Table of Useful Integrals, etc.

1
∞ ∞
− ax 2 1#π & 2
− ax 2 1
∫e dx = % (
2$ a' ∫ xe dx =
2a
0 0

1
∞ ∞
2 − ax 2 1 #π& 2
3 − ax 2 1
∫x e dx =
4a %$ a (' ∫x e dx =
2a 2
0 0

1
∞
2n − ax 2
1⋅ 3⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 2n − 1 $ π '( ) 2 ∞
2n+1 − ax 2 n!
∫x e dx =
2 n+1 a n &% a )( ∫ x e dx = 2a n+1
0 0

∞
n − ax n!
∫x e dx =
a n+1
0

Integration by Parts:

b b
b
∫ UdV = "#UV $% − ∫ VdU a
U and V are functions of x. Integrate from x = a to x = b
a a

1
∫ sin ( ax ) dx = − a cos ( ax )

x sin 2ax ( )
2
( )
∫ sin ax dx = 2
−
4a

1 1
∫ sin ( ax ) dx = − a cos ( ax ) + 3a cos ( ax )
3 3

3
3x 3sin 2ax sin ax cos ax ( ) ( ) ( )
4
( )
∫ sin ax dx = 8 − 16a − 4a

( ) (
sin "# a − b x $% sin "# a + b x $% )
( ) ( )
∫ sin ax sin bx dx = − where a 2 ≠ b2
2 a−b ( )
2 a+b ( )
( ) (
sin "# a − b x $% sin "# a + b x $% )
( ) ( )
∫ cos ax cos bx dx = +
2 a−b ( ) 2 a+b ( )
 ( ) (
− cos "# a − b x $% cos "# a + b x $% )
( ) ( )
∫ sin ax cos bx dx = −
(
2 a−b ) 2 a+b ( )
( )
x 2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax ( )
2
( )
∫ x sin ax dx = 4
−
4a
−
8a 2

x3 " x2 1 % x cos 2ax ( )

2 2
( )
∫ x sin ax dx = −$ − 3 ' sin 2ax −
6 # 4a 8a & 4a 2
( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cos "# a − b x $% cos "# a + b x $% x sin "# a − b x $% x sin "# a + b x $%
( ) ( )
∫ x sin ax sin bx dx = 2
− 2
+ 2
− 2
(
2 a−b ) 2 a+b ( ) 2 a−b( ) (
2 a+b )
sin ax( ) − x cos ( ax )
∫ x sin ( ax ) dx = a2 a

x sin ax ( ) + cos ( ax )
∫ x cos ( ax ) dx = a a2

( )
sin ax
( )
∫ cos ax dx = a

x ( )
sin 2ax
∫ cos ( ax ) dx = 2 +
2

4a

x3 " x2 1 % x cos 2ax ( )

∫ x 2
cos ax 2
dx = ( )
+ −
6 $# 4a 8a 3 '&
sin 2ax +
4a 2
( )

− ax 2 eax
∫ cos ( bx ) e dx =
(
( )
" a cos bx + bsin bx $
a 2 + b2 # ) % ( )

Taylor Series:
n= ∞ f
( n)
xo ( ) n
∑ n=0
n!
(x − x ) o

Geometric Series:
∞
1
∑ xn = 1 − x
n=0
Euler’s Formula:
eiφ = cos φ + isin φ
Quadratic Equation and other higher order polynomials:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a

ax 4 + bx 2 + c = 0
" −b ± b2 − 4ac %
x = ±$ '
$# 2a '&

General Solution for a Second Order Homogeneous Differential Equation with

Constant Coefficients:

If: y !! + py ! + qy = 0

Assume a solution for y:

y = esx y ! = sesx y !! = s 2 esx

∴ s 2 esx + psesx + qesx = 0
and s 2 + ps + q = 0
sx s x
Hence y = c1e 1 + c2 e 2

Conversions from spherical polar coordinates into Cartesian coordinates:

x = r sin θ cos φ
y = r sin θ sin φ
x = r cosθ
dv = r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ
0<r <∞
0 <θ <π
0 < φ < 2π
Commutator Identities:

! Â, B̂ # = − ! B̂, Â#

" $ " $
n
! Â, Â # = 0 n = 1,2,3,
" $
! kÂ, B̂ # = ! Â, kB̂ # = k ! Â, B̂ #
" $ " $ " $
! Â + B̂, Ĉ # = ! Â, Ĉ # + ! B̂, Ĉ #
" $ " $ " $
! Â, B̂Ĉ # = ! Â, B̂ # Ĉ + B̂ ! Â, Ĉ #
" $ " $ " $
! ÂB̂, Ĉ # = ! Â, Ĉ # B̂ + Â ! B̂, Ĉ #
" $ " $ " $

Creation and Annihilation Operators

1
l± l, ml , s, ms = ( l ( l + 1) − ml ( ml ± 1)) 2  l, ml ±1 , s, ms
1
s± l, ml , s, ms = ( s ( s + 1) − ms ( ms ± 1)) 2  l, ml , s, ms ±1
1
(
j± j, m j = j ( j + 1) − m j m j ± 1( )) 2
 j, m j ±1

Atomic Units:
Physical Constants:
Operators: