KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

NATIONAL RELIGION KING

ASIA EURO UNIVERSITY

FACULTLY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year2

ENGLISH FOR IT
ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC
Unit 14: Video Conferencing

Batch : 25 Group :2
Semester :1 Year :2
Subject : English for IT Major : Information Technology

SUMIT BY : NAME ID
1. Mr. SOUT RATANAK 60531
2. Mr. TOUK TITH 60609
3. Mr. MEM PANHA 60601
4. Mr. YOEURN REACH 59426
5. Ms. SOUY LEKHENA 59498

|
SUMIT TO LECTURER : Mr. HUN PHEAKDEY

PREFACE Mem Pa

Nowadays, due to the progress of science, especially the field of computer [Compa
Year2
science, which is popular in the world and a technology that must be connected
2023 - 2024
to today's society cannot be separated. Computers can facilitate a lot of work
quickly and easily, not only is also used for communication around the world is
called a computer network (Computer Network).

Using the network, it really facilitates the work in a timely manner. Due to this
need, the students of the Asia-Europe University of Computer Science have
compiled an Assignment book for scoring as well as for future reference. Made
under the theme: Video Conferencing in English For IT.

On the other hand, this book is a help for the next generation of students to
study and research and a further key to their research. This is the first time we
have compiled this book, so if something goes wrong or is missing, it could be
unintentional. Therefore, we look forward to hearing from you in the future.

We hope that this book will definitely contribute to providing knowledge to

scholars and readers.

Finally, we would like to thank our readers from all walks of life who have
supported our work, and we wish all our readers happiness and glory. Wisdom
is wise forever.

CONTENT

1. What Is Video Conferencing?............................................................................................................................1

1.1 How Video Conferencing Works………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
1.2 What are the common use cases for video conferencing?……………………………………………………………………………………….3
What are the benefits of video conferencing?...............................................................................................................................................................4
 Video conferencing features to look for ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
How to choose the best video conferencing platform……………………………………………………………………………………………………7
2. Webcam ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8
2.1 History……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….9
1.2. 2000s–present ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11
2.2 Image sensor ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12
4. video conferencing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..13
4.1 Benefits of video conferencing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
5. Video bridge…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
6. Document Sharing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16
7. Monitor …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
8 .History …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18
8.1. Advantagees…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
8.2. Helps build relationships…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20
8.3. Saves money ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..21
8.4. Saves time ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22
8.5. Streamlines collaboration…………………………………………………………………………………..23
8.6. Improves efficiency …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..24
8.7. Increases productivity …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..25
8.8. Makes scheduling meetings easier easier…………………………………..……………………………………………………………26
8.9. Creates consistent, accurate records ……………………………………………………………………….27
9. Enables live events…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….28
10. Disadvantages of video conferencing software………………………………………………………………….29
1.1. Lack of personal interactions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………30
10.2. Network connectivity issues…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31

1. What Is Video Conferencing?

Video conferencing is an online technology that allows users in different

locations to hold face-to-face meetings without having to move to a single location
together. This technology is particularly convenient for business users in different
cities or even different countries because it saves time, expenses, and hassles
associated with business travel. Uses for video conferencing include holding routine
meetings, negotiating business deals, and interviewing job candidates When a video
conference is held for informal purposes, it is called a video call or video chat.
1.1 How Video Conferencing Works

Video conferencing's main advantage over telephone conference calls is that

users can see each other, which allows them to develop stronger relationships.

There are a variety of ways video conferencing can be conducted. Individuals may
use web cameras connected to or built into laptops, tablets, or desktop computers.
Smartphones and other connected mobile devices equipped with cameras may also be
used to connect for video conferences. In such instances, a software-based platform
typically is used to transmit the communication over internet protocols.
1.2 Video Conferencing During the 2020-21 COVID-19 Pandemic

Video conferencing platforms such as Zoom, Skype, and Microsoft Teams saw
a surge of interest and use during the 2020-21 COVID-19 pandemic, as lockdowns
forced many individuals around the world to work from home and attend online
classes.12

Video conferencing allowed for professionals to meet with their clients and
conduct one-on-one consultations, including financial advisors, therapists, tutors, and
lawyers. In fact, some legal proceedings and court cases moved entirely to video
conferencing during parts of the pandemic. Doctors and other medical professionals
have also adopted telehealth to a much larger degree than before the pandemic.
1.3 What are the common use cases for video conferencing?

Video conferencing is commonly used for keeping virtual and remote teams
connected. A virtual meeting is the perfect forum for an internal discussion, team
collaboration, client-facing presentation, sales demo, and much more. Since the global
pandemic, video conferencing is also used for personal and social events like virtual happy
hours, baby showers, and even to bring faraway guests into weddings.

Let’s explore some of the most common video conferencing use cases.

One-on-one or team meetings

Frequent communication with teams is more essential now than ever before. While
traditional office environments allow for more impromptu meetings with team members,
remote teams may begin to feel disconnected without regular interaction with their
colleagues and manager. Video conferencing is often used to host weekly team meetings
 or one-on-ones and is a great way to stay connected while also sharing important company
updates or business initiatives.

Job interviews

Nonverbal cues are an important part of the interview process, as hiring managers
evaluate interpersonal skills and the cultural fit of a candidate. But interviews are
increasingly being held virtually rather than in the office. Video conferencing is a great
way to retain the ability to meet face to face in a live setting. It also eliminates the need to
travel to the interview, making scheduling much easier for both the hiring team and the
candidate.

Sales demos

Gone are the days when traveling to a customer site was the only way to get in front
of your prospects.

Online trainings

Rather than requiring travel—or worse yet, pre-recording a session—video

conferencing is an effective way to host internal and external trainings that bring large
groups together in real-time

Vendor meetings

Regular communication with external partners and vendors is critical for managing
projects and operations across the business. However, collaboration across internal and
external participants outside your firewall does add an extra layer of security. Video
conferencing platforms are particularly useful for these types of vendor communications as
they balance function and reliability with robust security and encryption.

What are the benefits of video conferencing?

During the pandemic and the sudden shift to remote work, video conferencing
became a necessity, but now businesses are starting to recognize the long-term value it
provides. This includes reduced real estate and travel costs, increased workforce
productivity, and improvements in employee satisfaction. Not only do businesses reap the
benefits of video conferencing, but employees do as well. With greater flexibility in their
schedules, reduced commute times, and overall improvements in their work/life balance,
it’s no wonder employees are starting to expect these options from their employers.

A study by Dimensional Research found the following:

 99% reported benefits to working remotely

 57% would consider leaving their current employer if forced to fully return to the office
 47% believe remote work increased their work productivity

Couple this with the finding that 57% expect to be in the office fewer than ten days each
month, and it’s clear why video conferencing will be necessary for ensuring employee
productivity, motivation and retention.

Reduce operational costs

By drastically reducing the need to travel for meetings or customer visits, video
conferencing has enabled businesses to realize extensive cost savings. In addition, with the
rise of remote or hybrid work models enabled by collaboration tools, the need for large
headquarter campuses or satellite offices has decreased. Office reduction or consolidation
is another significant source of operational cost savings for businesses.

Build stronger relationships

Video is a powerful and efficient tool for breaking down physical barriers between
remote teams and building stronger relationships with colleagues. People who turn on their
video as part of their online meetings have reported significant benefits. They are 2.4 times
more likely to say it’s easier to collaborate with their peers and 2.6 times more likely to say
they’ve experienced increased empathy from colleagues. When it comes to effective team
collaboration in a virtual meeting, the research is clear: turn on your video.

Include anyone, anywhere

Perhaps one of the most exciting benefits of video conferencing is the ability to reach
more corners of the globe in real-time. Not only can you expand your visibility to
customers and prospects in new regions, but you can also easily bring together your global
teams.

Features like real-time translation, for example, provide the opportunity for people in
any geography or language to actively participate in virtual meetings.

Video conferencing features to look for

Video conferencing software has become more and more sophisticated over the
years with functionality that creates an experience that’s often better than being in the same
room. Let’s explore some of the basic video conferencing features, as well as the more
advanced features that help take your collaboration to the next level.

HD Video and Audio

 High-quality video and crystal-clear audio connections are foundational to having a
great online meeting experience. Advanced features include the ability to automatically
optimize video and audio quality, even from poor networks, so everyone can fully
participate.

Virtual Backgrounds

Video conferencing solutions also give you the control to change your background,
either with available background themes, by blurring your background, or by uploading
your own image. A virtual background is especially useful when your background is less
than ideal, and ensures meeting participants stay focused on you—not what’s behind you.

Recording and Transcription

Often, not all participants may be available to join a meeting time you have set. Not
to worry! Video conferencing software enables you to record your meetings in easy-to-
share MP4 format and provides automatic transcripts that can be sent out to all participants
to review post-meeting.

Closed Captioning and Real-Time Translations

With closed captioning, anyone who is in a location that makes it hard to hear can
still follow along in a virtual meeting. More advanced video conferencing solutions also
include real-time translations that remove language barriers and allow everyone around the
world to participate.

Calendar Integrations

Many video conferences are scheduled in advance, so integrations with popular

calendar systems like Google or Outlook make it easy to maintain your schedule and see
the schedule of your colleagues. Simply create a new meeting invitation in your calendar,
click to add in your video conference details, and send. It can all be done without leaving
your calendar.

Polling & Q&A

Interactive features like polling and Q&A encourage full audience engagement and
allow everyone to actively participate, even in larger video conferences.

Security

What happens in your meeting should stay in your meeting. Video conferencing
platforms should offer strong encryption, data compliance, and advanced privacy settings
—so you can keep your data secure and avoid unwanted “video-bombers.”
AI Assistant

The more sophisticated video conferencing solutions on the market offer AI-
powered features that help make your meetings more productive. With just your voice, you
can have an AI meeting assistant take notes, identify key highlights, and follow up on
action items.

How to choose the best video conferencing platform

There are a lot of video conferencing solutions on the market today, but not all are
created equal. The right solution should be easy to use, intelligent, scalable, and most of
all, secure. Here are a few questions to consider as you identify a best-in-class vendor.

Does the solution scale?

Whether you’re a business of one or thousands, you need a solution that can grow
with you. Find one that can meet your needs today and scale to meet your potential needs
tomorrow. Webex has cost-effective plans for your small business—whether you need
meetings, calling, or a combination of both—as well as a rich free plan to get you started.
We also offer more customized enterprise plans tailored for you as you grow.

Is the solution secure?

Security should be at the core of your video conferencing solution. It should never be
your responsibility to opt-out of sharing data or change meeting settings to be protected.
Nor should your user data ever be sold to third parties. At Webex, we believe strongly in
these principles and build security into the platform from the ground up so you can rest
easy knowing you’re protected.

How reliable is the platform?

The video conferencing solution you use for happy hours and social events doesn’t
necessarily need to be top-notch. But if you have a big business meeting or client
presentation, you need to choose a solution you can count on. That’s why the performance
and reliability of your video conferencing platform are so critical.

Webex is built on the backbone of Cisco, making it a highly reliable choice when it
comes to performance. The solution also automatically optimizes for high-quality video
and audio on any network, whether you’re working in an office, at home, or on the go.

Does it provide an easy-to-use experience for you and your attendees?

 Ease of use is arguably one of the most attractive qualities of a video conferencing
solution. Done right, it provides a seamless experience that lets you focus on the
conversation at hand, not the technology!

Webex is designed with a clean, easy-to-use interface that makes it simple to

collaborate across any device. With one button to push, you and your attendees can start or
join a meeting in seconds. And with industry-leading AI and voice features, you don’t even
have to lift a finger to take meeting notes or record your meeting.

Is it easy to administer and manage?

Ongoing administration, management, and analytics are a necessary part of your

video conferencing platform. With Webex, you can be up and running in minutes, with a
solution that’s easy to manage and administer in one place.

2. Webcam
A webcam is a video camera which is designed to record or stream to
a computer or computer network. They are primarily used
in videotelephony, livestreaming and social media, and security. Webcams can be
built-in computer hardware or peripheral devices, and are commonly connected to a
device using USB or wireless protocols.
Webcams have been used on the Internet as early as 1993, and the first widespread
commercial one became available in 1994. Early webcam usage on the Internet was
primarily limited to stationary shots streamed to web sites.

2.1 History
First developed in 1991, a webcam was pointed at the Trojan Room coffee
pot in the Cambridge University Computer Science Department (initially operating
over a local network instead of the web). The camera was finally switched off on
August 22, 2001. The final image captured by the camera can still be viewed at its
homepage. The oldest continuously operating webcam, San Francisco State
University's FogCam, has run since 1994 and is still operating as of October 2022. It
updates every 20 seconds.

The released in 1993 SGI Indy is the first commercial computer to have a standard
video camera, and the first SGI computer to have standard video inputs.
The maximum supported input resolution is 640×480 for NTSC or 768×576 for PAL.
A fast machine is required to capture at either of these resolutions, though; an Indy
with slower R4600PC CPU, for example, may require the input resolution to be
reduced before storage or processing. However, the Vino hardware is capable of video
fields directly into the framebuffer with minimal CPU overhead.
The first widespread commercial webcam, the black-and-white, entered the
marketplace in 1994, created by the U.S. computer company Connectix. Quick Cam
was available in August 1994 for the Apple Macintosh, connecting via a serial port, at
a cost of $100. Jon Garber, the designer of the device, had wanted to call it the "Mac-
camera", but was overruled by Connectix's marketing department; a version with a
PC-compatible parallel port and software for Microsoft Windows was launched in
October 1995. The original Quick Cam provided 320x240-pixel resolution with a
grayscale depth of 16 shades at 60 frames per second, or 256 shades at 15 frames per
second. These cam were tested on several Delta II launch using a variety of
communication protocols including CDMA, TDMA, GSM and HF.
Videoconferencing via computers already existed, and at the time client-server based
videoconferencing software such as had started to become popular.
The first widely known laptop with integrated webcam option, at a price point starting
at US$ 12,000, was an IBM RS/6000 860 laptop and his ThinkPad
850 sibling, released in 1996.

Early development (early 1990s)

webcam, released in 2003
One of the most widely reported-on webcam sites was JeniCam, created in 1996,
which allowed Internet users to observe the life of its namesake constantly, in the
same vein as the reality TV series Big Brother, launched four years later. Other
cameras are mounted overlooking bridges, public squares, and other public places,
their output made available on a public web page in accordance with the original
concept of a "webcam". Aggregator websites have also been created, providing
thousands of live video streams or up-to-date still pictures, allowing users to find live
video streams based on location or other criteria.
In the late 1990s, Microsoft NetMeeting was the only videoconferencing software on
PC in widespread use, making use of webcams. In the following years, instant
messaging clients started adding webcam support: Yahoo Messenger introduced this
with version 5.5 in 2002, allowing video calling in 20 frames per second using a
webcam. MSN Messenger gained this in version 5.0 in 2003.
1.2. 2000s–present
Around the turn of the 21st century, computer hardware manufacturers began building
webcams directly into laptop and desktop screens, thus eliminating the need to use an
external USB or FireWire camera. Gradually webcams came to be used more for
telecommunications, or videotelephony, between two people, or among several
people, than for offering a view on a Web page to an unknown public.
For less than US$100 in 2012, a webcam became available, producing videos and
photos in 3D anaglyph image with a resolution up to 1280 × 480 pixels. Both sender
and receiver of the images must use 3D glasses to see the effect of three dimensional
image.
Webcams are considered an essential accessory for remote work, mainly to
compensate for lower quality video processing with the built-in camera of the average
laptop. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a shortage of webcams. Most
laptops before and during the pandemic were made with cameras capping out at 720p
recording quality at best, compared to the industry standard of 1080p or 4K seen in
smartphones and televisions from the same period. The backlog on new developments
for built-in webcams is the result of a design flaw with laptops being too thin to
support the 7mm camera modules to fit inside, instead resorting to ~2.5mm. Also the
camera components are more expensive and not a high level of demand for this
feature, companies like Apple have not updated their webcams since
2012. Smartphones started to be used as a backup option or webcam replacement,
with kits including lighting and tripods or downloadable apps.
2.Technology
2.2 Image sensor

Image sensors can be CMOS or CCD, the former being dominant for low-cost
cameras, but CCD cameras do not necessarily outperform CMOS-based cameras in
the low-price range. Most consumer webcams are capable of providing VGA-
resolution video at a frame rate of 30 frames per second. Many newer devices can
produce video in multi-megapixel resolutions, and a few can run at high frame rates
such as the PlayStation Eye, which can produce 320×240 video at 120 frames per
second.
As webcams evolved simultaneously with display technologies, USB interface speeds
and broadband internet speeds, the resolution went up from gradually from 320×240,
to 640×480, and some now even offer 1280×720 (aka 720p) or 1920×1080
(aka 1080p) resolution. Despite the low cost,
the resolution offered as of 2019 is impressive, with now
the low-end webcams offering resolutions of 720p, mid-
range webcams offering 1080p resolution, and high-end
webcams offering 4K resolution at 60 fps.

2.3. Optics
 Various lenses are available, the most common in consumer-
grade webcams being a plastic lens that can be manually moved
in and out to focus the camera. Fixed-focus lenses, which have
no provision for adjustment, are also available. As a camera
system's depth of field is greater for small image formats and is
greater for lenses with a large (small aperture), the systems used
in webcams have a sufficiently large depth of field that the use of a fixed-focus lens
does not impact image sharpness to a great extent.
Most models use simple, focal-free optics (fixed focus, factory-set for the usual
distance from the monitor to which it is fastened to the user) or manual focus.
Webcams can come with different presets and fields of view. Individual users can
make use of less than 90° horizontal FOV for home offices and live streaming.
Webcams with as much as 360° horizontal FOV can be used for small- to medium-
sized rooms (sometimes even large rooms). Depending on the users' purposes,
webcams in the market can display the whole room or just the general vicinity.
2.4. Internal software
As the bayer filter is proprietary, any webcam contains some built-in image
processing, separate from compression. Digital video streams are represented by huge
amounts of data, burdening its transmission (from the image sensor, where the data is
continuously created) and storage alike. Most if not all cheap webcams come with
built-in ASIC to do video compression in real-time.
Support electronics read the image from the sensor and transmit it to the host
computer. The camera pictured to the right, for example, uses a Sonix SN9C101 to
transmit its image over USB. Typically, each frame is transmitted uncompressed
in RGB or YUV or compressed as JPEG. Some cameras, such as mobile-phone
cameras, use a CMOS sensor with supporting electronics "on die", i.e. the sensor and
the support electronics are built on a single silicon chip to save space and
manufacturing costs. Most webcams feature built-in microphones to make video
calling and videoconferencing more convenient.
conferencing instead of spending on business travel for meetings. Moreover, the
number of video conferencing cameras and software have multiplied since then due to
their popularity.
Webcam features and performance can vary by program, computer operating system,
and also by the computer's processor capabilities. Video calling support has also been
added to several popular instant messaging programs.
Webcams allow for inexpensive, real-time video chat and webcasting, in both amateur
and professional pursuits. They are frequently used in online dating and for online
personal services offered mainly by women when camgirling. However, the ease of
webcam use through the Internet for video chat has also caused issues. For example,
moderation system of various video chat websites such as Omegle has been criticized
as being ineffective, with sexual content still rampant. In a 2013 case, the
transmission of nude photos and videos via Omegle from a teenage girl to a
schoolteacher resulted in a child pornography charge.
The popularity of webcams among teenagers with Internet access has raised concern
about the use of webcams for cyber-bullying. Webcam recordings of teenagers,
including underage teenagers, are frequently posted on popular Web forums
and imageboards such as 4chan.
4. Privacy concerns
Many users do not wish the continuous exposure for
which webcams were originally intended, but rather prefer
privacy. Such privacy is lost
when malware allow malicious hackers to activate the
webcam without the user's knowledge, providing the
hackers with a live video and audio feed. This is a
particular concern on many laptop computers, as such cameras normally cannot be
physically disabled if hijacked by such a Trojan Horse program or other
similar spyware programs.
Cameras such as Apple's older external iSight cameras include lens covers to thwart
this. Some webcams have built-in hardwired LED indicators that light up whenever
the camera is active, sometimes only in video mode. However, it is possible
for malware to circumvent the indicator and activate the camera surreptitiously, as
researchers demonstrated in the case of a MacBook's built-in camera in 2013.
Various companies sell sliding lens covers and stickers that allow users to retrofit a
computer or smartphone to close access to the camera lens as needed. One such
company reported having sold more than 250,000 such items from 2013 to
2016. However, any opaque material will work just as well.
The process of attempting to hack into a person's webcam and activate it without the
webcam owner's permission has been called camfecting,
a portmanteau of cam and infecting. The remotely activated webcam can be used to
watch anything within the webcam's field of vision. Camfecting is most often carried
out by infecting the victim's computer with a computer virus.

3. Dedicated system
Examples of dedicated systems from European companies. From left to right: full
body scanner Wick and Wilson TriForm3DBody Scanner (UK), with four coded
 light projection systems each with one projector and two cameras; scanner for foot
lasts Scanny3D Base (Italy), with laser point measurement system with two
cameras and 1-axis linear movement and 1-axis rotation platform; dental cast
scanner RSI digiSCAN dental (Germany), with coded light measurement system
composed of one camera and one projector and 3-axes platform. 

4. video conferencing

Video conferencing is live, visual connection between two or more remote parties
over the internet that simulates a face-to-face meeting. Video conferencing is
important because it joins people who would not normally be able to form a face-to-
face connection.
At its simplest, video conferencing provides transmission of static images and text
between two locations. At its most sophisticated, it provides transmission of full-
motion video images and high-quality audio between multiple locations.
In the business world, desktop video conferencing is a core component of unified
communications platforms that also include calling and messaging capabilities.
Standalone on-premises and cloud-based video conferencing platforms are also
available from numerous vendors who support desktop- and room-based video, as
well as the ability to embed video conferencing into business applications, such as
Telehealth, customer service and distance learning.
The widespread availability of cloud-based services enables organizations to
implement video conferencing with minimal upfront investment and to take advantage
of rapidly emerging AI-powered features to improve audio and video performance.

4.1 Benefits of video conferencing

Video conferencing services carry many benefits. In businesses, they can increase
productivity among employees, as well as provide an improved way of
communicating and interacting with colleagues, partners and customers.
For businesses, the tangible benefits of video conferencing include lower travel costs
-- especially, for employee training -- and shortened meeting and project times as a
result of improved communications among team members. Businesses can also
increase revenue through higher quality virtual sales meetings.
The intangible benefits of video conferencing include more efficient meetings with
the exchange of nonverbal communications and a stronger sense of community
among business contacts, both within and between companies, as well as with
customers.

Disadvantages of video conferencing

While video conferencing provides numerous benefits for businesses and individuals,
it also has several disadvantages. For example, high-quality video calling and
conferencing demands a consistently reliable high-speed internet connection with
minimal latency and jitter. Only a strong internet connection can guarantee the voice
audio and visuals will be reliably and smoothly communicated. Any issues with
bandwidth or internet connectivity could cause the audio and/or video displays to be
interrupted or lost, so quality of service measures may be required for important calls.
Another disadvantage is the cost of high-quality video conferencing systems. While
many companies adopt video conferencing services to reduce business travel costs,
they will still end up spending large amounts of money on a video conferencing
system, especially for larger offices. In addition to all the costly equipment and
technology, companies will often also need to pay for the installation, deployment
and maintenance of endpoints and on-premises servers if using an on-premises
platform.
History of video conferencing

The first developments in video conferencing can be traced back to the 1920s, when
AT&T Bell Labs and John Logie Baird started experimenting with video phones.
In the 1930s, early video conferencing experiments were also conducted in Germany.
This early technology included image phones that would send still pictures over
phone lines.

In the early 1970s, AT&T started using video conferencing with its Picturephone
service. However, the widespread adoption of video conferencing began in the 1980s
with the computer revolution. The revolution brought about the invention of codecs,
as well as the rise of broadband services, such as Integrated Services Digital Network,
enabling the sending of visual images to become possible for personal use. The later
introduction of mobile phones further enabled the popularity of video conferencing.

In 1992, Cornell University IT department personnel developed the CU-SeeMe video

conferencing software for Mac. They developed the software for Windows in 1994.
The CU-SeeMe software was commercially released in 1995; it introduced the first
internet radio stations.

In 2004, many businesses started adopting video conferencing systems for the first
time, because broadband technology was finally more affordable and widespread.
Video conferencing adoption grew throughout the 2010s, but rapidly accelerated as
the COVID-19 pandemic drove the vast majority of employees out of their offices and
into their homes, requiring an improved video meeting experience.

Video conferencing vendors

Consumer services -- like, Apple's FaceTime, Google's Meet and Microsoft's Skype --

have made video conferencing ubiquitous on desktops and mobile devices that have
an embedded camera. Facebook also expanded its reach from consumer video into
enterprise video with Workplace Rooms. In the enterprise space, video conferencing
platforms include those offering conferencing applications, personal or room-based
conferencing endpoints, or both applications and endpoints.

Video conferencing and remote working

Video conferencing is particularly useful for remote workers, who likely rely on these
services to host the majority of their work-related meetings. As remote workers
typically do not make use of companies' traditional office spaces, use of video
conferencing can provide simulated face-to-face contact between team members and
colleagues. Furthermore, augmenting video conference tools, such as screen sharing,
can make video calls far more useful for employee collaboration than being limited to
voice communications.
Not only can video conferencing provide better communication and productivity, but
it can also foster the development of important coworking relationships, as it is more
engaging than simply hearing voices over the phone or corresponding via email.

Video conferencing trends

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, remote working became the "new normal" for many
companies. Companies look to video conferencing technologies to maintain business
operations, while enforcing the recommended social distancing protocols, as video
conferencing provides the closest approximation to an actual, face-to-face meeting.
Beyond use for intraorganizational meetings, video conferencing has been adopted
for job candidate interviews in lieu of on-site interviews.
Zoom, a widely popular video conferencing vendor that experienced explosive growth
in 2020, became the face of pandemic video conferencing to many. As a result, the
name Zoom is eponymous for video conferencing in general, giving rise to popular
terms such as Zoombombing and Zoom fatigue. Factors that contributed to the rise of
Zoom include an intuitive user interface, as well as offering its users free one-on-one
conferences with no time limit and group conferences for up to 40 minutes long and
100 users.

5. Video bridge

What Is a Video Bridge

Also known as a videoconferencing bridge, a video bridge is a type of
communication equipment that makes it possible to connect multiple locations into a
common conference setting that provides both audio and real time visual interaction
for the participants. Once considered a tool that only large corporations could afford,
the costs associated with video bridging have continued to decrease as advancements
in technology have made it possible to manufacture viable multi-party
videoconferencing bridges that are much more affordable. In addition, those same
advances have allowed the video bridge of today to provide a strong visual display
that syncs perfectly with the audio portion of the meeting, rather than lagging a
second or two behind.
Following the same general concept that is used with and audio conference bridge, a
video bridge is equipped with a series of ports that are capable of carrying both audio
and video signals received from other locations, streaming all those signals into a
common point of termination. Depending on the bridge configuration, any number of
communication tools may be used to transport and receive those signals.

6. Document Sharing

File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digital media, such
as computer programs, multimedia (audio, images and video), documents
or electronic books. Common methods of storage, transmission and dispersion
include removable media, centralized servers on computer networks, Internet-
based hyperlinked documents, and the use of distributed peer-to-peer networking.
File sharing technologies, such as BitTorrent, are integral to modern media piracy, as
well as the sharing of scientific data and other free content.
Files were first exchanged on removable media.
Computers were able to access remote files using
filesystem mounting, bulletin board systems (1978),  
Usenet (1979), and FTP servers (1970's). 
Internet Relay Chat (1988) and Hotline (1997)
enabled users to communicate remotely through chat 
and to exchange files. The mp3 encoding, which was
standardized in 1991 and substantially reduced the
size of audio files, grew to widespread use in the late
1990s. In 1998, MP3.com and Audiogalaxy 
were established, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 
was unanimously passed, and the first mp3 player 
devices were launched.
 In June 1999, Napster was released as an unstructured centralized peer-to-peer
system, requiring a central server for indexing and peer discovery. It is generally
credited as being the first peer-to-peer file sharing system. In December 1999, Napster
was sued by several recording companies and lost in A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster,
Inc. In the case of Napster, it has been ruled that an online service provider could not
use the "transitory network transmission" safe harbor in the DMCA if they had
control of the network with a server.
Gnutella, eDonkey2000, and Freenet were released in 2000, as MP3.com and
Napster were facing litigation. Gnutella, released in March, was the first decentralized
file-sharing network. In the Gnutella network, all connecting software was considered
equal, and therefore the network had no central point of failure. In July, Freenet was
released and became the first anonymity network. In September
the eDonkey2000 client and server software was released.
In March 2001, Kazaa was released. Its FastTrack network was distributed, though,
unlike Gnutella, it assigned more traffic to 'supernodes' to increase routing efficiency.
The network was proprietary and encrypted, and the Kazaa team made substantial
efforts to keep other clients such as Morpheus off of the FastTrack network. In
October 2001, the MPAA and the RIAA filed a lawsuit against the developers of
Kazaa, Morpheus and Grokster that would lead to the US Supreme Court's MGM
Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. decision in 2005.
Shortly after its loss in court, Napster was shut down to comply with a court order.
This drove users to other P2P applications and file sharing continued its growth.[7] The
Audiogalaxy Satellite client grew in popularity, and the LimeWire client
and BitTorrent protocol were released. Until its decline in 2004, Kazaa was the most
popular file-sharing program despite bundled malware and legal battles in the
Netherlands, Australia, and the United States. In 2002, a Tokyo district court ruling
shut down File Rogue, and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
filed a lawsuit that effectively shut down Audiogalaxy.
From 2002 through 2003, a number of BitTorrent services were established,
including Suprnova.org, isoHunt, TorrentSpy, and The Pirate Bay. In September
2003, the RIAA began filing lawsuits against users of P2P file sharing networks such
as Kazaa As a result of such lawsuits, many universities added file sharing regulations
in their school administrative codes (though some students managed to circumvent
them during after school hours). Also in 2003, the MPAA started to take action
against BitTorrent sites, leading to the shutdown of Torrentse and Sharelive in July
2003.With the shutdown of eDonkey in 2005, eMule became the dominant client of
the eDonkey network. In 2006, police raids took down the Razorback2 eDonkey
server and temporarily took down The Pirate Bay.
“The File Sharing Act was launched by Chairman Towns in 2009, this act
prohibited the use of applications that allowed individuals to share federal information
amongst one another. On the other hand, only specific file sharing applications were
made available to federal computers” (the United States.Congress.House). In 2009,
the Pirate Bay trial ended in a guilty verdict for the primary founders of the tracker.
The decision was appealed, leading to a second guilty verdict in November 2010. In
October 2010, Limewire was forced to shut down following a court order in Arista
Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC but the Gnutella network remains active through
open source clients like FrostWire and gtk-gnutella. Furthermore, multi-protocol file-
sharing software such as MLDonkey and Shareaza adapted to support all the major
file-sharing protocols, so users no longer had to install and configure multiple file-
sharing programs.
On January 19, 2012, the United States Department of Justice shut down the
popular domain of Megaupload (established 2005). The file sharing site has claimed
to have over 50,000,000 people a day, Kim Dotcom (formerly Kim Schmitz) was
arrested with three associates in New Zealand on January 20, 2012 and is awaiting
extradition. The case involving the downfall of the world's largest and most popular
file sharing site was not well received, with hacker group Anonymous bringing down
several sites associated with the take-down. In the following days, other file sharing
sites began to cease services; Filesonic blocked public downloads on January 22,
with Fileserve following suit on January 23.
In 2021 a European Citizens' Initiative "Freedom to Share" started collecting
signatures in order to get the European Commission to discuss (and eventually make
rules) on this subject, which is controversial.

7. Monitor
A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial or
textual form. A discrete monitor comprises a visual display, support
electronics, power supply, housing, electrical connectors,
and external user controls.
The display in modern monitors is typically
an LCD with LED backlight, having by the 2010s 
replaced CCFL backlit LCDs. Before the mid-2000s,
 most monitors used a CRT. Monitors are connected
to the computer via DisplayPort, HDMI, USB-C, DVI,
VGA, or other proprietary connectors and signals.
Originally, computer monitors were used for
 data processing while television sets were used
for video. From the 1980s onward, computers
(and their monitors) have been used for both data
processing and video, while televisions have
implemented some computer functionality.
In the 2000s, the typical display aspect ratio of both televisions and computer
monitors has changed from 4:3 to 16:9.
Modern computer monitors are mostly interchangeable with television sets and vice
versa. As most computer monitors do not include integrated speakers, TV tuners,
nor remote controls, external components such as a DTA box may be needed to use a
computer monitor as a TV set.
8 .History
Early electronic computer front panels were fitted with an array of light bulbs where
the state of each particular bulb would indicate the on/off state of a particular register
bit inside the computer. This allowed the engineers operating the computer to monitor
the internal state of the machine, so this panel of lights came to be known as the
'monitor'. As early monitors were only capable of displaying a very limited amount of
information and were very transient, they were rarely considered for program output.
Instead, a line printer was the primary output device, while the monitor was limited to
keeping track of the program's operation.
Computer monitors were formerly known as visual display units (VDU), particularly
in British English. This term mostly fell out of use by the 1990s.

8.1. Advantagees

Whether you’re a small business owner or part of a large company, clear

communication is critical to understanding projects, setting expectations, and meeting
your goals. Video conferencing can help: A report by Forbes tells us that “humans
process visual far faster and more aptly than text or audio.” And, relative to audio
conferencing, “62 percent of executives agree that video conferencing significantly
improves the quality of communication. In addition, 50 percent of those surveyed
believe video conferencing also improves the degree of understanding.” With the
ability to maintain a visual on other people in the meeting, participants will be more
engaged, multi-task less, and set themselves up to process and understand more
clearly.

8.2. Helps build relationships  

When you meet face-to-face, you can make a personal connection, pick up on verbal
and non-verbal cues, and begin to build trust. And while there may be critical
connections that you’ll need to travel for, video conferencing can help bridge the gap
for all other meetings, while still helping you connect on a personal level with
customers, teammates, and remote workers alike. For the skeptics among us, research
shows that video conferencing is widely regarded as a useful tool and helps people
build relationships inside and outside their companies.

8.3. Saves money 

By giving your team a simple way to meet face-to-face, video conferencing delivers a
collaborative, “in-person” experience without the expense of travel. That means no
airfare required for training, conferences, big meetings, and all gatherings in between
—so you can focus precious resources elsewhere. Plus, with the power to meet
virtually, you can hire the best talent and allow them to work anywhere. And once
you get comfortable with the technology, it may even inspire you to expand your
remote workforce—so you can bring on top talent no matter where they live and gain
an advantage over your competition. A comprehensive solution like Microsoft
Teams provides video, audio, chat, screen sharing, recording, and more under a single
UI. This helps you avoid juggling multiple vendors or wasting valuable time
switching between services or troubleshooting issues.
8.4. Saves time 

Because you can meet virtually anywhere, video conferencing technology allows you

to save travel time—so you can spend less time getting to meetings and more time
focused on more pressing work. But it can also help you save time in other ways. By
hosting a meeting rather than working through an issue via email, it can eliminate the
disruption of a barrage of messages, reduce confusion (and the need for lengthy
discussions), and get your team aligned faster, helping to reduce the amount of time it
takes to complete projects or tasks.

8.5. Streamlines collaboration

The best video conferencing technology delivers more benefits than just a way to see
and hear your team. It offers features like screen sharing and real-time document
editing, so it’s easy for everyone to examine the files they need, contribute to the
discussion, and create a culture of across your business. With an engaged workforce
working together whether they’re in the office, on the road, sometimes remote, or
always at home, you’ll make faster, more informed decisions with input from across
locations and time zones.

8.6. Improves efficiency 

Clearer communication by way of verbal and non-verbal cues, screen sharing, real-
time collaboration, and ability to join from virtually anywhere makes video
conferencing a more efficient use of everyone’s time. Ending meetings at established
times also helps keep people on time and on topic, and best of all, video conferencing
is as flexible you want it to be—so it’s easy to quickly jump into a brainstorm, answer
a customer question, start a spontaneous virtual huddle, or set up a regular check-in.

8.7. Increases productivity 

Because video conferencing makes it easy to collaborate on documents in real-time,

you won’t have to contend with long email chains, lost messages, in-document
comments, and version control issues—all of which can cause confusion,
misunderstandings, and delays.

By having the power to hop on a call and collaborate in real-time, you can ensure
everyone has a voice, all feedback gets incorporated, and questions are answered
immediately. And you can quickly gather as a team to make sure that everyone
understands the project before leaving the meeting. Plus, because video conferences
eliminate the need to travel, your team can devote more time to more important work
or life matters, even on days when they have meetings. It’s how the modern
workforce would rather work—with more flexibility, mobility, and time back in their
busy day.

8.8. Makes scheduling meetings easier 

If members of your team travel regularly, scheduling meetings can be a challenge. But

with video conferencing, they can join in from practically anywhere, including taxis,
hotel rooms, airports, their home offices, and more. And because they can do it using
almost any device, scheduling face-to-face meetings and keeping everyone up to date
is easier. With more manageable calendars and control of how their workday flows,
teams can spend more time pursuing opportunities for business growth, and remote
workers are easier to engage and retain.

8.9. Creates consistent, accurate records 

When you host an in-person meeting or an audio-only call, taking notes usually falls
to someone on your team. And given the fast pace of conversations, details can easily
fall through the cracks. But with video conferencing technology that also helps you
securely record and transcribe , you can keep all the details intact. Not only that, but
you can refer back to them when questions arise and share the session with those who
couldn’t attend, which makes it easy to set everyone up for success.

9. Enables live events 

Whether you want to connect with your entire team, your complete client roster, or
the public, video conferencing tools can help. With the power to share your message
visually, these tools give you the ability to host panel discussions, webinars, product
launches, and more—for audiences in your office or around the world.

10. Disadvantages of video conferencing software

Despite the many advantages of video conferencing software, these platforms still
pose challenges to organizations, especially for content managers and compliance
officers Video conferencing software raises the following six concerns.

10.1. Lack of personal interactions

Video conference meetings can feel impersonal. Even with video enabled, employees
are simply communicating with screens. A lack of personal connections and face-to-
face contact may cause employees to struggle to get to know their co-workers,
managers or clients and develop personal connections with them.

10.2. Network connectivity issues

Office settings typically have reliable network connectivity, as well as backup options
in case the Wi-Fi network goes down. Home networks rarely have backup options.
These networks also weren't built to support the same activities -- including video
conferencing -- as office networks, so they may fail due to bandwidth if, for example,
multiple people are on video conferences simultaneously. Home networks may also
cause lagging video or audio and dropped calls.

10.3. Securing meetings

In 2020, hackers took advantage of the boost in video conferencing usage and
increased their attempts to infiltrate and disrupt meetings to create chaos. Zoom, in
particular, faced scrutiny for several publicized meeting disruptions from internet
trolls and caused many IT executives to worry about internal meetings' security.

After these incidents, security came more into focus. Many video conferencing apps
have safeguards in place that ensure only authorized attendees can join private
business meetings, such as the use of passwords to access meetings and waiting
rooms, so guests aren't automatically allowed in a meeting without the organizers'
approval. These features have helped address some major security concerns.

10.4. Complying with laws and regulations

From a compliance perspective, organizations worry that due to the different state
laws, recording some meetings may be illegal without all attendees' approval. To
address that, Microsoft Teams and Zoom offer audible announcements to confirm the
meeting is being recorded. This functionality is configurable.

Organizations must also contend with the issue of storing and archiving recorded
content. Healthcare organizations, for example, must store patient data anywhere from
seven to 12 years, depending on the case. Healthcare organizations must also store
that data in a way that complies with HIPAA regulations.
10.5. Organizing newly created data
Newly generated content from recorded meetings introduces new challenges as
organizations consolidate and classify information available to users. Some video
recordings can be a part of training content, other recordings can be project reviews
and others can be team huddles. Regardless of the content type, content managers
must plan and define data governance to ensure the information is secure and easily
accessible when employees need it.

10.6. Creating policies

Content managers must plan around new content types and sources. Content
managers should create new sets of policies, then apply and implement those policies
on the newly created video, audio and text files from the meetings.