CONTENT

SL.NO PARTICULARS PAGE.NO

1 ABSTRACT 2

2 INTRODUCTION 3

3 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE 6

 SCOPE
 OBJECTIVE
4 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 8

 TAXONOMY OF IOT BASED EDGE

COMPUTING
5  EDGE COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE 11
AND SECURITY
6  CASE STUDIES ON EDGE COMPUTING 13

7 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 18

8 CONCLUSION 23

9 REFERENCES 24
2 Edge computing

ABSTRACT

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) and the success of rich cloud services have

pushed the horizon of a new computing paradigm, edge computing, which calls for

processing the data at the edge of the network.

Edge computing has the potential to address the concerns of response time

requirement, battery life constraint, bandwidth cost saving, as well as data safety and privacy.

In this paper, we introduce the definition of edge computing, followed by several case

studies, ranging from cloud offloading to smart home and city, as well as collaborative edge

to materialize the concept of edge computing.

Finally, we present several challenges and opportunities in the field of edge

computing, and hope this paper will gain attention from the community and inspire more

research in this direction.

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3 Edge computing

INTRODUCTION

Internet of Things (IoT) was first introduced to the community in 1999 for supply chain

management, and then the concept of "making a computer sense information without the aid

of human intervention" was widely adapted to other fields such as healthcare, home,

environment, and transports.

Now with IoT, we will arrive in the post-cloud era, where there will be a large quality of data

generator by things that are immersed in our daily life, and a lot of applications will also be

deployed at the edge to consume these data.

Some IoT applications might require very short response time, some might involve private

data, and some might produce a large quantity of data which could be a heavy load for

networks. Cloud computing is not efficient enough to support these applications. With the

push from cloud services and pull from IoT, we envision that the edge of the network is

changing from data consumer to data producer as well as data consumer. In this paper, we

attempt to contribute the concept of edge computing. We start from the analysis of why we

need edge computing, then we give our definition and vision of edge computing. Several case

studies like cloud offloading, smart home and city as well as collaborative edge are

introduced to further explain edge computing in a detailed manner, followed by some

challenges and opportunities in programmability, naming, data abstraction, service

management, privacy and security, as well as optimization metrics that are worth future.

WHAT IS EDGE COMPUTING

Data is increasingly produced at the edge of the network, therefore, it would be more efficient

to also process the data at the edge of the network. Previous work such as micro datacentres

cloudlet, and fog computing has been introduced to the community because cloud computing

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4 Edge computing

Is not always efficient for data processing when the data is produced at the edge of the

network. In this section, we list some reasons why edge computing is more efficient than

cloud computing for some computing services, then we give our definition and understanding

of edge computing.

WHY DO WE NEED EDGE COMPUTING?

Edge computing enables data-stream acceleration, including real-time data processing

without latency. It allows smart applications and devices to respond to data almost

instantaneously, as its being created, eliminating lag time. This is critical for technologies

such as self-driving cars, and has equally important benefits for business.

Typical edge computing architecture

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5 Edge computing

Edge computing is expected act as a strategic brain behind IoT. Identifying the role of edge

computing in loT is the main research issue at present. Edge computing is utilized to reduce

the amount of data sent to the cloud and decrease service access latency. Figure illustrates the

complimentary role of edge and cloud computing in the IoT environment.

EDGE COMPUTING PARADIGM

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6 Edge computing

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE

Scope

Push from Cloud Services: Putting all the computing tasks on the cloud has been

proved to be an efficient way for data processing since the computing power on the

cloud outclasses the capability of the things at the edge. However, compared to the

fast developing data processing speed, the bandwidth of the network has come to a

standstill. With the growing quantity of data generated at the edge, speed of data

transportation is becoming the bottleneck for the cloud based computing paradigm.

Pull From IoT: Almost all kinds of electrical devices will become part of IoT, and

they will play the role of data producers as well as consumers, such as air quality

sensors, LED bars, streetlights and even an Internet-connected microwave oven. It is

safe to infer that the number of things at the edge of the network will develop to more

than billions in a few years. Thus, raw data produced by them will be enormous,

making conventional cloud computing not efficient enough to handle all these data.

This means most of the data produced by IoT will never be transmitted to the cloud,

instead it will be consumed at the edge of the network.

Change from Data Consumer to Producer: In the cloud computing paradigm, the end

devices at the edge usually play as data consumer, for example, watching a YouTube

video on your smart phone. However, people are also producing data nowadays from

their mobile devices. The change from data consumer to data producer/consumer

requires more function placement at the edge.

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7 Edge computing

Objective

The different objectives for edge computing in the context of IoT are as follows:

Network Management: A number of phenomena, such as inadequate virtualization support, lack

of seamless connectivity, and inefficient congestion control, degrade the overall network

performance. Therefore, efficient usage of network resources in edge computing is vital for IoT.

Cost Optimization: The use of an adequate platform for enabling edge computing necessitates

extensive infrastructure deployment that involves substantial upfront investment and operational

expenses. Most of these expenses are related to network node placement, which requires

deliberate planning and optimization to minimize the overall cost. Deployment of an optimal

number of nodes at appropriate positions can significantly reduce capital, and optimal

arrangement of edge nodes can minimize operational costs.

Energy Management: Energy management is also an important objective of IoT-based edge

computing. Subscribers need to have strict control over power management. Energy- efficient IoT

devices and applications are desirable in edge computing. According to a study, one trillion IoT

nodes need sensing platforms that support various applications using power harvesting to ensure

scalability, reduce costs, and avoid frequent battery replacement.

Data Management: The large number of IoT devices at present are expected to generate large

amounts of data that need to be managed in a timely manner. Efficient and effective data

management mechanisms are desirable in edge computing. Transmission and aggregation of IoT-

generated data are important concerns in data management.

Resource Management: Optimal management of computational resources is crucial in obtaining

service-level objectives. resource Appropriate management includes coordination of resources,

estimation of available resources, and proper allocation of workload

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8 Edge computing

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION:

Taxonomy of IoT-Based Edge Computing

Taxonomy of IoT-based edge computing that considers particular features, such as wireless

network technologies, computing nodes, computing paradigms, service level objectives,

major enablers, data types, applications, and attributes.

Network Technologies IoT devices send collected data to a locally available edge server for

processing. These devices communicate with edge computing platforms through either

wireless networking technologies, such as WiFi and cellular networking (e.g., 3G, 4G, and

5G), or wired technologies, such as Ethernet. These network technologies vary in terms of

data rate, transmission range, and number ofsupported devices. Wireless networks provide

flexibility and mobility to users who execute their applications on the edge server. However,

wireless network technologies are not as reliable as wired technologies.

Computing Nodes IoT devices have limited processing capabilities, which make them

unsuitable for computation-intensive tasks. However, resource-constrained loT devices can

augment their capabilities by leveraging the resources of edge servers. The edge computing

paradigm relies on different computational devices to provide services to IoT users. These

computational devices are the core element of IoT-based edge computing. Computing nodes

include servers, base stations (BS), routers, and vehicles that can provide resources and

various services to IoT devices. The use of these devices is specific to the computing

paradigm.

Computing Paradigms Various computing paradigms are used in lot to provide different services

depending on diverse application requirements. These paradigms can be categorized into cloud

computing, edge computing (i.e., MEC, fog, and cloudlet), mobile ad hoc cloud (MAC), and hybrid

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9 Edge computing

platforms. Cloud computing is a centralized computing infrastructure that aims to provide

interruption-free access to powerful cloud servers. These servers can rapidly process large amounts of

data upon receipt from remote IoT devices and send back the results. However, real-time delay-

sensitive applications cannot afford long delays induced by a wide area network. Continuous

transmission of voluminous raw data through unreliable wireless links may also be

ineffective. By contrast, edge computing is a decentralized computing platform that brings

cloud computing capabilities near IoT devices, that is, the network edge. An important type

of edge computing platform is MEC, which brings cloud computing capabilities to the edge

of a cellular network [10]. Computational and storage services in MEC are provided at the

BS. Unlike MEC, fog computing employs local fog nodes (i.e., local network devices such as

a router or switch) available within a limited geographic region to provide computational

services. Fog computing is considered a premier technology following the success of IoT.

Cloudlet is another form of edge computing, in which delay-sensitive and computation-

intensive tasks from IoT devices are performed on a server deployed in the local area

network. Unlike cloud and edge computing platforms that rely on infrastructure deployment,

MAC capitalizes the shared resources of available mobile devices within local proximity to

process computation-intensive tasks. Cloud and edge computing are used together in hybrid

computing. Such infrastructure is usually adopted when we require the large computing

resources of cloud computing but cannot tolerate the latency of the cloud. Variants of edge

computing can be employed in such applications to overcome the latency problems of cloud

computing.

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10 Edge computing

TAXONOMY OF IOT BASED EDGE ENVIRONMENT

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11 Edge computing

EDGE COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY

Edge Computing is a distributed architecture, simply defined as the processing of data when

it is collected. It has been emerged to minimize both bandwidth and time response in an IoT

system. The use of an edge computing technique is required when the latency is required to

be optimized to avoid network saturation as well as when the data processing burden is high

at a centralized infrastructure. An extended version of edge computing is fog computing,

which is an architecture that makes use of edge gadgets to accomplish a considerable amount

of computation, storage, communication regionally, which undoubtedly possesses input and

output from the real world referred to as transduction. Fog nodes determine whether to

process the data locally from several data sources or send the data out to cloud.

The tasks of edge computing, which people carry out in a daily manner. There are three basic

elements: input, processing, and output as summarized based.

Data sources: As the input, any endpoint which records and collects data from clients or its

environments is described as a data source.

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12 Edge computing

Artificial intelligence: As the processing function, it is the main facet after data collected to

uncover practical observations, locate patterns and trends, produce individualized

recommendations, and improve the performance based on machine learning or data analytics

models.

Actionable insights: The results from the previous stage succeed only when an individual can

act and make any informed selection. Thus, within this stage, the insights appear in a

transparent manner in type of control panels, visualizations, alerts and so on, which motivates

communication between machines and humans, therefore generating a beneficial feedback

loop.

SENSORS,DATABASES,EV MACHINE LEARNING VISUALIZATIONS,DASH

DATA SOURCES

ACTIONABLE INSIGHTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ENT SOURCES,MACHINE ALGORITHM(CLOUD) BOARDS,HUMAN

LOGS MACHINE LEARNING MACHINE
SOCIAL MEDIA MODELS(EDGE) INTERACTION(HMI)

MAJOR TASK OF EDGE COMPUTING

Privacy and Security

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13 Edge computing

An organization should oversee and ensure privacy and security of their Iot framework.

Multiple terminologies used in privacy-preserving management are enumerated in the

following:

 Pseudonymity: where the pseudonym is used as an ID to ensure that an individual can

utilize the source (e.g. pseudonym) without revealing the source's real identity.

However, a user could still be responsible for usage.

 Unobservability: assuring that an individual could utilize a resource or service without

other third parties and having the ability to observe that the resource or service is

being used.

 Unlinkability: ensuring that a third party (e.g., an attacker) cannot identify whether

two objects are linked to each other or not.

 Anonymity: an individual may make use of a resource without revealing his identity.

 Confidentiality: assuring only the data proprietor and an individual can access the

personal information in the edge computing. It protects against unapproved parties'

access to the data when the individual's data is transferred and also collected in edge

or core network framework, as well as when the data is kept or handled in edge or

cloud nodes.

 Integrity: assuring the proper and steady transmission of data to the accredited

individual without unauthorized modification of the data. Privacy of individuals can

be impacted due to the lack of integrity measures.

 Availability: ensuring the accredited party manages to access the edge services in any
regions based on individual's needs. This also implies that an individual's data held in
edge or cloud nodes along with the cipher text format can be handled under various
practical needs.

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14 Edge computing

 Access control and authentication: access control imitates a linking point of all

privacy and security demands by the access control technique. Authentication ensures

that the identification of an individual is accredited.

CASE STUDIES OF EDGE COMPUTING

Two case studies are presented in this section to illustrate the edge computing vision

comprehensively. First, we analyse a smart parking system that lessens traffic when an

individual is navigating for a car parking space. Second, we explore utilizing the CDN to

minimize the latency of transmitted data as well as enhance Internet content availability.

Smart Parking System

Consider a system that allows individuals to promptly find an available parking place on one

click of a key on a smart device. This system will significantly decrease the time feuited to

looking for a parking slot and inhibit vehicle parking violations.

The smart parking system is usually powered via RFID, ultrasonic detector, and infrared

sensing units.

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15 Edge computing

a) Flow of Execution: A common flow of execution works as follows for a smart parking,

system:

1) Log in to the smartphone parking application.

2) Choose the parking area near the customer's location.

3) Browse between randomly available parking slots, then select a preferable slot.

4) Select the desired timeframe to park the vehicle.

5) Pay off the parking fee for a chosen timeframe

6) When a customer parks the car via navigation and confirms his parking, the time

countdown starts.

7) On departure, the customer can pay any additional charge if he exceeds the allowed time.

b) Benefits: Smart parking may minimize traffic for an automobile navigating for a slot, can

be useful for many people and decrease vehicles emissions, making for an even more

environmentally friendly city. It can also boost accessibility for businesses and grocery stores

by enhanced optimization of available parking slots.

c) Future Scope:

 The system may be adjusted to integrate future self-driving automobiles and assure

real-time communication between several vehicles such that an individual possesses

no interactive burden with the system.

 More efficient parking algorithms could be established for the optimal consumption

of resources, such as availability of slots and parking durations. For example, a deep

learning model can be trained for real-time space allocation.

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Content Delivery Network

A CDN is one of the most promising solutions to address the issue of massive web traffic, by

distributing many servers efficiently in different geographical locations, thereby delivering

web content in a faster way. The CDN is a special case of edge computing. Today, a lot of

Internet websites, such as Facebook, eBay, and Netflix, leverage the CDN architecture to

efficiently provide web content.

1) Architecture: Consider an application with a large number of users in large

geographical areas. Providing requests to every user from a central location can easily

result insubstantial network latency. If such an application is service essential, service

level agreement (SLA) violations can also occur. CDN addresses precisely the issue

in this use case. The origin server is connected to several exchange points (IXP).

These servers named as Point of Presence (POPs). They are distributed throughout

different geographical areas. POPs play

EXAMPLE OF CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORK

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17 Edge computing

2) Advantages: There are many advantages for consumers under the CDN

architecture.

 Website security improvement: a CDN with the help of distributed denial of service

(DDoS) mitigation can enhance and maintain the website security from DDoS attacks

that can severely interrupt and degrade the service accessibility.

 Faster website page loading: a CDN can be utilized to provide static web content,

which decreases the webpage load time.

 Botnet and spam defence: a CDN can be set up with firewall policies which obstruct

unwanted spamming and botnet probing against the system.

 Enhancing global content availability: a CDN can manage massive traffic and hold up

against failure as compared with central services.

 Handling website traffic spikes: a CDN provides better load balancing between

servers and offers fast horizontal scaling.

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18 Edge computing

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

We have described five potential applications of edge computing in the last section. To

realize the vision of edge computing, we argue that the systems and network community need

to work together. In this section, we will further summarize these challenges in detail and

bring forward some potential solutions and opportunities worth further research, including

programmability, naming, data abstraction, service management, privacy and security and

optimization metrics.

Programmability

In cloud computing, users program their code and deploy them on the cloud. The cloud

provider is in charge to decide where the computing is conducted in a cloud. Users have zero

or partial knowledge of how the application runs. This is one of the benefits of cloud

computing that the infrastructure is transparent to the user. Usually, the program is written in

one programing language and compiled for a certain target platform, since the program only

runs in the cloud. However, in the edge computing, computation is offloaded from the cloud,

and the edge nodes are most likely heterogeneous platforms. In this case, the runtime of these

nodes differ from each other, and the programmer faces huge difficulties to write an

application that may be deployed in the edge computing paradigm. To address the

programmability of edge computing, we propose the concept of computing stream that is

defined as a serial of functions/computing applied on the data along the data propagation

path. The functions/computing could be entire or partial functionalities of an application, and

the computing can occur anywhere on the path as long as the application defines where the

computing should be conducted. The computing stream is software defined computing flow

such that data can be processed in distributed and efficient fashion on data generating

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19 Edge computing

devices, edge nodes, and the cloud environment. As defined in edge computing, a lot of

computing can be done at the edge instead of the centric cloud. In this case, the computing

stream can help the user to determine what functions/computing should be done and how the

data is propagated after the computing happened at the edge. The function/computing

distribution metric could be latency-driven, energy cost, TCO, and hardware/ software

specified limitations. The detailed cost model is discussed in Section IV-F. By deploying a

computing stream, we expect that data is computed as close as possible to the data source,

and the data transmission cost can be reduced.

Naming

In edge computing, one important assumption is that the number of things is tremendously

large. At the top of the edge nodes, there are a lot of applications running, and each

application has its own structure about how the service is provided. Similar to all computer

systems, the naming scheme in edge computing is very important for programing, addressing.

things identification, and data communication. However, an efficient naming mechanism for

the edge computing paradigm has not been built and standardized yet. Edge practitioners

usually needs to learn various communication and network protocols in order to communicate

with the heterogeneous things in their system. The naming scheme for edge computing needs

to handle the mobility of things, highly dynamic network topology, privacy and security

protection, as well as the scalability targeting the tremendously large amount of unreliable

things. Traditional naming mechanisms such as DNS and uniform resource identifier satisfy

most of the current networks very well. However, they are not flexible enough to serve the

dynamic edge network since sometimes most of the things at edge could be highly mobile

and resource constrained. Moreover, for some resource constrained things at the edge of the

network, IP based naming scheme could be too heavy to support considering its complexity

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20 Edge computing

and overhead. New naming mechanisms such as named data networking (NDN) and Mobility

could also be applied to edge computing. NDN provide a hierarchically structured name for

content/data centric network, and it is human friendly for service management and provides

good scalability for edge. However, it would need extra proxy in order to fit into other

communication protocols such as Bluetooth or ZigBee, and so on. Another issue associated

with NDN is security, since it is very hard to isolate things hardware information with service

providers. MobileFirst can separate name from network address in order to provide better

mobility support, and it would be very efficient if applied to edge services where things are of

highly mobility. Nerveless, a global unique identification (GUID) needs to be used for

naming is MobileFirst, and this is not required in related fixed information aggregation

service at the edge of the network such as home environment. Another disadvantage of

MobileFirst for edge is the difficulty in service management since GUID is not human

friendly.

Data Abstraction

Various applications can run on the edge OS consuming data or providing service by

communicating through the air position indicators from the service management layer. Data

abstraction has been well discussed and researched in the wireless sensor network and cloud

computing paradigm. However, in edge computing, this issue becomes more challenging.

With IoT, there would be a huge number of data generators in the network, and here we take

a smart home environment as an

example. In a smart home, almost all of the things will report data to the edge OS, not to

mention the large number of things deployed all around the home. However, most of the

things at the edge of the network, only periodically report sensed data to the gateway. For

example, the thermometer could report the temperature every minute, but this data will most

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21 Edge computing

likely only be consumed by the real user several times a day. Another example could be a

security camera in the home which might keep recording and sending the video to the

gateway, but the data will just be stored in the database for a certain time with nobody

actually consuming it, and then be flushed by the latest video.

Service Management

In terms of service management at the edge of the network, we argue that the following four

fundamental features should be supported to guarantee a reliable system, including

differentiation, extensibility, isolation, and reliability. Differentiation: With the fast growth of

IoT deployment, we expected multiple services will be deployed at the edge of the network,

such as Smart Home. These services will have different priorities. For example, critical

services such as things diagnosis and failure alarm should be processed earlier than ordinary

service. Health related service, for example, fall detection or heart failure detection should

also have a higher priority compared with other service such as entertainment.

Optimization Metrics

In edge computing, we have multiple layers with different computation capability. Workload

allocation becomes a big issue. We need to decide which layer to handle the workload or how

many tasks to assign at each part. There are multiple allocation strategies to complete a

workload, for instances, evenly distribute the workload on each layer or complete as much as

possible on each layer. The extreme cases are fully operated on endpoint or fully operated on

cloud. To choose an optimal allocation strategy, we discuss several optimization metrics in

this section, including latency, bandwidth, energy and cost.

Latency: Latency is one of the most important metrics to evaluate the performance, especially

in interaction applications/services

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22 Edge computing

Bandwidth: From latency's point of view, high bandwidth can reduce transmission time,

especially for large data.

Energy: Battery is the most precious resource for things at the edge of the network. For the

endpoint layer, offloading workload to the edge can be treated as an energy free method.

Cost: From the service providers' perspective, e.g., YouTube, Amazon, etc., edge computing

provides them less latency and energy consumption, potential increased throughput and

improved user experience.

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CONCLUSION

Nowadays, more and more services are pushed from the cloud to the edge of the network

because processing data at the edge can ensure shorter response time and better reliability.

Moreover, bandwidth could also be saved if a larger portion of data could be handled at the

edge rather than uploaded to the cloud. The burgeoning of IOT and the universalized mobile

devices changed the role of edge in the computing paradigm from data consumer to data

producer/consumer. It would be more efficient to process or massage data at the edge of the

network.

In this paper, we came up with our understanding of edge computing, with the rationale that

computing should happen at the proximity of data sources. In this article, we investigated,

highlighted, and reported recent premier advances in edge computing technologies (e.g., fog

computing. MEC, and cloudlets) with respect to measuring their effect on IoT. Then, we

categorized edge computing literature by devising a taxonomy, which was used to uncover

the premium features of edge computing that can be beneficial to the IoT paradigm. We

outlined a few key requirements for the deployment of edge computing in IoT and discussed

indispensable scenarios of edge computing in IoT. Furthermore, several open research

challenges to the successful deployment of edge computing in IoT are identified and

discussed.

We conclude that although the deployment of edge computing in IoT provides numerous

benefits, the convergence of these two computing paradigms brings about new issues that

should be resolved in the future.

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25 Edge computing

REFERENCES

[1] Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges, Weisong Shi, Fellow, IEEE, Jie Cao, Student

Member, IEEE, Quan Zhang, Student Member, IEEE, Youhuizi Li, and Lanyu Xu 2016

[2] Secure Edge Computing in IoT Systems: Review and Case Studies, Mohammed

Alrowaily Department of Electrical Engineering University of South Florida, Zhuo Lu

Department of Electrical IEEE,2018

[3] The Role of Edge Computing in Internet of Things, Najmul Hassan, Saira Gillani, Ejaz

Ahmed IEEE, Ibrar Yaqoob, and Muhammad Imran, IEEE,2018

[4] Ala Al-Fuqaha, Senior Member, IEEE, Mohsen Guizani, Fellow, IEEE, Mehdi

Mohammadi, Student Member, IEEE, Mohammed Aledhari, Student Member, IEEE, and

Moussa Ayyash, Senior Member, IEEE,2015

[5] E. K. Markakis et al., "Efficient Next Generation Emergency Communications over

Multi-Access Edge Computing," IEEE Commune. Mag., vol. 55, no. 11, Nov. 2017 [6] T.

Taleb et al., "Mobile Edge Computing Potential in Making Cities Smarter," IEEE Commune.

Mag., vol. 55, no. 3, Mar.2017

[7] M. Satyanarayanan et al., "Edge Analytics in the Internet of Things," IEEE Pervasive

Computing, vol. 14, no. 2, 2015

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