Neural Network

Neural network
A neural network is either a system software or hardware that works similar to the tasks
performed by neurons of the human brain. Neural networks include various technologies like
deep learning, and machine learning as a part of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Artificial neural networks (ANN) is the key tool of machine learning. These are systems
developed by the inspiration of neuron functionality in the brain, which will replicate the way
we humans learn. Neural networks (NN) constitute both input & output layer, as well as a
hidden layer containing units that change input into output so that output layer can utilise the
value. These are the tools for finding patterns which are numerous & complex for
programmers to retrieve and train the machine to recognize the patterns.
"...a computing system made up of a number of simple, highly interconnected processing
elements, which process information by their dynamic state response to external inputs.”
Basic Structure of ANNs

The idea of ANNs is based on the belief that working of human brain by making the right
connections, can be imitated using silicon and wires as living neurons and dendrites.
The human brain is composed of 86 billion nerve cells called neurons. They are connected to
other thousand cells by Axons. Stimuli from external environment or inputs from sensory
organs are accepted by dendrites. These inputs create electric impulses, which quickly travel
through the neural network. A neuron can then send the message to other neuron to handle
the issue or does not send it forward.
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ANNs are composed of multiple nodes, which imitate biological neurons of human brain.
The neurons are connected by links and they interact with each other. The nodes can take
input data and perform simple operations on the data. The result of these operations is passed
to other neurons. The output at each node is called its activation or node value.
Each link is associated with weight. ANNs are capable of learning, which takes place by
altering weight values. The following illustration shows a simple ANN −
Types of Artificial Neural Networks
There are two Artificial Neural Network topologies − FeedForward and Feedback.
FeedForward ANN
In this ANN, the information flow is unidirectional. A unit sends information to other unit
from which it does not receive any information. There are no feedback loops. They are used
in pattern generation/recognition/classification. They have fixed inputs and outputs.
FeedBack ANN
Here, feedback loops are allowed. They are used in content addressable memories.
Working of ANNs
In the topology diagrams shown, each arrow represents a connection between two neurons
and indicates the pathway for the flow of information. Each connection has a weight, an
integer number that controls the signal between the two neurons.
If the network generates a “good or desired” output, there is no need to adjust the weights.
However, if the network generates a “poor or undesired” output or an error, then the system
alters the weights in order to improve subsequent results.
Machine Learning in ANNs

ANNs are capable of learning and they need to be trained. There are several learning
strategies −
 Supervised Learning − It involves a teacher that is scholar than the ANN itself. For
example, the teacher feeds some example data about which the teacher already knows
the answers.
For example, pattern recognizing. The ANN comes up with guesses while
recognizing. Then the teacher provides the ANN with the answers. The network then
compares it guesses with the teacher’s “correct” answers and makes adjustments
according to errors.
 Unsupervised Learning − It is required when there is no example data set with known
answers. For example, searching for a hidden pattern. In this case, clustering i.e.
dividing a set of elements into groups according to some unknown pattern is carried
out based on the existing data sets present.
 Reinforcement Learning − This strategy built on observation. The ANN makes a
decision by observing its environment. If the observation is negative, the network
adjusts its weights to be able to make a different required decision the next time.
Need for Neural Networks

Neural networks have a remarkable ability to retrieve meaningful data from imprecise data,
that is used in detecting trends and extract patterns which are difficult to understand either by
computer or humans. A trained NN can be made an "expert" in information that has been
given to analyse and can be used for provide projections.
Applications of Neural Networks

They can perform tasks that are easy for a human but difficult for a machine −
 Aerospace − Autopilot aircrafts, aircraft fault detection.
 Automotive − Automobile guidance systems.
 Military − Weapon orientation and steering, target tracking, object discrimination,
facial recognition, signal/image identification.
 Electronics − Code sequence prediction, IC chip layout, chip failure analysis, machine
vision, voice synthesis.
 Financial − Real estate appraisal, loan advisor, mortgage screening, corporate bond
rating, portfolio trading program, corporate financial analysis, currency value
prediction, document readers, credit application evaluators.
 Industrial − Manufacturing process control, product design and analysis, quality
inspection systems, welding quality analysis, paper quality prediction, chemical
product design analysis, dynamic modeling of chemical process systems, machine
maintenance analysis, project bidding, planning, and management.
 Medical − Cancer cell analysis, EEG and ECG analysis, prosthetic design, transplant
time optimizer.
 Speech − Speech recognition, speech classification, text to speech conversion.
 Telecommunications − Image and data compression, automated information services,
real-time spoken language translation.
 Transportation − Truck Brake system diagnosis, vehicle scheduling, routing systems.
 Software − Pattern Recognition in facial recognition, optical character recognition,
etc.
 Time Series Prediction − ANNs are used to make predictions on stocks and natural
calamities.
 Signal Processing − Neural networks can be trained to process an audio signal and
filter it appropriately in the hearing aids.
 Control − ANNs are often used to make steering decisions of physical vehicles.
 Anomaly Detection − As ANNs are expert at recognizing patterns, they can also be
trained to generate an output when something unusual occurs that misfits the pattern.
Advantages of Artificial Neural Networks ( ANN)

► Storing information on the entire network : Information such as in traditional
programming is stored on the entire network, not on a database. The disappearance of a few
pieces of information in one place does not prevent the network from functioning.
► Ability to work with incomplete knowledge : After ANN training, the data may produce
output even with incomplete information. The loss of performance here depends on the
importance of the missing information.
► Having fault tolerance: Corruption of one or more cells of ANN does not prevent it from
generating output. This feature makes the networks fault tolerant.
► Having a distributed memory: In order for ANN to be able to learn, it is necessary to

determine the examples and to teach the network according to the desired output by showing
these examples to the network. The network's success is directly proportional to the selected
instances, and if the event can not be shown to the network in all its aspects, the network can
produce false output
► Gradual corruption: A network slows over time and undergoes relative degradation. The
network problem does not immediately corrode immediately.
► Ability to make machine learning: Artificial neural networks learn events and make
decisions by commenting on similar events.
► Parallel processing capability: Artificial neural networks have numerical strength that can
perform more than one job at the same time.
Disadvantages of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
► Hardware dependence: Artificial neural networks require processors with parallel
processing power, in accordance with their structure. For this reason, the realization of the
equipment is dependent.
► Unexplained behavior of the network: This is the most important problem of ANN. When
ANN produces a probing solution, it does not give a clue as to why and how. This reduces
trust in the network.
► Determination of proper network structure: There is no specific rule for determining the
structure of artificial neural networks. Appropriate network structure is achieved through
experience and trial and error.
► Difficulty of showing the problem to the network: ANNs can work with numerical
information. Problems have to be translated into numerical values before being introduced to
ANN. The display mechanism to be determined here will directly influence the performance
of the network . This depends on the user's ability.
► The duration of the network is unknown: The network is reduced to a certain value of the
error on the sample means that the training has been completed. This value does not give us
optimum results.
Science artificial neural networks that have stepped into the world in the mid-20th century are
rapidly developing. In our present day, we have examined the advantages of artificial neural
networks and the problems encountered in the course of their use. It should not be forgotten
that the disadvantages of ANN networks, which are a developing science branch, are
eliminated one by one and their advantages are increasing day by day. This means that
artificial neural networks will become an indispensable part of our lives increasingly
important.
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Neural network

Basic Structure of ANNs

Machine Learning in ANNs

Need for Neural Networks

Applications of Neural Networks

Advantages of Artificial Neural Networks ( ANN)

► Having a distributed memory: In order for ANN to be able to learn, it is necessary to

Disadvantages of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

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