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CIE 313 Creep Fatigue Fracture Etc

1) Creep is the deformation of materials over time under stress, especially at high temperatures, and can lead to significant displacement or failure of structures. 2) Fatigue failure results from cyclic stresses that form and grow cracks over time, eventually causing fracture even at stresses below the material's yield strength. 3) Stress concentrations from factors like geometry changes, holes, or welds cause localized increases in stress that can accelerate crack formation and growth during fatigue failure.

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54 views3 pages

CIE 313 Creep Fatigue Fracture Etc

1) Creep is the deformation of materials over time under stress, especially at high temperatures, and can lead to significant displacement or failure of structures. 2) Fatigue failure results from cyclic stresses that form and grow cracks over time, eventually causing fracture even at stresses below the material's yield strength. 3) Stress concentrations from factors like geometry changes, holes, or welds cause localized increases in stress that can accelerate crack formation and growth during fatigue failure.

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Tobi Olaiya
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CREEP, FATIGUE and FRACTURES

In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or
deform permanently under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses and generally at elevated
temperatures. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield
strength of the material.

Creep can be defined as the elastic and long-term deformation of concrete under a continuous load. Generally, a
long term pressure changes the shape of concrete structure and the deformation occurs along the direction of the
applied load. When the continuous load is removed, the strain is decreased immediately.

Depending on the construction material, structural design, and service conditions, creep can result in significant
displacements in a structure. Severe creep strains can result in serviceability problems, stress redistribution,
prestress loss, and even failure of structural elements.

Concrete creep is defined as: deformation of structure under sustained load. Basically as long term pressure or
stress on concrete can make it change shape. This deformation usually occurs in the direction the force is being
applied. Like a concrete column getting more compressed, or a beam bending.

The amount of creep that the concrete undergoes is dependent upon


1) the magnitude of the sustained loading,
2) the age and strength of the concrete when the stress is applied, and
3) the total amount of time that the concrete is stressed.

Creep can also be described as a permanent strain that increases as a function of time under load and elevated
temperature.

A material can demonstrate myriad of stress-strain variations depending on the operating temperature.

Case A: Material specimen is exposed


to low temperature, then is put in the testing
machine and pulled under increasing load and
constant temperature.

Case B: Material specimen is exposed


to high temperature, then is put in the testing
machine and pulled under increasing load and
constant temperature.

Case C: Material specimen is exposed to high


temperature while in the testing machine and
being pulled at a constant load level.

Note: Cases A and B - Constant temperature and


time but varying load.

Case C - Constant temperature and load but


varying time.
 

1
The General Creep Pattern:

The general creep pattern can be seen using a plot of permanent strain versus time while holding the
temperature and applied load fixed. The curve is divided into three segments indicating the three
stages of creep that eventually lead to the rupture (failure) of the specimen.

Stage 1 : Initial creep stage includes


elastic deformation, the rate of
creep decreases with time.

Stage 2 : Secondary creep stage at


which the rate of creep is
practically constant up to the
transition point. The creep rate at
this stage is the minimum.

Stage 3 : Tertiary creep stage begins


at the transition point and indicates
the greatest creep rate that
eventually leads to rupture in a
relatively short time.

FATIGUE Failure
Fatigue Failure of Materials
Fatigue failure of materials refers to their failure under the action of cyclic elastic stress. Fatigue generally
involves the formation and gradual growth of cracks and ultimately to fracture as a result of reduced load
carrying capacity.
Also may be defined as the formation and propagation of cracks due to a repetitive or cyclic load. Most fatigue
failures are caused by cyclic loads significantly below the loads that would result in yielding of the material.
Causes:
Fatigue is the result of residual stress affecting an asset's composition, including stresses from temperature,
corrosion, load, and a variety of other factors. Over time, assets of every material experience fatigue-related
wear from operational use and the conditions of their surrounding. environment.
Types of Fatigue
Fatigue failures occur in a number of forms; however, they can be generally classified in one of two
categories: mechanical fatigue or thermal fatigue.

2
FRACTURE AND STRESS CONCENTRATION

The stress concentration in a body happens because of the sudden change in the geometry of the body due to
cracks, sharp corners, holes, decrease in the cross-section area. Due to these irregularities, there is an increase in
the intensity of stress in the body.
Stress concentration is caused due to abrupt changes in the section, variation in properties of the material from
point to point member, and Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied.
Stress Concentrations.
In the case of a hole, fillet (a welding term), or other geometric differences, the applied stresses tend to
concentrate and we must account for this.
Letting ks be the static stress concentration factor, we have: σa = ksσφ
where σa = the actual tensile stress and σφ = the nominal or applied stress.
Connection Between Fatigue and Failure.
We have previously noted that fatigue failure ultimately results from the growth of small cracks and flows with
cyclic loading until such time that the cracks are of such size that fracture occurs. It is of interest to establish a
quantitative relationship to describe the crack growth.

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