. Short questions: (2marks each)


a. State & explain Dalton’s atomic theory .
1. Matter consists of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
2. All the atoms of a given elements have identical properties including mass. Atoms of
different elements differ in mass.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio.
4. Chemical reactions involve only the reorganization of atoms. Atoms are neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction.

b. The mass of an atom of hydrogen is 1.008 u . What is mass of 18 atoms of hydrogen ?


1. The mass of an atom of hydrogen =1.008u
2. We are asked to calculate the mass of 18 atoms of the hydrogen.
3. Since, The mass of an atom of hydrogen =1.008u
4. Hence, The mass of 18 atom of hydrogen =18 x 1.008u =18.144u
5. So, the mass of 18 hydrogen atoms will be 18.144u
c. State & explain Law of conservation of mass.
1. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) a French scientist is often referred to as the father of modern
chemistry.
2. He performed many combustion experiments, namely. burning of phosphorus and mercury, both
in the presence of air. Both resulted in an increase in weight.
3. After several experiments he found that the weight gained by the phosphorus was exactly the
same as the weight lost by the air.
4. Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products, when hydrogen gas burns and combines with
oxygen to yield water, the mass of the water formed is equal to the mass of the hydrogen and
oxygen consumed.
5. Thus, the law of conservation of mass states that 'mass can neither be created nor destroyed.'

4. Answer the following : (3 marks each )


a. State & explain Gay-Lussac’s law of gaseous volume.
i. Gay-Lussac proposed the law of gaseous volume in 1808.
ii. Gay Lussac’s law states that, “ When gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction,
they do so in a simple ratio by volume, provided all gases are at same temperature and pressure
e.g.,
a. Under identical conditions of temperature and pressure, 100 mL of hydrogen gas combine with
50 mL of oxygen gas to produce 100 mL of water vapour.

Thus, the simple ratio of volumes is 2 : 1 : 2.


b. Under identical conditions of temperature and pressure, 1 L of nitrogen gas combine with 3 L
of hydrogen gas to produce 2 L of ammonia gas.

Thus, the simple ratio of volumes is 1:3:2

b. In two moles of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO ) calculate the following :


i) No. of moles of carbon
1 molecule of CH3CHO contains 2 C-atoms
2 mol of CH3CHO contains 2 x 2 = 4moles of Carbon.
ii)No. of moles of hydrogen
1 molecule of CH3CHO contains 4 H-atoms.
Therefore, 2 mol of CH3CHO contains 2 x 4 = 8moles of Hydrogen.
iii)No. of moles of oxygen
1 molecule of CH3CHO contains 1 O-atom
Therefore, 2 mol of CH3-CHO contains 2 x 1 = 2 moles of Oxygen.
5. Answer the following : (4 marks each )
a. State Avogadro’s law.
Calculate the number of moles of magnesium oxide, MgO in 80 g & 10 g of the compound. (
Average atomic masses of Mg =24 & O= 16)
Avogadro’s law:- Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure
contain equal number of molecules.
Chapter 2. Introduction to Analytical Chemistry.

1.Multiple choice questions (1mark each)


a. Which one of the following property of matter is Not quantitative in nature? Colour.
i. Mass
ii. Length
iii. Colour
iv. Volume

b. The number of significant figures in 1.50 x 104 g is 3.


i. 2
ii. 3
iii. 4
iv. 6
c. How many grams of water will be produced by complete combustion of 12 g of
methane gas?
i. 16
ii. 27
iii. 36
iv. 56

d. The branch of chemistry which deals with study of separation, identification & quantitative
determination of the composition of different substances is called as
Analytical chemistry.
i. Physical chemistry
ii. Inorganic chemistry
iii. Organic chemistry
iv. Analytical chemistry

e. 18.20 is rounded off to four significant figures


i. 18.20
ii 18.23
iii18.2360
iv 18.242.

2. Very Short questions: (1 mark each)


a. Define : Molecular formula .
Molecular formula of a compound is the formula which indicates the actual number of atoms of
the constituent elements in a molecule.
b. Subtract 6.90 X 10-5 from 5.11 X 10-4
To perform subtraction operation, first the numbers are written in such a way that they have
the same exponent. Then subtraction of coefficients can be done.
(5.11 x 10-4) – (6.90 x 10-5) = (5.11 x 10-4) – (0.690 x 10-4)
= (5.11 – 0.690) x 10-4 = 4.42 x 10-4
3. Short questions (2 marks each)

a. A substance , on analysis, gave the following percent composition : Na=43.4 % , C=11.3


% & O = 45.3 % . Calculate the empirical formula. (At. Mass : Na = 23u , C= 12u, O = 16u)

b. What weight of calcium oxide will be formed on heating 19.3 g of calcium carbonate ? (At.
Wt. : Ca= 40 : C= 12; O =16).
CaCO3 à CaO + CO2
100g 56g 44g
19.3g x
Given : Mass of CaCO3 consumed in reaction = 19.3 g
To find : Mass of CaO formed
Calculation : Calcium carbonate decomposes according to the balanced equation, So, 100 g of
CaCO3 produce 56 g of CaO.
!".$
∴ Mass of CaO formed = 56 x !%%
= 10.81 g

c. Express the following quantities in exponential terms.


i. 0.0003498
a. 0.0003498 = 3.498 x 10-4
ii. 235.4678
235.4678 = 2.354678 x 102
iii. 70000.0
70000.0 = 7.00000 x 104
4. Answer the following : (3 marks each)
a. What do you mean by significant figures? State the rules for deciding significant figures.
The significant figures in measurement or result are the number of digits known with
certainty plus, one uncertain digit.
Rules for deciding significant figures:
1. All non-zero digits are significant.
e.g., 127.34 g contains five significant figures which are 1, 2, 7, 3, and 4.
2. All zeros between two non-zero digits are significant.
e.g., 120.007 m contains six significant figures.
3. Zeros on the left of the first non-zero digit are not significant. Such a zero indicates the
position of the decimal point.
e.g., 0.025 has two significant figures, 0.005 has one significant figure.
4. Zeros at the end of a number are significant if they are on the right side of the decimal
point.
e.g., 0.400 g has three significant figures and 400 g has one significant figure.
5. In numbers written in scientific notation, all digits are significant.
e.g., 2.035 x 102 has four significant figures and 3.25 x 10–5 has three significant figures.

b. What is a limiting reagent? Explain with suitable example.


5. Answer the following: (4 marks each)
a. Find the percentage composition of constituent green vitriol crystals (FeSO4.7H2O). Also find
out the mass of iron & the water of crystallisation in 4.54 kg of the crystals. (At. Mass :Fe=56 ;
S=32;O=16 )


Chapter 3 :- Some Analytical Techniques

1.Multiple choice questions ( 01 Marks each)


1. A mixture of acetone and benzene can be separated by fractional distillation method.
a. Simple distillation
b. fractional distillation
c. distillation under reduced pressure
d. sublimation

2. Colourless components on chromatogram can be observed by the following Using u.v. light.
a. Using u.v. light
b. Using iodine chamber
c. using the spraying reagent
d. All of these

3. Which of the following techniques is used for separation of glycerol from soap in soap
industry? distillation under reduced pressure
a. Filtration
b. fractional distillation
c. distillation under reduced pressure
d. crystallization

2.Very Short Answers ( 01 Marks each)


1. Give the names of two materials used as stationary phase in chromatography.
i. Alumina
ii. Silica Gel

2. Define : Stationary phase.


Stationary phase is a solid or a liquid supported on a solid which remains fixed in a place and on
which different solutes are adsorbed to a different extent.

3. Short Answers ( type I ) ( 02 Marks each)


1. What do you understand by the terms
a) Residue - In the process of filtration, the insoluble (undissolved) impurities which remain
on the filter paper are called the residue.
b) Filtrate - In the process of filtration, the liquid which passes through the filter paper and
collected in the beaker is called the filtrate.
2. Compare TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) and Paper Chromatography techniques.

3. List the properties of solvents which make them suitable for crystallization.
The solvent to be used for crystallization should have the following properties:
i. The compound to be crystallized should be least or sparingly soluble in the solvent
at room temperature but highly soluble at high temperature.
ii. Solvent should not react chemically with the compound to be purified.
iii. Solvent should be volatile so that it can be removed easily.

4.Short Answers ( type II ) ( 03 Marks each)


1.How will you bring about the following separations?
• Tea leaves and decoction of tea – Filtration method
• Acetone and benzene – simple distillation method
• Water and Acetone – fractional distillation method

2. Explain the solvent extraction process with neat and labelled diagram.
Extraction of compound takes place based on the difference in solubility of compound in two
liquids.
• In this process, the solute distributes itself between two immiscible liquids. From the
aqueous phase the solute gets extracted in the organic phase.
• On shaking for a few times with small volumes of organic phase, most of the solute gets
extracted into the organic phase.
• Then solute is then recovered from organic solvent either by evaporation of organic
solvent or distillation.
The solvent extraction process is important as it helps
clean separations in a short time span.
5. Answer the following: (4 marks question)
1. Describe distillation method with suitable diagram.

Liquids which boil without decomposition at atmospheric pressure are purified by the process of simple
distillation.
In this process the liquid is first converted into its vapour by boiling and then the vapour is condensed
back into liquid by cooling, and the pure liquid trickles down in the receiver.
It consists of round bottom flask fitted with a cork having a thermometer. The flask has a side arm through
which it is connected to a condenser. The condenser has a jacket with two outlets through which water is
circulated. The liquid to be distilled is taken. in the round bottom flask fixed by clamp. The flask is placed
in a water bath or oil bath or sometimes wire gauze is kept on a stand.
The condenser is connected to receiver to collect the purified liquid. Care is taken that the bulb of the
thermometer is just below the side arm of the round bottom flask.
The flask is heated. As the boiling point of the liquid is reached it starts boiling and the vapour’s rise to the
neck of the flask and pass through the side arm into the cooler parts of the condenser, which is kept cool.
by circulating water through its jacket. The vapours condense and the liquid is collected. in the receiver.
CHAPTER 4. STRUCTURE OF ATOM

1. Multiple choice questions ( 01 Marks each)

1. Neutron is a subatomic particle carrying no charge and mass of 1 unit


a. charge of +1 and mass of 1 unit
b. no charge and no mass
c. a charge of -1 and mass of 1 unit
d. no charge and mass of 1 unit

2. P orbitals are dumb bell in shape.


a. spherical
b. dumb bell
c. diagonal
d. double dumb bell

3. The energy difference between the shells goes on decreasing when moved away from the
nucleus.
a. increasing
b. decreasing
c. equalizing
d. static

2. Very Short Answers(01 marks each)


1.Define isotopes.
Some elements exist as single natural nuclide. For example 19 9F.
Many elements exist naturally as mixture of two or more types of atoms or nuclides. These
individual nuclides are called isotopes of that element. All the isotopes of an element have the
same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei.

2.How many sub shells are associated with n = 4 ?


n = 4 (Given)
For a given value of ‘n’, ‘l’ can have values from zero to (n – 1)
∴ l = 0,1,2,3
Thus, four sub-shells are associated with n = 4, which are s, p, d and f
3. Short Answers ( type I ) ( 02 Marks each)
1. State the order of filling atomic orbitals following Aufbau principle.
i. Aufbau principle gives the sequence in which various orbitals are filled with electrons.
ii. In the ground state of an atom, the orbitals are filled with electrons based on the increasing
order of energies of orbitals Paul's exclusion principle, and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity.
iii. Increasing order of energies of orbitals:
a. Orbitals are filled in order of increasing value of (n + l)
b. In cases where the two orbitals have the same value of (n + l), the orbital with a lower value of
n is filed first.
iv. The increasing order of energy of different orbital in a multielectron atom is:
1s < 2s < 2p <3s <3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s and so on

2. Write the electronic configuration of the following elements:


a) Chlorine ( Z = 17)
[Ne] 3s2 3p5
b) Manganese (Z = 25 )
[Ar] 4s2 3d5
3. Draw shapes of 2s and 2p orbitals.
4. Short Answers ( type II ) ( 03 Marks each)
1. Write the orbital notation for electrons in orbitals with the following quantum numbers
a) n = 2, l = 1
2p
b) n = 4, l = 2
4d
c) n= 3, l= 2
3d

2. State and explain Pauli’s exclusion principle.


i. Statement: "No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers" OR
"Only two electrons can occupy the same orbital and they must have opposite spins."
ii. The capacity of an orbital to accommodate electrons is decided by Pauli's exclusion principle
iii. According to this principle, for an electron belonging to the same orbital, the spin quantum
number must be different since the other three quantum numbers are the same.
! !
iv. The spin quantum number can have two values: - ' and + '
v. For example, consider helium (He) atom with electronic configuration 1s2
For the two electrons in 1s orbital, the four quantum numbers are as follows:

Thus, in an atom, any two electrons can have the same three quantum numbers, but the fourth
quantum number must be
vi. This leads to the conclusion that an orbital can accommodate a maximum of two electrons and
it has two electrons, they different. must have opposite spin.
5. Long Answers ( 04 Marks each)
1.Write the postulates of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom.
Chapter 5 :- Chemical Bonding
1. Multiple choice questions ( 01 Marks each)

1. The hybrid orbitals give stronger covalent bond due to the presence of unpaired
electrons.
i. their orientation
ii. larger extent of overlap
iii. their similar shapes
iv. the presence of unpaired electrons

2. Which of the following has smallest bond length? N2.


i. O2
ii. N2
iii. Cl
iv. HCl

3. Which molecule is linear? CO2 .

i. SO3 ii. CO2 iii. H2S iv. Cl2O

2. Very Short Answers: ( 01 Marks each)

1. Draw the Lewis dot structure for .

2. Explain the formation of covalent bond with an example.

Covalent bond is formed when the atoms of same or different elements combine by
mutual sharing of electrons.
Example: Formation of single covalent bond in chlorine molecule: Single covalent bond
is formed by sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms.
3. Short Answers (02 Marks each)

1. Draw orbital diagrams of


a) fluorine molecule

b) hydrogen fluoride molecule.

2. Distinguish between sigma bond and Pi bond.

3. Explain the interaction forces and energy changes that takes place during the
formation of a covalent bond.
4. Short Answers (03 Marks each)

1. Explain the geometry of methane (CH4) molecule on the basis of sp3 hybridization.
2. Write the postulates of valence bond theory.
1. A covalent bond is formed when the half-filled valence orbital of one atom overlaps with
a half-filled valence orbital of another atom.
2. The electrons in the half-filled valence orbitals must have opposite spins.
3. During bond formation the half-filled orbitals overlap and the opposite spins of the
electrons get neutralized. The increased electron density decreases the nuclear repulsion
and energy is released during overlapping of the orbitals.
4. Greater the extent of overlap stronger is the bond formed, however complete overlap of
orbitals does not take place due to internuclear repulsions.
5. If an atom possesses more than one unpaired electrons, then it can form more than one
bond. So number of bonds formed will be equal to the number of half-filled orbitals in
the valence shell i.e. number of unpaired electrons.
6. The distance at which the attractive and repulsive forces balance each other is the
equilibrium distance between the nuclei of the bonded atoms. At this distance the total
energy of the bonded atoms is minimum and stability is maximum.
7. Electrons which are paired in the valence shell cannot participate in bond formation.In an
atom if there is one or more vacant orbital present then these electrons can unpair and
participate in bond formation provided the energies of the filled and vacant orbitals differ
slightly from each other.
8. During bond formation the 's' orbital which is spherical can overlap in any direction. The
'p' orbitals can overlap only in the x, y or z directions. [similarly 'd' and 'f' orbitals are
oriented in certain directions in space and overlap only in these direction]. Thus the
covalent bond is directional in nature.
5. Long Answers (04 Marks each)

1.Define the term formal charge. Calculate formal charge on ,


The formal charge of an atom is the difference between the number of valence electrons of that
atom in the free state and the number of electrons given to that element in Lewis structure
a) Nitrogen in HNO3 molecule

!
Formal charge on N = 5 – 0 – '(8) = +1
FC = VE - LPE - ½(BE)
b) Sulphur in H2SO4 molecule

!
Formal Charge on S = 6 – 0 - '(12) = 0
c) Phosphorous in .

!
Formal Charge on P = 5 – 0 - '(10) = 0

Chapter 6 Redox Reaction

1. Multiple choice questions (01 Marks each)

1. Which of the following halogens does always show oxidation state -1? F

a) F b) Cl
c) Br d) I

2. Oxidation number of carbon in H2 CO3 is +4.

a)+1 b) +2 c) +3 d)+4

3. Which is the correct stock notation for manganese dioxide?


i. Mn(I)O2 ii. Mn(II)O2 iii. Mn(III)O2 iv. Mn(IV)O2

2. Very Short Answers: (01 Marks each)

1. What is the Oxidation number of Au in AuCl3?


The oxidation number of Cl in AuCl3 is -1. The oxidation number of Au in AuCl3 is +3.

2. Calculate the oxidation number of underlined atoms.

(a) H2SO4
Oxidation number of H = +1 Oxidation number of O = -2 H2SO4 is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms of H2SO4 = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of H) + (Oxidation number of S) + 4 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ 2 × (+1) + (Oxidation number of S) + 4 × (-2) = 0
∴ Oxidation number of S + 2 – 8 = 0
∴ Oxidation number of S in H2SO4 = +6

(b) HNO3
Oxidation number of H = +1 Oxidation number of O = -2 HNO3 is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms of HNO3 = 0
∴ (Oxidation number of H) + (Oxidation number of N) + 3 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ (+1) + (Oxidation number of N) + 3 × (-2) = 0
∴ Oxidation number of N + 1 – 6 = 0
∴ Oxidation number of N in HNO3 = +5

3. Short Answers (02 Marks each)


1. Define :-
a)Displacement reaction :- Displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which a more reactive
element displaces a less reactive element from its compound.
b) Reduction :- Reduction is the loss of oxygen atom from a molecule or the gaining of one or
more electrons.

2.Find the oxidation numbers to the underlined species in the following compounds or ions:

1)SbF61-
Oxidation number of F = -1
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms of SbF61- = -1
∴ (Oxidation number of Sb) + 6 x (Oxidation number of F) = -1
Oxidation number of Sb = 5

2)CrO5

Oxidation no. of Cr = +6

3. Which of the following redox couple is strong oxidising agent?


(a) Cl2 (E°=1.36V) and Br2 (E° = 1.09V)
Cl2 has a larger value of E0 than Br2. Thus Cl2 is stronger oxidising agent than Br2
(b) MnO4- (E°=1.51 V) and Cr2O2-7 (E°=1.33 V)

4 Short Answers (03 Marks each)

1. Explain a redox reaction with the help of Daniel cell.

2. Justify the following reaction as redox reaction.


2Na(s) + S(s) Na2S(s) Find out the oxidizing and reducing agents.
5. Long Answers (04 Marks each)
1. Provide the stock notation for the following compounds:
(a) HAuCl4

(b) CuO

(c) TI2O

(d) MnO
Chapter 7:- MORDEN PERIODIC TABLE

1.Multiple choice questions ( 01 Marks each)

1. In modern periodic table, the period number indicates the principal quantum number.
a. atomic number b. atomic mass
c. principal quantum number d. azimuthal quantum number

2. If the valence shell electronic configuration is ns2 np5 ,the element will belong to halogens.
a. Alkali metals
b. Halogens
c. Alkaline earth metals
d. Actinides

3. In which group of elements of the modern periodic table are halogen placed?
a.17
b. 6
c. 4
d. 2

2.Very Short Answers (01 marks each)


1. State the modern periodic law.
Modern Periodic Law states that "The physical and chemical properties of the elements are
a periodic function of their atomic numbers”.

2.Define: Screening effect.


The repulsive force between inner shell electrons and the valence electrons leads to a decrease
in the electrostatic attractive forces acting on the valence electrons by the nucleus. Thus the
inner shell electrons act as a shield between the nucleus and the valence electrons. This effect is
called the shielding effect (or) screening effect.

3.Short Answers ( type I ) ( 02 Marks each)


1. Define: a) Isoelectronic species :- Isoelectronic species are defined as atoms and ions having
the same number of electrons.

b) Electron gain enthalpy:- The enthalpy change that takes place when an electron is added to an
isolated gaseous atom in its ground state is called as electron gain enthalpy, ΔegH.
2. Distinguished between metals and nonmetals.

3. Why the second ionization enthalpy is greater than the first ionization enthalpy?
The second ionization enthalpy (ΔiH2) is greater than the first ionization enthalpy (ΔiH2) as it
involves the removal of an electron from the positively charged species.

3. Short Answers ( type II ) (03 Marks each)


1. Write the characteristics of S-block element and f-block element.
Characteristics of s-block element
1. Group number characteristics = no.of electrons in valence sub-shell.
2. s block ionization energy & electro negativity decreases downwards.
3. Metallic character & reactivity increases downwards.
4. Lose electrons during chemical combination and they form ionic compounds. Their
oxides and hydroxides are basic. Their atomic radii are high in a period
Characteristics of f-block element
1. Last electron enters into antepenultimate f sub-shell. Contains Lanthanoids and
Actinoids.
2. Variable oxidation state.
3. Most of the Actinoids are radioactive.
4. Most of the elements are artificial.
5. U, Th, Pu are used in nuclear reactors.
6. Some elements are used as catalyst in petroleum industry.
2. Give reasons.
a. Alkali metals have low ionization energies.
1. Across a period, the screening effect is the same while the effective nuclear charge
increases.
2. Across a period, the screening effect is the same while the effective nuclear charge
increases.
3. Since the alkali metals are present in group 1 of the modern periodic table, they have low
ionization energies.

b. Noble gases possess relatively large atomic size.


1. Noble gases have completely filled valence shell i.e., complete octet (except He with
complete duplet).
2. Since their valence shell contains eight electrons, they experience greater electronic
repulsion and this results in increased atomic size (atomic radii) of the noble gas elements.

5. Long Answers ( 04 Marks each)


1. Define ionization energy. Name the factors on which ionization energy depends? How
does it vary down the group and across a period?
The energy required to remove an electron from the isolated gaseous atom in its ground state is
called ionization enthalpy (∆iH) Ionization enthalpy is the quantitative measure of the tendency
of an element to lose an electron and expressed in kJ mol
1. Variation of ionization energy down the group: On moving down the group, the ionization
enthalpy decreases. This because the electron is to be removed from the larger valence shell.
Screening due to core electrons goes on increasing and the effective nuclear charge decreases
down the group. As a result, the removal of the outer electron becomes easier down the group.

2. Variation of ionization energy across a period: The screening effect is the same while the
effective nuclear charge increases across a period. As a result, the outer electron is held more
tightly, and hence, the ionization enthalpy increase across a period. Therefore, the alkali metal
shows the lowest first ionization enthalpy while the inert gas shows the highest first ionization
enthalpy across a period.
Chapter 8 :- Elements of Group 1 and 2
1.Multiple choice questions (01 marks each)
1) The unstable isotope of hydrogen is H-3.
a) H-1
b) H-2
c)H-3
d) all of the three

2)Which of the following is Lewis’s acid? BeCl2.


a)BaCl2
b)KCl
c) BeCl2
d)LiCl

3) The number of electrons in the outermost orbital of alkaline earth metals is 2


a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5

2.Very Short Answers (01 marks each)


1) Write the chemical formula and common abbreviation of Lithium aluminium
hydride.
Lithium aluminium hydride, commonly abbreviated to LAH, is an inorganic compound
with the chemical formula LiAlH4.
2) Name the most abundant element in the universe.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe.
3.Short Answers ( 02 Marks each)
1) Calculate % (by mass ) of a H2O2 solution which is 45.4 volume.
Given: 45.4 volume H2O2 solution
To find: % (by mass) of H2O2
()** +, *+-./0
Formula: Percentage (%) by mass = ()** +, *+-./1+2
x 100
Calculation: 45.4 volume H2O2 solution means 1 L of this solution will liberate 45.4 L of
O2 at STP.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) decomposes as:

% (by mass) of H2O2 in 45.4 volume H2O2 solution is 13.6%.

2) State the biological importance of sodium ions and potassium ions.


I. Sodium ion is present as the largest supply in all extracellular fluids. These fluids
provide medium for transporting nutrients to the cells.
II. The concentration of sodium ion in extracellular fluids regulates the flow of
water across the membrane.
III. Sodium ions participate in the transmission of nerve signals.
IV. Potassium ions are the most abundant ions within cells. These are required for
maximum efficiency in the synthesis of proteins and also in oxidation of glucose.
3) Explain : Hydrogen shows similarity with alkali metals as well as halogens .

4. Short Answers (03 Marks each)


1) Write balanced chemical equations for the following.
i) Magnesium is heated in air.
2Mg+O2→2MgO.

ii) Beryllium oxide is treated separately with aq. HCl and aq. NaOH solution.
BeO + 2HCl à BeCl2 + H2O
BeO + 2NaOH à Na2BeO2 + H2O
2) Outline the industrial production of dihydrogen from steam . Also write the
chemical reaction involved.

5. Long Answers ( 04 Marks each)


Describe electrolytic method of preparing sodium hydroxide. Write the physical
properties of sodium hydroxide
1. Sodium hydroxide is commercially obtained by the electrolysis of saturated aqueous
solution of sodium chloride.
2. Brine solution is subjected to electrolysis in Castner-Kellner cell. Mercury is used as
cathode and carbon rod as anode.
3. Metallic sodium liberated at the cathode forms sodium amalgam. Chlorine gas is
evolved at the anode. Hg
4. Cathode reaction: Na++e- --> Na-amalgam
5. Anode reaction: Cl- à 1/2 Cl₂+e-
6. Sodium hydroxide is obtained by treating sodium amalgam with water, when hydrogen
gas is liberated.
7. 2Na-Hg+ 2H2O à 2NaOH + 2Hg + H2 ,
8. Properties: Sodium hydroxide is a white deliquescent solid, having melting point 591 K.
It is highly water soluble and gives a strongly alkaline solution. The surface of the
solution absorbs atmospheric CO2, to form Na2CO3,.
Chapter 10 :- States of matter
1.Multiple choice questions ( 01 Marks each)
1. The unit of viscosity is Poise
a.dynes
b.newton
c. gram
d. Poise

2. Which of the following is true for 2 moles of an ideal gas? PV=2RT.


a. PV=nRT
b.PV=RT
c.PV=2RT
d.PV=T

3. Intermolecular forces in liquid are both (a) and (b).


a. greater than gases
b. less than solids
c. both (a) and (b)
d.None of these

2.Very Short Answers (01 marks each)


1 Convert the following temperatures from degree Celsius to Kelvin :
a) -150C
T(K) = 273.15 -150 C = 258.15K
b) 2730C
T(K) = 273.15 + 2730 C =546.15K
2) Name the types of intermolecular forces present in
(a) Ar – London dispersion forces
(b) Cl2 – London dispersion forces
3.Short Answers ( 02 Marks each)
1 Calculate the volume of 1 mole of gas at exactly 200C at a pressure of 101.35
kPa.

2. State& explain Boyle’s law.


Statement of Boyle's law: For a fixed mass of a gas at constant temperature, the
pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of gas i.e at a fixed
temperature, the volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure exerted by the
gas.

3) Define and explain the term dipole moment .


4.Short Answers ( 03 Marks each)
1. The volume occupied by a given mass of a gas at 298 K is 25 mL at 1 atmosphere pressure.
Calculate the volume of the gas if pressure is increased to 1.25 atmospheres at constant
temperature.

2. List the characteristic physical properties of gases.

5. Long Answers ( 04 Marks each)


1. Write the applications of surface tension. Explain the factors affecting vapour
pressure.
Application of surface tension :
i. Cleaning action of soap and detergent is due to the lowering of interfacial tension between
water and oily substances. Due to lower surface tension, the soap solution penetrates into the
fibre, surrounds the oily substance and washes it away.
ii. Efficacy of toothpastes, mouth washes and nasal drops is partly due to presence of
substances having lower surface tension. This increases the efficiency of their penetrating
action.

Factors affecting vapour pressure:


a. Nature of liquid : Liquids having relatively weak intermolecular forces possess high vapour
pressure. These are called volatile liquids. For example, petrol evaporates quickly than motor
oil.
b. Temperature: When the liquid is gradually heated, its temperature rises and its vapour
pressure increases.

Chapter 12 :- Chemical Equilibrium


1. Multiple choice question ( 01 mark each )
1. The equilibrium, H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH- (aq) is dynamic
i) dynamic
ii) static
iii) physical
iv) mechanical

2. The relation between Kc and Kp for the reaction A(g)+ B(g) 2C(g) + D(g)
is Kc = YKp.
i) Kc = YKp
ii) Kp = Kc2
!
iii) Kc = #
" !
iv) Kp/Kc =1

3) For the equilibrium A 2B + Heat , the number of ‘A’ molecules increases if


a) volumes is increased
b) temperature is increased
c) catalyst is added
d) concentration of B is decreased

2. Very short answers ( 01 mark each)


1. State Le Chatelier’s principle.
2) Write statement of law of mass action.
The law mass action states that the rate of chemical reaction at each instant is
proportional to product of concentration of all the reactants
3. Short answers (02 marks each)
1. Explain the law of mass action.
Consider a reaction A+B à C
Here A and B are the reactants and C is the product. The concentrations of
chemical species are expressed in mol L-1 and denoted by putting the formula in
square brackets. By applying the law of mass action to this reaction we write a
proportionality expression as :
Rate α [A] [B]

2. What are homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria?


A homogeneous equilibrium is one in which all species are present in the same
phase.Equilibrium having more than one phase is called heterogeneous
equilibrium.
3. Write an expression for equilibrium constant with respect to concentration.

4. Short answers (03 marks each)


1.Differentiate between irreversible and reversible reaction.

2. State and explain Le Chatelier’s principle suitably with reference to


(a) Change in temperature
(b) Change in concentration
5.Long answer ( 04 marks each )
1. What is physical equilibrium? Explain liquid-vapour equilibrium, with a
suitable example.

In all processes which attain equilibrium, two opposing processes are involved. Equilibrium is attained when the rates of
the two opposing processes become equal. If the opposing processes involve only physical changes, the equilibrium
is called physical equilibrium.
When a liquid evaporates in a closed container, the liquid molecules escape from the liquid surface into vapour phase
building up vapour pressure. They also condense back into liquid state because the container is closed. In the
beginning the rate of evaporation is high and the rate of condensation is low. But with time, as more and more vapour
is formed, the rate of evaporation goes down and the rate of condensation increases. Eventually the two rates become
equal. This gives rise to a constant vapour pressure. This state is known as an 'equilibrium state'. In this state, the
number of molecules leaving the liquid surface equals the number of molecules returning to the liquid from the vapour
state. Across the interface, there is a lot of activity between the liquid and the vapour.
This state, when the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation is called equilibrium state. It may be
represented as :
H₂O(liquid) H₂O (vapour)
Chapter 14. :Basic principles of Organic Chemistry.
1.Multiple choice questions (1mark each)
1. The compounds CH3—O— CH3 and CH3—CH2—OH exhibit Functional group isomerism.
a) Metamerism b) Position Isomerism
c) Functional group isomerism d) Chain isomerism

2.Hyperconjugation involves overlap of σ-p orbitals.


a) σ- σ b) σ-p
c)p-p d) π-π

3.The homologous series of alcohols has general molecular formula


CnH2n+1OH.
a) CnH2n+1OH b) CnH2n+2OH
c) CnH2n-2OH d) CnH2nOH

4.The name of compound with formula Ar-OH is Phenol.


a) Aldehyde b) Halide
c) Ether d) Phenol

5.The stability order of carbocation is (CH3)3C+ > CH3-CH+-CH3 > CH3CH2+ > CH3+
a) (CH3)3C+ > CH3-CH+-CH3 > CH3CH2+ > CH3+
b) (CH3)3C+ < CH3-CH+-CH3 < CH3CH2+ < CH3+
c) CH3+ > CH3CH2+ < CH3-CH+-CH3 > (CH3)3C+
d) CH3+ < CH3CH2+ < CH3-CH+-CH3 > (CH3)3C+

2.Very Short questions: (1 mark each)

1.Write the IUPAC name of CH ≡ C—CH2—CH2—CH2—OH.


Ans :- Pentan – 4 – yn – 1 – ol

2. What is structural formula?


Ans :- A formula which shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound.

3 . Short questions: (2 marks each)


1. Define :- Inductive Effect & draw the structure of 2,4,6 – tribromo aniline.
Ans :- When an organic molecule has a polar covalent bond in its structure, polarity is induced in
adjacent carbon-carbon single bonds too. This is called inductive effect.
2. Write down structural formula of third higher homologue of CH3- CH2- COOH & write
condensed formula for Nonadecane.
Ans :- Structural formula of the third higher homologue is obtained by adding three CH2, -units to
the carbon chain of given structure.
CH3-CH2-COOH Add CH Units CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
2
three

Nonadecane condensed formula :- CH3(CH2)17CH3


3. Define : Electrophile & Nucleophile.
Electrophile :- Electrophiles (meaning electron loving species) accept electrons from the
substrate. Thus, electrophiles are electron seeking species. This is because they themselves are
electron deficient. For example; a positively charged ion such as Br, CH3+, or a neutral species
having a vacant orbitals such as AlCl3.
Nucleophile :- Nucleophiles (nucleus seeking species) give electrons to the substrate. This is
because nucleophiles are electron rich species. For example: negatively charged species such as
OH- or neutral species such as H2., having lone pair of electrons.

4. Answer the following : (3 marks each)


1. Define :- Hyperconjugation and draw the hyperconjugation present in ethyl carbocation.
1. Hyperconjugation is a permanent electronic effect explains stability of a carbocation, free
radical or alkene.
2. It is delocalization of a (sigma) electrons of a CH bond of an alkyl group directly
attached to a carbon atom which is part of an unsaturated system or has an empty p-orbital
or a p - orbital with an unpaired electron
2. Distinguish between Homolytic cleavage and Heterolytic cleavage.
Sr No. Homolytic cleavage Heterolytic cleavage
1. A cleavage in which the electrons A cleavage in which the electrons are
are equally shared between the two unequally shared between the two atoms
atoms and leads to generation of and leads to generation of ions. The more
free radicals. electronegative atom withdraws both
electrons and result into formation of anion
and the less electronegative element forms
a cation.
2. Movement of a single electron is Movement for of an electron pair is
denoted by fish hook ( ). denoted by arrow ( ).

3. A B à A + B (Here A and B both have A B à A+ + B- (Here B is more electronegative


same electronegative difference) than A)
Ex:- CH3 Cl àMethylCH 3 + Cl
Free Chlorine radical or chlorine
Ex:- H3C Br àH3C+ + Br-
Methyl Bromide
Radical atom Carbocation

5. Answer the following: (4 marks each)

1.Write the IUPAC name of following structures:

i) CH3 - CH- CH3 Propan – 2 - ol

OH

ii) CH3-CH- CH2- COOH 3-Amino Butanoic acid

NH2

iii) CH≡ C-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH Pent-4-yn-1-ol

iv) CH3 -(CH2)13 - CH3 Pentadecane


2.Write the structure of the following functional groups & also give
one example with its common name:
i) Alcohol
Ans :- Structure :- -OH
Example :- C2H5OH
Common Name -Ethanol

(ii) Halide
Ans :- Structure :- -X
Example :- C3H7Cl
Common name :- Propyl chloride

(iii) Aldehyde
Ans :- Structure :- -CHO
Example C5H10O
Common name :- Valeraldehyde

iv) Ester
Ans :- Structure :- -COO
Example CH3COOCH3
Common Name :- Methyl Acetate
Chapter 15 :- Hydrocarbons

1.Multiple choice questions ( 01 Marks each)

1. Aromatic compounds burn with sooty flame


a. Blue flame
b .green flame
c. red flame
d. sooty flame

2. Kharasch effect can be studied in case of Pent-2-ene


a. Oct-4-ene
b. Hex-3-ene
c. Pent-2-ene
d. But-2-ene

3. 1-chloroprapane on treatment with alc. KOH produces: propene


a. propane
b. propene
c. propyne
d. propyl alcohol
2.Very Short Answers: ( 01 Marks each)
1.Write the combustion reaction of propane?
C3H8 + 5O2 à 3CO2 + 4H2O + Heat
2.Name the type of hydrocarbon that is used as lubricant.
Alkanes

3. Short Answers ( type I ) (02 Marks each)


1. State and explain markovnikov’s rule.
The Markovnikov's rule states that when to an unsymmetrical alkene a reagent is added then the
negative part of the addendum (adding molecule) gets attached to that carbon atom which possesses
lesser number of hydrogen atoms.
2. What is the action of following on Ethyne
a) Chlorine
b) bromine
a. C2H2 + 2Cl2 à C2Cl4
b. C2H2 + Br2 à C2H2Br2
3.Acetone and acetaldehyde are the ozonolysis products of an alkene. Write the structural
formula of an alkene and give IUPAC name of it.

4. Short Answers ( type II ) (03 Marks each)


1.What is the action of following reagents on benzene
a) Chlorine in presence of UV light
b)hydrogen
c) ozone

a.

b.
+ H2 à
(Hydrogen)

(Benzene) (Cyclohexane)

c.

2. Identify A,B, C, in the following reaction sequence:

Ans :-
5. Long Answers (04 Marks each)
1. Predict the possible products of following reaction.
a) Chlorination of nitrobenzene
b) Sulphonation of chlorobenzene
c) Bromination of phenol
d) Nitration of toluene.
a. Nitro group is meta directing group. So, chlorination of nitrobenzene gives m-
chloronitrobenzene.

b. Chloro group is ortho and para directing group. So, sulphonation of chlorobenzene
gives p-chlorobenzene sulphonic acid and o-chlorobenzene sulphonic acid.

c. Phenolic -OH group is ortho and para directing group. So, bromination of phenol
gives p- bromophenol and o-bromophenol.

d. Methyl group is ortho and para directing group. So, nitration of toluene gives p-
nitrotoluene and o-nitrotoluene.

MEET

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