Exp. Aipts (Modern History-2)

1
CHAHAL ACADEMY
CHAHAL ALL INDIA PRELIMS TEST SERIES 2023
(MODERN HISTORY-2) (TEST-15) EXPLANATION
Q1.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• By the 1870s, Calcutta’s student community was honeycombed with secret societies, but these
were not very active. The first revolutionary groups were organised in 1902 in Midnapore (under
Jnanendranath Basu).
• Statement 1 is incorrect: the Anushilan Samiti founded by Promotha Mitter in Calcutta. Its other
members included Jatindranath Banerjee, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others.
• Statement 2 is correct: In April 1906, an inner circle within Anushilan (Barindra Kumar Ghosh,
Bhupendranath Dutta) started the weekly Yugantar and conducted a few abortive actions.
• By 1905- 06, several newspapers had started advocating revolutionary violence. For instance, after
severe police brutalities on participants of the Barisal Conference (April 1906), the Yugantar wrote:
“The remedy lies with the people. The 30-crore people inhabiting India must raise their 60 crore hands to
stop this curse of oppression. Force must be stopped by force.”
Q2.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• During the First World War, the Jugantar party arranged to import German arms and ammunition
through sympathisers and revolutionaries abroad.
• Jatin asked Rashbehari Bose to take charge of Upper India, aiming to bring about an all-India
insurrection in what has come to be called the ‘German Plot’ or the ‘Zimmerman Plan’.
• The Jugantar party raised funds through a series of dacoities which came to be known as taxicab
dacoities and boat dacoities, so as to work out the Indo-German conspiracy.
• It was planned that a guerrilla force would be organised to start an uprising in the country, with a seizure
of Fort William and a mutiny by armed forces
• Unfortunately for the revolutionaries, the plot was leaked out by a traitor.
Q3.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Savarkar and his brother organised Mitra Mela, a secret society, in
1899 which merged with Abhinav Bharat (after Mazzinni’s ‘Young Italy’) in 1904.
• Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: The Punjab extremism was fuelled by issues such as frequent famines
coupled with rise in land revenue and irrigation tax, practice of ‘begar’ by zamindars and by the events in
Bengal. Among those active here were Lala Lajpat Rai who brought out Punjabee (with its motto of self-help
at any cost) and Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh’s uncle) who organised the extremist Anjuman-i-Mohisban-
i-Watan in Lahore with its journal, Bharat Mata.
• Pair 3 is correctly matched: Shyamji Krishnavarma had started in London in 1905 an Indian Home Rule
Society— ‘India House’—as a centre for Indian students, a scholarship scheme to bring radical youth from
India.
• NEW DELHI • MUMBAI • JAIPUR • KOLKATA • AHMEDABAD • ANAND • BHILAI • BHUBANESWAR • CHANDIGARH
• DEHRADUN • GANDHINAGAR • KANPUR • PATNA • RAIPUR • RAJKOT • RANCHI • SURAT • VADODARA
Whatsapp No. 93132-18734, 82877-76460 (www.chahalacademy.com)
2 ALL INDIA PRELIMS TEST SERIES 2023 (MODERN HISTORY-2) (TEST-15) EXPLANATION
Q4.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• The Ghadr Party was a revolutionary group organised around a weekly newspaper The Ghadr with
its headquarters at San Francisco and branches along the US coast and in the Far East.
• These revolutionaries included mainly ex-soldiers and peasants who had migrated from the Punjab to
the USA and Canada in search of better employment opportunities.
• Statement 1 is correct: The moving spirits behind the Ghadr Party were Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra,
Bhagwan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, and Bhai Parmanand. The Ghadrites intended to bring
about a revolt in India.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Their plans were encouraged by two events in 1914—the Komagata Maru
incident and the outbreak of the First World War.
• The Ghadr programme was to organise assassinations of officials, publish revolutionary and anti-
imperialist literature, work among Indian troops stationed abroad, procure arms and bring about a
simultaneous revolt in all British colonies
• Komagata Maru was the name of a ship which was carrying 370 passengers, mainly Sikh and Punjabi
Muslim would-be immigrants, from Singapore to Vancouver
Q5.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• In the First World War (1914-1919), Britain allied with France, Russia, USA, Italy and Japan against Germany,
Austria-Hungary and Turkey. This period saw the maturing of Indian nationalism.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: The Extremists, including Tilak (who was released in June 1914), supported
the war efforts in the mistaken belief that Britain would repay India’s loyalty with gratitude in the
form of self-government.
• The revolutionaries decided to utilise the opportunity to wage a war on British rule and liberate the
country.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: The Moderates supported the empire in the war as a matter of duty.
Q6.
Answer: C
• The home rule league was the Indian response to the first world war. The main objective was
demanding self-government or home rule for all of India within British commonwealth.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set their separate home rule leagues.
• Statement 2 is correct.: The movement shifted the emphasis from educated elite to masses and
permanently deflected the movement from course mapped by the moderates.
• Statement 3 is correct: The efforts of Tilak and Besant during the movement facilitated the moderate-
extremist reunion at Lucknow (1916)
• Prominent leaders—Balgangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant, G.S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania Iyer, Joseph
Baptista and Mohammad Ali Jinnah among others—got together and decided that it was necessary to
have a national alliance that would work throughout the year (unlike the Congress which had annual
sessions) with the main objective of demanding self-government or home rule for all of India within the
British commonwealth.
• The Home rule League campaign aimed to convey to the common man the message of home rule as
self-government. It carried a much wider appeal than the earlier mobilisations had and also attracted the
hitherto ‘politically backward’ regions of Gujarat and Sindh.
Q7.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• By early 1915, Annie Besant had launched a campaign to demand self-government for India after the war
on the lines of white colonies.
• She campaigned through her newspapers, New India and Commonweal, and through public meetings
and conferences.
Q8.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• The Home Rule Movement was the Indian response to the First World War in a less charged but a
more effective way than the response of Indians living abroad which took the form of the romantic Ghadr
adventure.
• Prominent leaders—Balgangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant, G.S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania Iyer, Joseph
Baptista and Mohammad Ali Jinnah.
• The Home Rule agitation was later also joined by Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai,
Chittaranjan Das, K.M. Munshi, B. Chakravarti, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Tej Bahadur
Sapru and Lala Lajpat Rai.
Q9.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is correct: The Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress, presided over by a Moderate,
Ambika Charan Majumdar.
• Statement 2 is correct: Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress finally readmitted the Extremists
led by Tilak to the Congress.
• Statement 3 is correct: Another significant development to take place at Lucknow was the coming
together of the Muslim League and the Congress and the presentation of common demands by them to
the government. While the League agreed to present joint constitutional demands with the Congress
to the government, the Congress accepted the Muslim League’s position on separate electorates which
would continue till any one community demanded joint electorates.
Q10.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Samuel Montagu, made a statement on August 20, 1917 in the
British House of Commons in what has come to be known as the August Declaration of 1917.
• The statement said: “The government policy is of an increasing participation of Indians in every
branch of administration and gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the
progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire.”
Q11.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• The viceroy, Lord Minto, and the Secretary of State for India, John Morley, agreed that some reforms
were due so as to placate the Moderates as well as the Muslims. They worked out a set of measures that
came to be known as the Morley-Minto (or Minto-Morley) Reforms that translated into the Indian
Councils Act of 1909.
• For the first time, separate electorates for Muslims for election to the central council was established a
most detrimental step for India.
• The elected members were to be indirectly elected. The local bodies were to elect an electoral college,
which in turn would elect members of provincial legislatures, who in turn would elect members of the
central legislature.
• Powers of legislatures—both at the centre and in provinces—were enlarged and the legislatures could
now pass resolutions (which may or may not be accepted).
• The number of elected members in the Imperial Legislative Council and the Provincial Legislative Councils
was increased.
• Number of elected members in Imperial and Provincial Legislative Councils increased—elected non-
officials still in minority.
Q12.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• In South Africa Gandhi witnessed the ugly face of white racism and the humiliation and contempt to
which Asians, who had gone to South Africa as labourers, were subjected. He decided to stay in South
Africa to organise the Indian workers to enable them to fight for their rights. He stayed there till 1914
after which he returned to India.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: To unite different sections of Indians, he set up the Natal Indian Congress and
started a paper Indian Opinion.
• Statement 2 is correct: Gandhi led a campaign against Poll Tax and Invalidation of Indian Marriages.
He also led a campaign against restrictions on Indian Migration, satyagraha against Registration
Certificates (1906).
• Statement 3 is correct: He had set up the Phoenix Farm in 1904 in Natal, inspired by a reading of John
Ruskin’s unto This Last, a critique of capitalism, and a work that extolled the virtues of the simple life of
love, labour, and the dignity of human beings.
Q13.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Gandhi was requested by Rajkumar Shukla, a local man, to look into the
problems of the farmers in context of indigo. Champaran Satyagraha was the first civil disobedience.
• Pair 2 is correctly matched: In March 1918, Gandhi intervened in a dispute between cotton mill
owners of Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus. This was
the first hunger strike associated with the Gandhi.
• Pair 3 is correctly matched: Just when the Indians expected a huge advance towards self-rule as a reward
for their contribution to the war, they were given the Montford Reforms with its very limited scope and
the shockingly repressive Rowlatt Act. The Satyagraha against Rowlatt was the first Mass strike.
• Pair 4 is incorrectly matched: Because of drought in 1918, the crops failed in Kheda district of
Gujarat. According to the Revenue Code, if the yield was less than one-fourth the normal produce, the
farmers were entitled to remission. Kheda Satyagraha was the first Non-Cooperation associated with
Gandhi.
Q14.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• The massacre at Jallianwalla Bagh shocked Indians and many British as well.
• The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, ordered that a committee of inquiry be formed to
investigate the matter.
• So, on October 14, 1919, the Government of India announced the formation of the Disorders Inquiry
Committee, which came to be more widely and variously known as the Hunter Committee/Commission
after the name of its chairman, Lord William Hunter, former Solicitor-General for Scotland and Senator of
the College of Justice in Scotland.
Q15.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• In line with the government policy contained in Montagu’s statement of August 1917, the government
announced further constitutional reforms in July 1918, known as Montagu-Chelmsford or Montford
Reforms. Based on these, the Government of India Act, 1919 was enacted.
• Statement 1 is correct: Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 per cent of the
members were to be elected.
• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: In the viceroy’s executive council of eight, three were to be Indians.
• There were to be two lists for administration— central and provincial.
• The governor-general could restore cuts in grants, certify bills rejected by the central legislature and
issue ordinances
• Statement 3 is correct: On the home government (in Britain) front, the Government of India Act, 1919
made an important change— the Secretary of State for India was henceforth to be paid out of the British
exchequer.
• Statement 4 is correct: Women were also given the right to vote.
• The legislative councils could initiate legislation, but the governor’s assent was required. The governor
could veto bills and issue ordinances.
Q16.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• The Khilafat Committee started a campaign of non-cooperation, and the movement was formally
launched on August 31, 1920.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: Some leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, G.S. Kharpade and
B.C. Pal left the Congress as they believed in a constitutional and lawful struggle.
• Gandhi and Ali brothers were the important leaders.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Gandhi declared that if the non-cooperation programme was implemented
completely, swaraj would be ushered in within a year. There were no talks of purna swaraj during that
time. The Purna Swaraj declaration was promulgated by INC on 19 December 1929 in it’s Lahore session.
• Statement 3 is also incorrect: There were some differences over boycott of legislative council
programme this as some leaders like C.R. Das were not willing to include a boycott of councils but
bowed to Congress discipline.
Q17.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• In October 1920, the Awadh Kisan Sabha came into existence because of differences in nationalist ranks.
From the earlier forms of mass meetings and mobilisation, the patterns of activity changed rapidly in
January 1921 to the looting of bazaars, houses, granaries and clashes with the police. The movement
declined soon, partly due to government repression and partly because of the passing of the Awadh Rent
(Amendment) Act.
• Towards the end of 1921, peasant discontent resurfaced in some northern districts of the United
Provinces—Hardoi, Bahraich, Sitapur. The grassroot leadership of the Eka Movement came from
Madari Pasi and other low-caste leaders, and many small zamindars. By March 1922, severe repression
by authorities brought the movement to an end.
• The Mappilas were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were
Hindus. he Mappila tenants were particularly encouraged by the demand of the local Congress body for
a government legislation regulating tenant-landlord relations. Soon, the Mappila movement merged
with the ongoing Khilafat agitation. Things took a turn for the worse in August 1921 when the arrest
of a respected priest leader, Ali Musaliar, sparked off large-scale riots. Many Hindus were seen by the
Mappilas to be helping the authorities. What began as an anti-government and anti-landlord affair acquired
communal overtones.
Q18.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• After Gandhi’s arrest (March 1922), there was disintegration, disorganisation and demoralisation
among nationalist ranks. A debate started among Congressmen on what to do during the transition
period, i.e., the passive phase of the movement.
• Statement 1 is correct: One section led by C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru and Ajmal Khan known as Swarajits
wanted an end to the boycott of legislative councils so that the nationalists could enter them to expose
the basic weaknesses of these assemblies and use these councils as an arena of political struggle to
arouse popular enthusiasm.
• Statement 2 is correct: C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and M.A. Ansari came
to be known as the ‘No-changers’. The ‘No-changers’ opposed council entry, advocated concentration
on constructive work, and continuation of boycott and non-cooperation, and quiet preparation for
resumption of the suspended civil disobedience programme.
Q19.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru resigned from the presidentship and secretaryship
respectively of the Congress and announced the formation of Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party or simply
Swarajist Party, with C.R. Das as the president and Motilal Nehru as one of the secretaries.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Swarajists were allowed to contest elections as a group within the Congress.
The Swarajists accepted the Congress programme with only one difference—that they would join
legislative councils. The elections to the newly constituted Central Legislative Assembly and to
provincial assemblies were to be held in November 1923.
Q20.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is correct: Vithalbhai Patel was elected speaker of Central Legislative Assembly in 1925.
• Swarajists agitated through powerful speeches on self-government, civil liberties and industrialisation.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: They failed to support the peasants’ cause in Bengal and lost support among
Muslim members who were pro-peasant.
• Statement 3 is correct: With coalition partners, they outvoted the government several times, even on
matters relating to budgetary grants, and passed adjournment motions.
• By their activities, they filled the political vacuum at a time when the national movement was recouping its
strength.
• A noteworthy achievement was the defeat of the Public Safety Bill in 1928 which was aimed at empowering
the Government to deport undesirable and subversive foreigners.
Q21.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed in 1920 in Tashkent (now, the capital of Uzbekistan) by
M.N. Roy, Abani Mukherji and others after the second Congress of Commintern.
• In 1924, many communists—S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini Gupta—were
jailed in the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case.
• In 1925, the Indian Communist Conference at Kanpur formalised the foundation of the CPI.
• In 1929, the government crackdown on communists resulted in the arrest and trial of 31 leading
communists, trade unionists and left-wing leaders; they were tried at Meerut in the famous Meerut
conspiracy case.
Q22.
Answer: B
Explanation.
As in earlier periods, the varied contradictions of the Indian society found expression in caste associations and
movements. These movements could be divisive, conservative and at times potentially radical, and included:
• Justice Party (Madras)
• Self-respect movement (1925) under “Periyar”—E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Madras)
• Satyashodhak activists in Satara (Maharashtra)
• Bhaskar Rao Jadhav (Maharashtra)
• Mahars under Ambedkar (Maharashtra)
• Radical Ezhavas under K. Aiyappan and C. Kesavan in Kerala
• Yadavs in Bihar for improvement in social status
• Unionist Party under Fazl-i-Hussain (Punjab)
Q23.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• The sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement, however, left many of young nationalist
disillusioned; they began to question the basic strategy of nationalist leadership and its emphasis on
non-violence and began to look for alternatives.
• But since these younger nationalists were not attracted to the parliamentary work of the Swarajists
or to the patient, undramatic, constructive work of the No-changers, they were drawn to the idea that
violent methods alone would free India.
• Thus, revolutionary activity was revived.
• Journals publishing memoirs and articles extolling the self-sacrifice of revolutionaries, such as Atmasakti,
Sarathi and Bijoli.
• Novels and books such as Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal and Pather Dabi by Sharatchandra Chatterjee
(a government ban only enhanced its popularity).
Q24.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: The HRA was founded in October 1924 in Kanpur by Ramprasad Bismil,
Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Sachin Sanyal, with an aim to organise an armed revolution to
overthrow the colonial government and establish in its place the Federal Republic of United States of
India whose basic principle would be adult franchise.
• Statement 2 is correct: Just when the HSRA revolutionaries had begun to move away from individual heroic
action, the death of Sher-i-Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai due to lathi blows received during a lathicharge
on an anti-Simon Commission procession (October 1928) led them once again to take to individual
assassination. Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru shot dead Saunders; the police official responsible for
the lathicharge in Lahore. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were tried in the Lahore conspiracy case.
Q25.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is correct: Surya Sen decided to organise an armed rebellion along with his associates—
Anant Singh, Ganesh Ghosh and Lokenath Baul—to show that it was possible to challenge the armed
might of the mighty British Empire.
• Statement 2 is correct: There was a large-scale participation of young women especially under Surya
Sen. These women provided shelter, carried messages and fought with guns in hand. Prominent
women revolutionaries in Bengal during this phase included Pritilata Waddedar, who died conducting a
raid; Kalpana Dutt who was arrested and tried along with Surya Sen and given a life sentence.
Q26.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• Bhagat Singh fully accepted Marxism and the class approach to society—” Peasants have to free
themselves not only from the foreign yoke, but also from the yoke of landlords and capitalists.”
• He also said, “The struggle in India will continue, so long as a handful of exploiters continue to exploit
labour of common people to further their own interests.It matters little whether these exploiters
are British capitalists, British and Indian capitalists in alliance, or even purely Indians.”
• He defined socialism scientifically as abolition of capitalism and class domination.
Q27.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• The Lee Commission was appointed in 1923 to look into the organization and general conditions of
service as well as the methods of recruitment for Europeans and Indians in the civil services.
• Being concerned only with the superior civil services it came to be known as the Royal commission on
the superior civil services in India.
• The commission suggested that the statutory public service commission, as put forward by the
Government of India Act 1919, needed to be established without delay.
Q28.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• An all-white, seven-member Indian Statutory Commission, popularly known as the Simon Commission
(after the name of its chairman, Sir John Simon), was set up by the British government under Stanley
Baldwin’s prime ministership on November 8, 1927. The commission was to recommend to the British
government whether India was ready for further constitutional reforms and along what lines.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: Those who decided to support the Congress call of boycott of the Simon
Commission included the liberals of the Hindu Mahasabha and the majority faction of the Muslim
League under Jinnah. Some others, such as the Unionists in Punjab and the Justice Party in the south,
decided not to boycott the commission.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: The Congress session in Madras (December 1927) meeting under the
presidency of M.A. Ansari decided to boycott the commission “at every stage and in every form”.
• Statement 3 is correct: Nehru and Subhash Bose emerged as leaders of this new wave of youth and
students. Both travelled extensively, addressed and presided over conferences.
Q29.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• An All-Parties Conference met in February 1928 and appointed a sub-committee under the chairmanship
of Motilal Nehru to draft a constitution. This was the first major attempt by the Indians to draft a
constitutional framework for the country.
• The committee included Tej Bahadur Sapru, Subhash Bose, M.S. Aney, Mangal Singh, Ali Imam, Shuab
Qureshi and G.R. Pradhan as its members. The report was finalised by August 1928.
Q30.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• As an answer to Lord Birkenhead’s challenge, an All-Parties Conference met in February 1928 and
appointed a subcommittee under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru to draft a constitution.
• The Nehru Report confined itself to British India, as it envisaged the future link-up of British India with
the princely states on a federal basis.
• Recommendations:
Dominion status on lines of self-governing dominions as the form of government desired by Indians
1.
Rejection of separate electorates which had been the basis of constitutional reforms
2.
3.
Linguistic provinces.
Nineteen fundamental rights including equal rights for women, right to form unions, and universal
4.
adult suffrage
Responsible government at the Centre and in provinces.
5.
Full protection to cultural and religious interests of Muslims.
6.
Complete dissociation of State from religion.
7.
Q31.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• On November 2, 1929, a conference of prominent national leaders issued a ‘Delhi Manifesto’ which put
forward certain conditions for attending the Round Table Conference:
that the purpose of the Round Table Conference should be not to determine whether or when dominion
1.
status was to be reached but to formulate a constitution for implementation of the dominion
status (thus acting as a constituent assembly) and the basic principle of dominion status should be
immediately accepted;
that the Congress should have majority representation at the conference;
2.
there should be a general amnesty for political prisoners and a policy of conciliation;
3.
Q32.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: The Calcutta session of the INC 1928 was presided over by Motilal Nehru.
• Statement 2 is correct: It was at the Calcutta session of the Congress in December 1928 that the
Nehru Report was approved but the younger elements led by Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Bose and
Satyamurthy expressed their dissatisfaction with dominion status as the goal of Congress.
• Instead, they demanded that the Congress adopt purna swaraj or complete independence as its goal.
• The older leaders like Gandhi and Motilal Nehru wished that the dominion status demand not be
dropped in haste, as consensus over it had been developed with great difficulty over the years.
Q33.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Jawaharlal Nehru, who had done more than anyone else to popularise the concept of purna swaraj, was
nominated the president for the Lahore session of the Congress
• Statement 1 is incorrect: One of the major decisions of Lahore session was that, the round table
conference was to be boycotted.
• Statement 2 is correct: Complete independence was declared as the aim of the Congress.
• Congress Working Committee was authorised to launch a programme of civil disobedience including
non-payment of taxes and all members of legislatures were asked to resign their seats.
• January 26, 1930 was fixed as the first Independence (Swarajya) Day, to be celebrated everywhere.
Q34.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• Mahatma Gandhi started the 2nd mass movement viz. the Civil Disobedience movement in 1930 with
a salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi Coast.
• Statement 1 is correct: The number of those imprisoned was about three times more as compared to
non-cooperation movement.
• Statement 2 is correct: The struggle involved violation of law from the very beginning. Gandhi started
the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the salt law.
• Statement 3 is correct: After Gandhi’s arrest, the CWC sanctioned:
1. N
on-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas
2.
No-chowkidara-tax campaign in zamindari areas
Violation of forest laws in the Central Provinces.
3.

Q35.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• On January 25, 1931, Gandhi and all other members of the Congress Working Committee (CWC) were
released unconditionally. The CWC authorised Gandhi to initiate discussions with the viceroy.
• As a result of these discussions, a pact was signed between the viceroy, representing the British Indian
Government, and Gandhi, representing the Indian people, in Delhi on February 14, 1931.
• Statement 1 is correct: This Delhi Pact, also known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, placed the Congress on
an equal footing with the government.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Irwin turned down two of Gandhi’s demands:
Public inquiry into police excesses

Commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades’ death sentence to life sentence.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: Irwin on behalf of the government agreed on immediate release of all political
prisoners not convicted of violence.
• Gandhi on behalf of the Congress agreed to suspend civil disobedience movement and to participate
in the next round table conference.
Q36.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• In March 1931, a special session of the Congress was held at Karachi to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Six days before the session (which was held on March 29) Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were
executed.
• Statement 1 is correct: Two resolutions were adopted—one on Fundamental Rights and the other on
National Economic Programme— which made the session particularly memorable.
• Statement 2 is correct: The session was presided by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
• Statement 3 is correct: The goal of purna swaraj was reiterated.
• Other results of the Karachi session: The Delhi Pact or Gandhi-Irwin Pact was endorsed.
Q37.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• The second Round Table Conference was held in London from September 7, 1931 to December 1, 1931.
• The Indian National Congress nominated Gandhi as its sole representative. A. Rangaswami Iyengar
and Madan Mohan Malaviya were also there. It was the only RTC in which INC participated.
• The Government of India was represented by C.P. Ramaswami Iyer, Narendra Nath Law and M.
Ramachandra Rao.
Q38.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• In Peshawar, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan’s educational and social reform work among the Pathans had
politicised them.
• Gaffar Khan, also called Badshah Khan and Frontier Gandhi, had started the first Pushto political monthly
Pukhtoon and had organised a volunteer brigade ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’, popularly known as the ‘Red-
Shirts’, who were pledged to the freedom struggle and non-violence.
Q39.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• The Communal Award was announced by the British prime minister, Ramsay MacDonald, on August
16, 1932. The Communal Award, based on the findings of the Indian Franchise Committee (also called
the Lothian Committee), established separate electorates and reserved seats for minorities, including
the depressed classes which were granted seventy-eight reserved seats.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: The Muslims, wherever they were in minority, were to be granted a weightage.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Except in the North West Frontier Province, 3 per cent seats were to be
reserved for women in all provinces.
• Statement 3 is correct: The depressed classes were to get ‘double vote’, one to be used through separate
electorates and the other to be used in the general electorates.
• Other provisions of the communal award:
Muslims, Europeans, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, depressed classes, women, and even
1.
the Marathas were to get separate electorates.
The depressed classes to be declared/accorded the status of minority.
2.
3. Allocation of seats were to be made for labourers, landlords, traders and industrialists.
In the province of Bombay, 7 seats were to be allocated for the Marathas.
4.
Q40.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is correct: While in jail, Gandhi set up the All-India Anti-Untouchability League in
September 1932 and started the weekly Harijan in January 1933.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Throughout his campaign, Gandhi was attacked by orthodox and reactionary
elements. These elements disrupted his meetings, held black flag demonstrations against him and accused
him of attacking Hinduism.
• Statement 3 is incorrect: Gandhi’s entire campaign against untouchability was based on principles of
humanism and reason. He said that the Shastras do not sanction untouchability, and if they did, they
should be ignored as it was against human dignity.
Q41.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Gandhi, the principal architect of the Indian freedom struggle, and B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect
of the Constitution of independent India, shared many ideas, though in many ways they held different
beliefs.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: Ambedkar advocated parliamentary system of government for independent
India, but Gandhi had very little respect for the parliamentary system of governance. Gandhi believed
that democracy tends to get converted into mass democracy with a propensity for domination by leaders.
• Statement 2 is correct: For Gandhi, ‘Gramraj’ was ‘Ramraj’ and real independence for Indians. But for
Ambedkar, the status-quoist nature of the Indian villages denied equality and fraternity and also
liberty. As the scourge of casteism and untouchability was most dominant in the rural areas of India.
• Statement 3 is correct: In political precepts, Ambedkar believed in freedom of religion, free citizenship
and separation of State and religion. Gandhi also endorsed the idea of freedom of religion, but never
approved a separation of politics and religion. But religion as an agent of social change was well accepted
by both leaders.
Q42.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• J.L. Nehru said, “The basic goal before Indian people as before people of the world is abolition of capitalism
and establishment of socialism.” He considered the withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement and
council entry “a spiritual defeat”, “a surrender of ideals” and “a retreat from revolutionary to reformist
mentality”.
• He suggested that the vested interests be revised in favour of the masses by taking up the economic
and class demands of peasants and workers, and landlords and capitalists, organising masses in their
class organisations—kisan sabhas and trade unions. He argued that these class organisations should
be allowed to affiliate with the Congress, thus influencing its policies and activities.
Q43.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• Three perspectives were put forward on what the nationalists should work on immediately after the end
of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The three perspectives were as follows.
• Statement 1 is correct: There should be constructive work on Gandhian lines
• Statement 2 is correct: There should be a constitutional struggle and participation in elections to the
Central Legislature (due in 1934) as advocated by M.A. Ansari, Asaf Ali, Bhulabhai Desai, S. Satyamurthy
and B.C. Roy among others.
• A strong leftist trend within the Congress, represented by Nehru, was critical of both constructive work
and council entry in place of the suspended civil disobedience movement as that would sidetrack political
mass action and divert attention from the main issue of the struggle against colonialism. Instead, they
favoured continuation of mass movement.
Q44.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• Criticising the Struggle Truce Struggle strategy, Nehru argued that the Indian national movement had
reached a stage, after the Lahore Congress call for purna swaraj programme, in which there should be
a continuous confrontation and conflict with imperialism till it was overthrown.
• He advocated maintenance of a “continuous direct action” policy by the Congress and without the
interposition of a constitutionalist phase. Real power, he said, cannot be won by two annas and four annas.
Against an S-T-S strategy, he suggested a Struggle-Victory (S-V) strategy.
Q45.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• Amidst the struggle of 1932, the Third RTC was held in November, again without Congress participation.
The discussions led to the formulation of the Act of 1935.
• An All-India Federation It was to comprise all British Indian provinces, all chief commissioner’s
provinces and the Indian states (princely states). Since these conditions were not fulfilled, the proposed
federation never came up. The central government carried on upto 1946 as per the provisions of Government
of India Act, 1919.
• Statement 1 is correct: The bicameral legislature was to have an upper house (Council of States) and a
lower house (Federal Assembly). Oddly enough, election to the Council of States was direct and that to
the Federal Assembly, indirect.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: 80 per cent of the budget was non-votable.
• Statement 3 is correct: Provincial autonomy replaced dyarchy. Provinces were granted autonomy and
separate legal identity.
• Provinces were freed from “the superintendence, direction” of the secretary of state and governor-general.
Provinces henceforth derived their legal authority directly from the British Crown.
Q46.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is correct: The 1935 Act was condemned by nearly all sections and unanimously rejected by
the Congress.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Hindu Mahasabha and the National Liberal Foundation, however, declared
themselves in favour of the working of the 1935 Act in the central as well as at the provincial level.
• The Congress demanded, instead, the convening of a Constituent Assembly elected on the basis of
adult franchise to frame a constitution for independent India.
Q47.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• There was great enthusiasm among the people; suppressed mass energy had got released. There was an
increase in the prestige of the Congress as it had showed that it could not only lead people but could also
use State power for their benefit.
• Statement 1 is correct: There were certain blemishes in the performance of the Congress ministries
regarding civil liberties. Yusuf Maherally, a socialist, was arrested by the Madras government for
inflammatory speeches and later released.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Congress ministries managed to legislate a number of laws relating to
land reforms, debt relief, forest grazing fee, arrears of rent, land tenures, etc.
• Statement 3 is correct: Measures for welfare of Harijans taken—temple entry, use of public facilities,
scholarships, an increase in their numbers in government service and police, etc. Attention given to
primary, technical and higher education and to public health and sanitation.
Q48.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• Subhash Chandra Bose was president of the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee. His main area of
work lay in the organisation of the youth and promoting the trade union movement.
• Subhash Bose did not agree with Gandhi and other leaders of the Congress on many aspects of the
struggle for freedom. He along with Jawaharlal Nehru opposed the Motilal Nehru Report which spoke
for dominion status for India.
• Bose was all for full independence; he also announced the formation of the Independence League. When
the Lahore Congress session under Jawaharlal Nehru’s presidency adopted a resolution that the
Congress goal would be ‘Poorna Swaraj’, Bose fully endorsed the decision.
• He was again fully active in the Salt Satyagraha Movement in 1930, forcing the government to arrest him.
• He was vehemently against the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement and the signing of
the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931, especially as the government refused to negotiate on the death sentence
for Bhagat Singh and his associates.
Q49.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: At the Congress meeting in Haripura, Gujarat, in February 1938, Bose was
unanimously elected president of the session. He was firm in his belief that the Congress ministries in
the provinces had immense revolutionary potential, as he said in his presidential address.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Haripura session adopted a resolution that the Congress would give moral
support to those who were agitating against the governance in the princely states.
• Statement 3 is correct: In May, Bose and his followers formed the Forward Bloc (at Makur, Unnao) as
a new party within the Congress. But when he gave a call for an all-India protest on July 9 against an AICC
resolution, the Congress Working Committee took disciplinary action against Bose: in August 1939,
he was removed from the post of president of the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee besides being
debarred from holding any elective office in the Congress for a period of three years.
Q50.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• Gandhi and Subhash Bose had a deep respect for one another despite their hugely differing ideologies.
Each appreciated the work done by the other in the national struggle for freedom.
• Statement 1 is correct: Bose believed that Gandhi’s strategy based on the ideology of non-violence
would be inadequate for securing India’s independence. To his mind, violent resistance alone could
oust the alien imperialist rule from India.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Bose had his eye on the result of the action. He believed in seizing whatever
opportunity was available to carry forward the struggle for freedom. But according to Gandhi, one
could not just use any means to achieve an end however desirable that end may be.
• Statement 3 is correct: Subhas Bose was deeply attracted to military discipline and was thankful
for the basic training he received in the University Unit of the India Defence Force. Gandhi was against
the military on the whole. His Ramrajya, being built on the concept of truth and non-violence and self-
regulation would be a perfect place and would not require either police or grandiose armies.
Q51.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• Gandhi said: “I look upon an increase in the power of the state with greatest fear, because although while
apparently doing good by minimising exploitation, it does the greatest harm to mankind by destroying
individuality which is at the root of progress”.
• He was sceptical of the party system and sure that representative democracy could not provide
people with justice. He advocated a stateless society in which life becomes perfect.
Q52.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is correct: Subhash Bose believed in Upanishadic teachings. He revered the Bhagavad Gita
and was inspired by Vivekananda. He was also inspired by the India of the past as reinterpreted by
thinkers.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: The INA was to be a mixture of various religions, races, and castes with
total social equality of all soldiers. They were served food cooked in the common kitchen and shared
space in common barracks breaking the age-old caste bonds and practices.
Q53.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• The Ramgarh session of the Congress was held in March 1940 with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad in the
president’s chair. All agreed that a battle must be waged but there was disagreement over the form.
• Gandhi was in favour of continued cooperation at the provincial level. He said that he would offer the
British moral support during the war but on a non-violent basis.
• The Congress finally declared at the session that the people of India would accept nothing short of
complete independence. Indian freedom could not be in the form of dominion or any other status within
the imperial structure.
• It was also decided that “Congress would resort to civil disobedience as soon as the Congress
organisation is considered fit enough or if circumstances precipitate a crisis.”
Q54.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• The Congress was ready to compromise, asking the British government to let it form an interim
government during the war period but the government was not interested. The government came up
with its own offer to get the cooperation of India in the war effort. Linlithgow announced the August Offer
(August 1940).
• Statement 1 is incorrect: Dominion status as the objective for India.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: Expansion of viceroy’s executive council which would have a majority of
Indians (who would be drawn from major political parties).
• Statement 3 is correct: The Congress rejected the August Offer. Nehru said, “Dominion status concept is
dead as a doornail.” Gandhi said that the declaration had widened the gulf between the nationalists and the
British rulers.
• Other proposals of August offer:
1. Setting up of a constituent assembly after the war where mainly Indians would decide the constitution
according to their social, economic and political conceptions, subject to fulfilment of the obligation of the
government regarding defence, minority rights, treaties with States, all India services.
2. No future constitution to be adopted without the consent of minorities.
Q55.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Towards the end of 1940, the Congress once again asked Gandhi to take command. Gandhi now began
taking steps which would lead to a mass struggle within his broad strategic perspective. He decided to
initiate a limited satyagraha on an individual basis by a few selected individuals in every locality.
• The aims of launching individual satyagraha were—
1. To show that nationalist patience was not due to weakness.
2. To express people’s feeling that they were not interested in the war and that they made no distinction
between Nazism and the double autocracy that ruled India
3. To give another opportunity to the government to accept Congress’ demands peacefully.
Q56.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• Rajmohan Gandhi, in his book, The Good Boatman, writes that Gandhi preferred Nehru to the alternatives
because he most reliably reflected the pluralist, inclusive idea of India that the Mahatma himself stood
for. The alternatives—Patel, Rajaji, Azad, Sucheta Kripalani, Rajendra Prasad—had somewhat sectional
interests and affiliations. But Nehru was a Hindu who could be trusted by Muslims, a north-Indian who was
respected in south India, and a man who was admired by women. Like Gandhi, Nehru was genuinely an all-
India leader, who gave Indians hope—that they could build a more prosperous and peaceful society.
Q57.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with constitutional proposals to
seek Indian support for the war.
• Main proposals:
1. An Indian Union with a dominion status would be set up; it would be free to decide its relations with the
Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other international bodies.
2. After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution.
Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional
representation and partly nominated by the princes.
3. In the meantime, defence of India would remain in British hands and the governor-general’s powers
would remain intact.
• The making of the constitution was to be solely in Indian hands now (and not ‘mainly’ in Indian hands—
as contained in the August Offer).
Q58.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• March 1940: ‘Pakistan Resolution’ passed at Lahore session of Muslim League.
• August Offer (August 1940).
• October 1940: Congress launches individual satyagraha; 25,000 satyagrahis court arrest.
• Cripps Mission (March 1942).
Q59.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• Many nationalists went underground and took to subversive activities. The participants in these activities
were the Socialists, Forward Bloc members, Gandhi ashramites, revolutionary nationalists and local
organisations in Bombay, Poona, Satara, Baroda and other parts of Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra,
United Provinces, Bihar and Delhi.
• The main personalities taking up underground activity were Rammanohar Lohia, Jayaprakash
Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta, Biju Patnaik, Chhotubhai Puranik, Achyut Patwardhan, Sucheta
Kripalani and R.P. Goenka. Usha Mehta started an underground radio in Bombay.
Q60.
Answer: B
Explanation.
During Quit India Movement, parallel governments were established at many places:
• Pair 1 is correctly matched: Ballia (in August 1942 for a week)—under Chittu Pandey. He got many
Congress leaders released.
• Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: Tamluk (Midnapore, from December 1942 to September 1944)—Jatiya
Sarkar undertook cyclone relief work, sanctioned grants to schools, supplied paddy from the rich to the
poor, organised Vidyut Vahinis, etc.
• Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Satara (mid-1943 to 1945)—named “Prati Sarkar”, was organised under
leaders like Y.B. Chavan, Nana Patil, etc.
Q61.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• The Muslim League opposed the movement, fearing that if the British left India at that time, the minorities
would be oppressed by the Hindus.
• The Hindu Mahasabha boycotted the movement.
• The Communists did not join the movement; in the wake of Russia (where the communists were in
power) being attacked by Nazi Germany, the communists began to support the British war against Germany
and the ‘Imperialist War’ became the ‘People’s War’ .
Q62.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• The horror and inconveniences of war were increased by the famine of 1943.
• Statement 1 is correct: The worst-affected areas were south-west Bengal comprising the Tamluk-
Contai-Diamond Harbour region, Dacca, Faridpur, Tippera and Noakhali.
• Statement 2 is correct: Around 1.5 to 3 million people perished in this basically man-made famine, the
epidemics (malaria, cholera, small pox), malnutrition and starvation.
Q63.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• The idea was to reconstruct the governor-general’s executive council pending the preparation of a new
constitution. For this purpose, a conference was convened by the viceroy, Lord Wavell, at Shimla in June
1945.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: With the exception of the governor-general and the commander-in-chief, all
members of the executive council were to be Indians.
• Statement 2 is correct: The governor-general was to exercise his veto on the advice of ministers.
• Statement 3 is correct: Caste Hindus and Muslims were to have equal representation.
• Representatives of different parties were to submit a joint list to the viceroy for nominations to the executive
council. If a joint list was not possible, then separate lists were to be submitted.
• The reconstructed council was to function as an interim government within the framework of the 1935 Act
(i.e., not responsible to the Central Assembly).
Q64.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: The idea of creating an army out of the Indian prisoners of war (POWs) was
originally that of Mohan Singh, an Indian army officer who had decided not to join the retreating British
army in Malaya. The Japanese handed over the Indian prisoners of war to Mohan Singh who tried to
recruit them into an Indian National Army
• Statement 2 is correct: By the end of 1942, 40,000 men were ready to join the INA. It was intended that
the INA would go into action only on the invitation of the Indian National Congress and the people of
India.
• The move to form this army has been seen by many as a check against the misconduct of the Japanese
against Indians in South-East Asia and as a bulwark against a possible future Japanese occupation of India.
Q65.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is incorrect: On October 21, 1943, Subhash Bose formed the Provisional Government for
Free India at Singapore with H.C. Chatterjee (Finance portfolio), M.A. Aiyar (Broadcasting), Lakshmi
Swaminathan (Women Department), etc.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: This provisional government declared war on Britain and the United States, and
was recognised by the Axis powers. Recruits were trained and funds collected for the INA.
• The INA headquarters was shifted to Rangoon (in Burma) in January 1944, and the army recruits were
to march from there with the war cry “Chalo Delhi!” on their lips.
Q66.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• C. Rajagopalachari (CR), the veteran Congress leader, prepared a formula for Congress-League cooperation
in 1944. It was a tacit acceptance of the League’s demand for Pakistan. Gandhi supported the formula.
• Desai-Liaqat Pact provided for the 20% reserved seats for minorities.
• The main points in the CR Plan were:
1.
Muslim League to endorse Congress demand for independence.
2.
League to cooperate with Congress in forming a provisional government at centre.
3.
After the end of the war, the entire population of Muslim majority areas in the North-West and North-
East India to decide by a plebiscite, whether or not to form a separate sovereign state.
4.
In case of acceptance of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defence, commerce,
communications, etc.
5.
The above terms to be operative only if England transferred full powers to India.
Q67.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• AICC Meeting (Bombay—August 8, 1942) The meeting ratifies Quit India Resolution.
• March 23, 1943 Pakistan Day observed.
• C. Rajagopalachari Formula (March 1944).
• Wavell Plan (Shimla Conference—June 1945)
Q68.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• In July 1942, the Congress Working Committee met at Wardha and resolved that it would authorise Gandhi
to take charge of the non-violent mass movement. The resolution generally referred to as the ‘Quit India’
resolution
• Statement 1 is incorrect: Gandhi’s special instructions were spelt out at the Gowalia Tank meeting but not
actually issued. Government servants: Do not resign but declare your allegiance to the Congress.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Quit India Resolution was ratified at the Congress meeting at Gowalia Tank,
Bombay, on August 8, 1942. It demanded an immediate end to British rule.
• Statement 3 is correct: Quit India Resolution proposed to form a provisional Government of India after
British withdrawal.
Q69.
Answer: C
Explanation.
Lord Willingdon 1931-1936:
1. Second Round Table Conference (1931) and failure of the conference, resumption of Civil Disobedience
Movement
2. Announcement of Communal Award (1932) under which separate communal electorates were set up.
3. Third Round Table Conference (1932)
4. Launch of Individual Civil Disobedience (1933)
5. The Government of India Act of 1935
6. Burma separated from India (1935)
Q70.
Answer: D
Explanation.
Lord Irwin 1926-1931:
• Visit of Simon Commission to India (1928) and the boycott of the commission by the Indians.
• Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission (1927).
• Lahore session of the Congress (1929); Purna Swaraj Resolution
• Boycott of the First Round Table Conference (1930)
• Fast unto death’ by Gandhi in Yeravada prison, broken after the Poona Pact: This event occurred during the
reign Lord Willingdon.
Q71.
Answer: B
Explanation.
Lord Reading 1921-1926:
1. Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) and the subsequent withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement.
2. Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921).
3. Kakori train robbery (1925).
4. Establishment of Swaraj Party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru (1922).
5. Decision to hold simultaneous examinations for the ICS both in Delhi and London, with effect from 1923.
Q72.
Answer: B
Explanation.
• Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram (1916) after Gandhi’s return.
• Death of Tilak (August 1, 1920) before the launch of non-cooperation movement.
• Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission (1927).
• An All-Parties Conference held at Lucknow (1928) for suggestions for the (future) Constitution of India.
Q73.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• Statement 1 is correct: Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908 aimed against Extremist
nationalist activity, the Act empowered the magistrates to confiscate press property which published
objectionable material likely to cause incitement to murder/ acts of violence.
• Statement 2 is correct: Indian Press Act, 1910 This Act revived the worst features of the VPA—local
government was empowered to demand a security at registration from the printer/publisher and
fortfeit/deregister if it was an offending newspaper, and the printer of a newspaper was required
to submit two copies of each issue to local government free of charge.
Q74.
Answer: D
Explanation
• The government has converted the entire nation into a prison and we are all prisoners. Going to prison only
means that from a big cell one is confined to a smaller one: - Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Q75.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• Owing to its mode of exploitation being trade, the second stage is also termed as Colonialism of Free
Trade. It started with the Charter Act of 1813 and continued till 1860s. Soon after the East India
Company became the ruler over most parts of India, there was a debate in Britain as to whose interests the
newly acquired colony would serve.
• In this phase there was large scale drain of wealth from India which constituted 2-3 per cent of Britain’s
national income at the time. In this stage there was no large-scale import of British manufactures into
India.: - This happened during First phase of colonialism.
• Britain’s industrial supremacy was challenged by several countries of Europe, the United States and Japan:
- That happened during third stage which is often described as the Era of Foreign Investments and
International Competition for Colonies.
Q76.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• The foremost among these economic analysts was Dadabhai Naoroji, the ‘Grand Old Man of India’, who
after a brilliant analysis of the colonial economy put forward the theory of economic drain in Poverty and
UnBritish Rule in India.
• Other economic analysts included Justice Mahadeo Govind Ranade, Romesh Chandra Dutt (The
Economic History of India), Gopal Krishna Gokhale, G. Subramaniya Iyer and Prithwishchandra Ray.
• The essence of nineteenth century colonialism, they said, lay in the transformation of India into a supplier
of foodstuffs and raw-materials to the metropolis, a market for metropolitan manufacturers and a field for
investment of British capital.
Q77.
Answer: D
Explanation.
• The freedom-with-partition formula was coming to be widely accepted well before Mountbatten arrived
in India.
• Statement 1 is correct: Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies would meet in two groups, Hindus
and Muslims, to vote for partition. If a simple majority of either group voted for partition, then these
provinces would be partitioned.
• Statement 2 is correct: Referendums in NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal would decide the fate of
these areas.
• Statement 3 is correct: In case of partition, two dominions and two constituent assemblies would be
created.
• Sindh would take its own decision.
Q78.
Answer: C
Explanation.
• On July 5, 1947 the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act which was based on the
Mountbatten Plan, and the Act got royal assent on July 18, 1947. The Act was implemented on August 15,
1947.
• Statement 1 is correct: The Act provided for the creation of two independent dominions of India and
Pakistan with effect from August 15, 1947.
• Statement 2 is correct: The constituent assembly of each new dominion was to exercise the powers
of the legislature of that dominion, and the existing Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of
States were to be automatically dissolved.
Q79.
Answer: A
Explanation.
• Establishment of Muslim League by Aga Khan (1906).
• Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911)
• Montagu’s August Declaration (1917)
• The Rowlatt Act (1919).
Q80.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Alipore Bomb Case (1908)
• The end of 1907 brought another political trend to the fore. The impatient young men of Bengal took to the
path of individual heroism and revolutionary activities.
• This was primarily because they could find no other way of expressing their patriotism. It is necessary
at this point to reiterate the fact that, while the youth of Bengal might have been incensed at the official
arrogance and repression and the ‘mendicancy’ of the Congress Moderates, they were also led to ‘the politics
of the bomb’ by the Extremists’ failure to give a positive lead to the people.
• In 1904, V.D. Sarvarkar organized Abhinav Bharat as a secret society of revolutionaries. After 1905 several
newspapers openly (and a few leaders secretly) began to advocate revolutionary terrorism. In 1907, an
unsuccessful attempt was made on the life of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal. In April 1908, Prafulla
Chaki and Khudiram Bose threw a bomb at a carriage which they believed was occupied by Kingsford,
the unpopular judge at Muzzafarpur. Unfortunately, they killed two English ladies instead. Prafulla Chaki
shot himself dead while Khudiram Bose was tried and hanged. Thousands wept at his death and he and
Chaki entered the ranks of popular nationalist heroes about whom folk songs were composed and sung all
over the country.
• The era of revolutionary activities had begun. Very soon secret societies of revolutionaries came up all over
the country, the most famous and long lasting being Anushilan Samity, and Jugantar.
Q81.
Answer: C
Explanation:
How the 13th amendment came into being & what it’s all about
• The 13th Amendment became part of the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka as a direct result of Indian
intervention in 1987, under the India-Sri Lanka Peace Accord.
• Signed in July 1987 between then Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi and then Sri Lankan president J.R.
Jayewardene, the accord was aimed at resolving ethnic and civil conflict. At the time, Sri Lanka was in the
middle of a civil war between the armed forces and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which had
sought a separate state.
• Sri Lanka is a unitary country with all powers concentrated in the center. The objective of the India-Sri Lanka
Peace Accord was to find a way to devolve political powers to the then Northern and Eastern provinces that
comprised Tamil-dominated areas of the country. Hence, the 13th Amendment was introduced.
• The 13th Amendment led to the creation of ‘Provincial Councils’. Under this, the Sri Lankan government had
committed to a power-sharing arrangement to enable all nine provinces in the country, including Sinhala
majority areas, the right to self-govern.
• The 13th amendment states that Tamil will be one of Sri Lanka’s official languages and that provincial
councils, with substantial authority, will be established throughout the country.
• Once implemented fully, the provincial councils will have the right to self-govern over issues such as
education, health, agriculture, housing, land and police.
Q82.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Moonlighting
Context: Moonlighting — or employees working for remuneration with entities other than their employers — has
been a hot topic in recent months.
What is moonlighting?
• Moonlighting means taking up another job while still in employment with an organization.
• The second job is usually without the employer’s knowledge and hence the income earned from
moonlighting can lead to tax complexities.
• Income from moonlighting can be received as professional fees too and the taxpayer can claim the
expenses incurred for their business or profession, such as meeting expenses, conveyance, depreciation on
laptop, etc. as a business expense and deduct it from the professional fees offered for tax.
What does the law say?

• Moonlighting is not defined in any of the statutes in India.
• No Constitutional Court has rendered a decision on the subject.
• However, there are enactments that deal with double employment.
• Section 60 of the Factories Act deals with restriction on double employment stating that:
o
No adult worker shall be required or allowed to work in any factory on any day on which he has already
been working in any other factory, save in such circumstances as may be prescribed.
However, this enactment is applicable only to employees working in factories.
o
• There are State enactments which deal with employment of persons working in offices, banks, shops, etc.
In Tamil Nadu, it is termed as “The Tamil Nadu Shops & Establishments Act, 1947”.
o
However, there is no provision wherein dealing with dual employment.
o
Q83.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Kherson region
Context: Ukraine said recently that it had wrested Russian troops out from swathes of the southern Kherson region,
pushing a counter-offensive that has undermined the Kremlin’s claim to have annexed the territories.
About Kherson region

• The four territories — Donetsk, Kherson, Lugansk and Zaporizhzhia — create a land
corridor between Russia and the Crimean Peninsula, which was annexed by Moscow in 2014.
• Kherson is a port city of Ukraine that serves as the administrative centre of Kherson Oblast.
• Located on the Black Sea and on the Dnieper River, Kherson is the home of a major ship-
building industry.
• Since March 2022, the city has been occupied by Russian forces during their invasion of
Ukraine after the Battle of Kherson.
Transnistria
Nagorno-Karabakh
Tigray Region
Q84.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context: RBI releases concept note on central bank digital currency (CBDC)
Central bank digital currency (CBDC)

• Government of India had announced the launch of a CBDC in its 2022 Union Budget. Hence statement 1 is
correct.
• CBDC is legal tender issued by a central bank in digital form.
• It will be referred as e₹ (digital Rupee). Its Features include: It is same as a sovereign currency and is
exchangeable, convertible one-to-one at par (1:1) with the fiat currency. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• It appears as a liability on the Reserve Bank of India balance sheet. Must be accepted as a medium of
payment, legal tender, and a safe store of value by all citizens, enterprises, and government agencies. Hence
statement 3 is not correct.
• It will be like a Fungible legal tender for which holders need not have a bank account. Hence statement 4
is not correct.
• It can be structured as: token-based i.e., an instrument like banknotes, or account-based system that involves
maintenance of record of balances and transactions of all holders of CBDC. Benefits of e Rupee.
• Reduction in operational costs involved in physical cash management; Bringing resilience, efficiency, and
innovation to the payments system Offline feature in CBDC would also be beneficial in remote locations
Bolster digitization and to achieve a less cash economy; Support financial inclusion.
Q85.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Context: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) Notifies Establishment of Credit
Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS)
About:
• It aims to provide credit guarantees to loans extended by Scheduled Commercial Banks, Non-Banking
Financial Companies and Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) registered Alternative Investment
Funds (AIFs) to finance eligible Startups. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• It was envisaged under Startup India Action Plan launched in 2016.
• Scheme will be operated by National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Limited. Hence statement 2 is not
correct.
• Credit guarantee cover would be transaction based and umbrella based.
o
In respect of transaction-based guarantee cover, the guarantee cover is obtained by the lending institutions
on single eligible borrower basis.
o
Umbrella-based guarantee cover will provide guarantee to Venture Debt Funds registered under AIF
regulations of SEBI.
• This scheme will complement the existing Schemes under Startup India initiative viz. Fund of Funds for
Startups and Startup India Seed Fund Scheme. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
• Other programmes under Startup India: Support for Intellectual Property Protection, Self-Certification
under Labour and Environmental laws, Income Tax Exemption for 3 years, Startup India Hub etc.
• Startup ecosystem in India:
o
With more than 75000 startups recognised, India has the 3rd largest ecosystem for startups in the world.
So far, 7.46 lakh jobs have been created by the Indian start-up ecosystem.
Q86.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Context: FAO Launches Report Titled Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Forestry
Mainstreaming Biodiversity is the process of embedding biodiversity considerations into policies, strategies, and
practices of key public and private actors to promote the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
Q87.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context: During inauguration of Eastern and North-Eastern Cooperative Dairy Conclave 2022, Union Minister said
that PACS will be set up in all Panchayats of the country.
• Currently, there are only 65,000 active PACS in the country.
• PACS, registered as cooperative societies, provide the following facilities to their members:
o Input facilities in form of cash or kind component,
o Agriculture implements on hiring basis,
o Storage facility. Hence statement 3 is correct.
• They constitute the lowest tier of three-tier Short-term cooperative credit in the country comprising of
around 13 Cr. farmers as its members. Hence statement 1 is correct.
o
Other two tiers are State Cooperative Banks at state level and District Central Cooperative Banks at
district level.
o
PACS are outside the purview of Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and hence not regulated by Reserve Bank
of India. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
• PACS account for 41 % of the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) loans given by all entities in the Country and 95 % of
these KCC loans through PACS are to the Small and Marginal farmers.
• Earlier, Cabinet Committee had approved Computerization of PACS with the objective of increasing efficiency
of PACS, bringing transparency and accountability in their operations.
Q88.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Panel to study SC status of Dalits post conversion
Context: The Union government has now formed a three-member Commission of Inquiry headed by former
Chief Justice of India, Justice K.G. Balakrishnan, to examine whether the Scheduled Caste (SC) status can
be accorded to Dalits who have over the years converted to religions other than Sikhism or Buddhism.
Key details:
• Currently, the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 provides for only those belonging
to Hindu, Sikh or Buddhist communities to be categorized as SCs.
• When enacted, the Order only allowed for Hindu communities to be classified as SCs based on the social
disabilities and discrimination they faced due to untouchability.
• It was amended in 1956 to include Sikh communities and again in 1990 to include Buddhist communities
as SCs.
• The three-member commission will also comprise Professor Sushma Yadav, member, UGC, and retired
IAS officer Ravinder Kumar Jain, and has been given a two-year deadline to submit a report on the issue.
• The commission’s inquiry will also look into the changes an SC person goes through after converting to
another religion and its implications on the question of including them as SCs.
o These will include examining their traditions, customs, social and other forms of discrimination and
how and whether they have changed as a result of the conversion.
o The government has also tasked the Justice Balakrishnan Commission with examining the impact of
such a decision on these existing SC communities.
Q89.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Country Climate and Development Reports
• These are released by the World Bank Group.
• They will help inform country development strategies in a manner that integrates climate and development.
• It includes engagement with government counterparts, the private sector, academia, think tanks etc.
• First being produced for 25 countries and will be rolled out to at all WBG countries over the next four years.
Q90.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Kerch Strait
The Kerch Strait is a strait in Eastern Europe. It connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, separating the Kerch
Peninsula of Crimea in the west from the Taman Peninsula of Russia’s Krasnodar Krai in the east. The strait is 3.1
kilometres (1.9 mi) to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) wide and up to 18 metres (59 ft) deep. The most important harbor,
the Crimean city of Kerch, gives its name to the strait, formerly known as the Cimmerian Bosporus. It has also been
called the Straits of Yenikale after the Yeni-Kale fortress in Kerch.
Bosporus Strait:
As a maritime waterway, the Bosporus specifically connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and thence to the
Aegean and Mediterranean seas via the Dardanelles. It also connects various seas along the Eastern Mediterranean,
the Balkans, the Near East, and Western Eurasia. Thus, the Bosporus allows maritime connections from the Black
Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and to the Indian Ocean through the
Suez Canal, making it a crucial international waterway, in particular for the passage of goods coming from Russia.
Formosa strait/Taiwan strait:

The Taiwan Strait also known as Formosa strait is a 180-kilometer (110 mi; 97 nmi)-wide strait separating the
island of Taiwan and continental Asia. The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea
to the South China sea. The narrowest part is 130 km (81 mi; 70 nmi) wide.
Strait of Magellan:
The Strait of Magellan is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north
and Tierra del Fuego to the south. The strait is considered the most important natural passage between the Atlantic
and Pacific oceans. It was discovered and first traversed by the Spanish expedition of Ferdinand Magellan in 1520,
after whom it is named. Prior to this, the strait had been navigated by canoe-faring indigenous peoples including the
Kawésqar.
Q91.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Context: According to economists, Europe is headed for doom loop.
What Is a Doom Loop?

• A doom loop describes a situation in which one negative action or factor triggers another, which in turn
triggers another negative action or causes the first negative factor to worsen, continuing the cycle. It is
equivalent to a vicious cycle in which a downward trend becomes self-reinforcing. The term was popularized
in the 2001 management book Good to Great by Jim Collins.
• In economics, a doom loop describes a situation in which one negative economic condition creates a second
negative condition, which in turn creates a third negative condition or reinforces the first, resulting in a self-
reinforcing downward spiral.
• It is a phenomenon whereby a shock to one part of its economic system is amplified by its effect on another.
Q92.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context: Israel and Lebanon reach an agreement on maritime border.
• Israel has announced a historic deal with Lebanon, aimed at resolving a long-running maritime border
dispute over Mediterranean waters.
• Israel and Lebanon do not have official diplomatic relations and the two countries remain technically at
war.
Maritime dispute between Israel and Lebanon

• The two countries declared overlapping boundaries in 2011 in the Mediterranean Sea.
• Since both countries have been technically at war, the United Nations was asked to mediate.
• The issue gained significance after Israel discovered two gas fields off its coast a decade ago, which experts
had believed could help turn it into an energy exporter.
Q93.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Context: The Tamil Nadu government recently notified the Kaduvur slender loris sanctuary covering 11,806
hectares in Karur and Dindigul districts.
Key details:
• Slender lorises, which are small nocturnal mammals, are arboreal as they spend most of
their life on trees. Hence statement 2 is correct
• The species acts as a biological predator of pests in agricultural crops and benefits farmers.
• The survival of the species depends on habitat improvement, conservation and mitigation of
threats.

• The sanctuary will cover Vedasandur, Dindigul East and Natham taluks in Dindigul district and
Kadavur taluk in Karur district.
Slender Loris
• The slender lorises (Loris) are a genus of loris native to India and Sri Lanka. Hence statement
1 is not correct.
• The genus comprises two species:
o The red slender loris found in Sri Lanka and
o The gray slender loris from Sri Lanka and India.
• They are found in tropical rainforests, scrub forests, semi-deciduous forests, and swamps.
• The primates have lifespans of approximately 15 years and are nocturnal.
• Slender lorises generally feed on insects, reptiles, plant shoots, and fruit. Hence statement
3 is not correct.
• Conservation Status:
o IUCN has listed them as Endangered
o They are listed under the Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972,
according them the highest level of legal protection.
Q94.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Tele Mental Health Assistance and Networking Across States (Tele-MANAS) initiative
In news: Tele Mental Health Assistance and Networking Across States (Tele-MANAS) initiative launched on occasion
of World Mental Health Day.
• Tele-MANAS aims to provide free tele-mental health services all over the country, particularly
catering to people in remote or under-served areas. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
About:
• It’s an initiative of Union Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
• NIMHANS will be the nodal centre while National Health Systems Resource Centre (NHRSC),
IIT Bengaluru and IIITB will provide technology support. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
• At least One Tele-MANAS Cell to be established in each State/UT.
• Specialised care is being envisioned through the programme by linking Tele-MANAS with
other services like National tele-consultation service, e-Sanjeevani, Ayushman Bharat Digital
Mission, mental health professionals, Ayushman Bharat health and wellness centres and
emergency psychiatric facilities.
Q95.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Shri Lakshmindar Tirtha Swamiyar of
Shri Shirur Mutt (1954)
• The test of Essential Religious Practices was first laid forth by the Supreme Court in 1954
in “The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras vs. Shri Lakshmindar Tirtha
Swamiyar of Shri Shirur Mutt” case or, the Shirur Mutt case. A 7-Judge Bench of the Supreme
Court held that what constitutes the essential part of a religion is primarily to be ascertained
with reference to the doctrines of that religion itself. The court held that “religion” in Article 25
covers all rituals and practices that are “integral” or “essential” to a religion, but the litigants
have to prove these essential features.
Dr. Noorjehan Safia Niaz vs State of Maharashtra and Ors. (2016)

• In 2016, the Bombay High Court permitted women to enter the sanctum sanctorum of the
Haji Ali Dargah, ruling that the Haji Ali Dargah Trust’s decision to exclude them was illegal and
unconstitutional. In its judgment, the court ruled that the Trust had failed to place any material
on record to demonstrate that the exclusion of women from dargahs was an “essential feature”
of Islam.
Indian Young Lawyers Association vs The State of Kerala (2018)
• In 2018, the Supreme Court in the Sabarimala case rejected the claim of ‘Ayyappans’ (pilgrims)
that the exclusion of women between the age of 10 and 50 from entering the temple constituted
an essential practice. A review petition against this decision is, however, pending in the Supreme
Court.
Siddiq (D) Thr Lrs vs Mahant Suresh Das & Ors. (2019)
• The final judgement in the Ayodhya dispute was declared by the Supreme Court of India on 9
November 2019.The Supreme Court ordered the disputed land (2.77 acres) to be handed over
to a trust (to be created by the government of India) to build the Ram Janmabhoomi (revered
as the birthplace of Hindu deity, Rama) temple. The court also ordered the government to give
an alternative 5 acres of land in another place to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board
for the purpose of building a mosque as a replacement for the demolished Babri Masjid.
Q96.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs)
What happens when a star gets torn apart by a supermassive black hole?
It’s been hypothesized that there is a supermassive black hole at the center of almost every large galaxy, residing in
the regions that are most densely populated by stars. It’s only natural to think that eventually one of these stars will
interact with the black hole. What happens then?
We know that at its center, the Milky Way has a supermassive black hole. We have never observed the black hole
directly, but we can infer its presence by the stars orbiting around it at incredible speeds of up to 5000 kilometers
per second around a single point! Eventually one of these stars will come in close contact with the black hole and
will either get torn apart and produce a bright flash of light, or get swallowed in an instant.
Q97.
Answer: B
Explanation:
What Is the Bullwhip Effect?
• The bullwhip effect refers to a scenario in which small changes in demand at the retail end of
the supply chain become amplified when moving up the supply chain from the retail end to the
manufacturing end.
• This happens when a retailer changes how much of a good it orders from wholesalers based
on a small change in real or predicted demand for that good. Due to not having full information
on the demand shift, the wholesaler will increase its orders from the manufacturer by an even
larger extent, and the manufacturer, being even more removed will change its production by a
still larger amount.
• The term is derived from a scientific concept in which movements of a whip become similarly
amplified from the origin (the hand cracking the whip) to the endpoint (the tail of the whip).
• The danger of the bullwhip effect is that it amplifies inefficiencies in a supply chain as each step
up the supply chain estimates demand more and more incorrectly. This can lead to excessive
investment in inventory, lost revenue, declines in customer service, delayed schedules, and
even layoffs or bankruptcies.
Q98.
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
In News: The Union Ministry of Power has opposed the G7 nations’ plan of persuading India to start
negotiations on a Just Energy Transition Partnership.
About Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)

• JETP, an initiative of the rich nations to accelerate phasing out of coal and reducing
emissions.
• The JETP initiative is modelled for the South Africa, to support South Africa’s decarbonization
efforts.
• It aims to reduce emissions in the energy sector and accelerate the coal phase-out process.
• JETP makes various funding options available for this purpose in identified developing
countries.
• The JETP was launched at the COP26 in Glasgow with the support of the United Kingdom
(UK), the United States (US), France, Germany, and the European Union (EU)
• Following that G7 has announced for a similar partnership in India, Indonesia, Senegal,
and Vietnam.
India’s stand – India argues that coal cannot be singled out as a polluting fuel, and energy transition talks need
to take place on equal terms.
Q99.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Why in News?
Recently, the Prime Minister of India has dedicated 75 Digital Banking Units (DBU) across 75 districts to the nation.
• These DBUs will be set up across 75 districts of the country as announced in Union budget 2022-23. Hence
statement 2 is correct.
• A DBU is a banking outlet with digital infrastructure for delivering banking products and services in self-
service as well as assisted modes at any time.
• It is a joint initiative of Government, RBI, Indian Banks Association and participating banks. Hence statement
1 is not correct.
• DBU’s will have 2 distinct features:
Self-service Zone: customers can access ATM, Cash Deposit Machine, accessing internet banking, etc.

Digital Assistance Zone: assists customers to undertake the services including opening of savings account,

current account, etc.
• Earlier, RBI guidelines on DBUs provided that,
Commercial banks (other than regional rural banks, payment banks and local area banks) with past

digital banking experience are permitted to open DBU. Hence statement 3 is not correct
DBUs will be treated as Banking Outlets and each DBU must offer certain minimum digital banking

products and services.
• Benefits of DBUs
24x7 banking services including cash deposit & withdrawal.

People not having connectivity or computing devices can do banking transactions in a paperless mode.

Digital financial literacy and create awareness for adopting digital banking. Augment digital infrastructure.

Q100.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Context: India is considering a proposal to translocate gaurs to Sri Lanka where the species became extinct at the
end of the 17th century.
About:
• Indian gaur is a reclusive beast that lives in the wild.
• It is the largest wild bovine.
• There are about 13,000 to 30,000 gaurs in the world with approximately 85% of the population present in
India.
• It is also found in Myanmar and Thailand.
• IUCN status: Vulnerable (Statement 3 is incorrect)
• Protection: Under Schedule I of Wild Life Protection Act, 1972.

Exp. Aipts (Modern History-2)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Exp. Aipts (Modern History-2)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Exp. Aipts (Modern History-2)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Dominion status as the objective for India.

What does the law say?

About Kherson region

Central bank digital currency (CBDC)

Formosa strait/Taiwan strait:

What Is a Doom Loop?

Maritime dispute between Israel and Lebanon

Dr. Noorjehan Safia Niaz vs State of Maharashtra and Ors. (2016)

About Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)

You might also like