Intellectual Revolutions Jeremiah G.

Pedral
that shaped the Society PUP- CSDPS

History of Science and Technology

First man made tools from stone,
wood etc (10 million years ago)

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History of Science and Technology

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First boat were constructed, 10,000 BCE

History of Science and Technology

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Glass was rst made by man, 3500 - 5000 BCE

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History of Science and Technology

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First written languages are developed

by the Sumerian people, 3000 BCE
History of Science and Technology

Ancient Egyptians produce

papyrus, 2500 BCE

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History of Science and Technology

Thales of Miletus
discovers static
electricity, 600 BCE

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History of Science and Technology

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Ancient Egyptians invent lighthouses, including

the huge Lighthouse of Alexandria, 250 BCE
History of Science and Technology

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Chinese invent early magnetic direction nders,

300-200 BCE
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Evolution of Technology by Science and Mathematics

Heron of Alexandria
20 A.D.

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History of Science and Technology

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Chinese invent gunpowder and reworks,

700-900 CE
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History of Science and Technology

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A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias
Janssen makes the rst compound microscope,
1590
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History of Science and Technology

Galileo Galilei
designs a basic
thermometer,
circa 1600

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 History of Science and Technology

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William Gilbert publishes his great book De Magnete
describing how Earth behaves like a giant magnet,
1600
History of Science and Technology

Galileo's pupil Evangelista

Torricelli builds the rst
mercury barometer for
measuring air pressure,
1643

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History of Science and Technology

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Isaac Newton formulates his three laws of motion,

1687
History of Science and Technology

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Axel Cronstedt notices steam when he boils a rock—

and discovers zeolites, 1756
 History of Science and Technology
French Brothers Joseph-Michel Montgol er and Jacques-Étienne
Montgol er make the rst practical hot-air balloon, 1783

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Montgol er-brothers
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History of Science and Technology

Italian Alessandro Volta makes

the rst battery (known as a
Voltaic pile), 1800

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History of Science and Technology

James Francis invents a water

turbine now used in many of
the world's hydropower plants, JGP

1849
History of Science and Technology

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James Clerk Maxwell gures out that radio waves
must exist and sets out basic laws of
electromagnetism.
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History of Science and Technology

Fire extinguishers are

invented,1860s

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Advancement of Technology through Science and
Mathematics

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot
26 Feb. 1725 – 2 Oct. 1804
JG
Advancement of Technology through Science and
Mathematics

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Advancement of Technology through Science and Mathematics

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Advancement of Technology through Science and Mathematics

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 Advancement of Technology through Science and
Mathematics

• deeper understanding of microorganisms leading to

cures of illnesses previously thought untreatable.

• innovations on materials make durable and exible

materials more available.

• optical bers change the technological communication.

• Development of new machines make our way of living

less stressful and more comfortable by providing better
air, cleaner water resources. JGP
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Negative impacts of Science and Technology

Mismanagement.

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 Intellectual Revolutions
• Roughly 600 to 400 BCE, the term intellectual
revolution was used to refer to the Greek speculation
to nature having three characteristics: (1) natural forces
do not make things happen, (2) there are laws of
nature and (3) humans have the ability to discover
these laws of nature. This led to the start of humans
discovering truths and proofs about existing natural
laws.

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 Intellectual Revolutions that de ne the Society

• Copernican Revolution
was the paradigm shift
from the Ptolemaic
model of the heavens,
which described the
cosmos as having Earth
stationary at the center
of the universe, to the
heliocentric model with
the Sun at the center of
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the Solar System.
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 Copernican Revolution
• The model that Copernicus presented changed the way people
perceive the universe.

• Galileo Galilei discovered evidence to support the theory

when he observed four moons in orbit around Jupiter

• Johannes Kepler published the mathematical equations that

provided accurate predictions of the planets’ movement
under Copernican theory which are still in used today.

• Isaac Newton explained why the planets moved as they did

around the sun and he gave the force that kept them in check
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a name: gravity.

 Intellectual Revolutions that de ne the Society

• Darwinian Revolution
-through this revolution
made by Darwin, we
learned that life began
billions of years ago, that
the process of evolution is
in nite and that the Theory
of Natural Selection is the
best explanation of the
origin of life being the JGP

mechanism of evolution.
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 Darwinian Revolution vs Religion
• The presentation of the human relatedness to apes became
disturbing to some. The theory somehow removed the divinity
from humans because the procedure of the evolution that Darwin
presented showed that the complexity of living things is done by
natural processes without the intervention of a supernatural
force.

• The theory offered a close relationship between animals and

humans, what was written in the Bible that creations other than
humans were present to serve them, became questionable.

• Darwinian revolution showed us that in order to evolve

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successfully, we need to work on a “slowly but surely” manner.

 Intellectual Revolutions that de ne the Society

• Freudian Revolution - Sigmund Freud is an Austrian neurologist and is known as
the founder of Psychoanalysis.

• Psychoanalysis, is the belief that the neurological disorder of a person can be

treated by bringing the unconscious elements into the conscious mind so that
the person can confront and release the repressed emotions that were hiding for so
long.

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 Freudian Revolution
• Theory of Unconscious mind:
the human mind can be
likened to an iceberg with
the conscious mind being
the tip and the rest
representing the
unconscious part.

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 Freudian Revolution
• Theory of Personality: a human’s
personality is determined by id, ego
and superego. The id is based on the
pleasure principle. They are part of our
unconscious reality which brings
pleasure when met, experienced or
acquired. The ego is based on the
reality principle and is composed of the
id that are satisfied after compromises in
order to deal with the reality. The
superego is the counter of the id. While
the id is being dictated by our own
selves, the superego is being dictated JGP
by the acceptance of the society that
we belong with.
 Freudian Revolution
• Theory of Psychosexual Development: the personality of a person
is based on how successfully a person completed the five
psychosexual stages.

• first stage (oral, ages 0-1), Children derive pleasure from activities
including the mouth. Children love to put things in their mouth.

• second stage (anal, ages 2-3), the parents’ response during the
toilet training affects the child’s personality.

• third stage (phallic, ages 3-6), the children learn to identify the
differences between sexes. JGP

 Freudian Revolution
• Fourth stage latent stage (ages 6 to puberty), children
start to explore the world and build relationships with
other people and look for new interests and hobbies.
Children are more drawn to form friendships with same
gender peers.

• Fifth stage, Genital stage (Beyond puberty), (puberty

to death), wherein people develop strong sexual desires
and are set to balance in different aspects of their lives.
Individuals are more attracted to the opposite sex. JGP

 Intellectual Revolutions that de ne the Society

• Culmination of computational
science, together with the use
of wireless technology,
revolutionizing our society into
the realm of Information Age.
This advent of digitalization
where information is
transformed into bits that
can be read by computers,
turned knowledge into a
commodity, which our society
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shared and exchanged with.
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 Re ect on it!
• As science student, which of the various
intellectual revolutions appeals to you the most?

• What are your thoughts about Darwin’s theory

and its friction with the major religions of the
world?

• What major societal issue today in the

Philippines is directly related to any of the
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intellectual revolutions?
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