Anatomy of excretory system

Prepared according to the new syllabus for Bsc Nursing

semester I .A brief explaination of excretory organs.
Raj kumar jillepalli
B.sc(N)

TUTOR ,SRIM

ONGOLE
EXCRETION:-

Excretion is the process of removing unwanted waste materials and metabolic waste from the body. During metabolism,
the body produces large amounts of carbon dioxide and other undesirable substance.

Various systems involved in the execution of Excretory Function.

Digestive system– Removes waste food waste in the form of feces.

Respiratory - Eliminating carbon dioxide

Integumentary – Excretes some water and salt in the form of sweat.

Liver - Eliminates bile pigments, heavy metals, drugs, toxins etc…

RENAL SYSTEM CONSISTS OF

PAIR OF KIDNEYS:-Eliminates wastes in the form o f urine.

URETERS:-Tube like structure in and pass urine in the bladder.

URINARY BLADDER:-Stores urine till it empties.

URETHRA:- Urethra is passed out via the urethra

PARTS OF RENAL SYSTEM

KIDNEYS
Pair of excretory organs situated on the posterior abdominal wall, retroperitoneally, on each side of the lumbar part if the
vertebral column.

Left kidney is slightly at a higher level than the right kidney.

 Each kidney is bean shaped

 Measures about 7.5-10cm length.
 5cm in width.
 2.5cm in thick.
 Each kidney weighs about 150gms.

POLES AND SURFACE OF KIDNEY

Superior Pole :- Closely related to suprarenal gland (adrenal)

Inferior pole:-Lower pole is pointed slightly upwards.

Lateral Boarder:- convex.

Medial Boarder:-Concave ,and depressed at medial part and k on as Hilum

COVERINGS OF KIDNEY.

1. Innermost fibrous capsule or true capsule.

2. Middle fatty capsule or perinephric fat:- Collection of fatty acids, acts as shock absorber, maintains kidney in its
positions.
3. False Capsule is made of renal capsule: - It as two layers Anterior and posterior .Superiorly the two layers enclose
the suprarenal gland and then merge with the diaphragmatic fascia (covering the outer surface of the diaphragm).
4. Pararenal fat :-Cushion for kidney
RELATIONS:-

RIGHT KIDNEY

 Superior :Right adrenal gland

 Anterior : Right lobe of the liver, the duodenum.
 Posterior : Diaphragm and muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.

LEFT KIDNEY

 Superior : Left adrenal gland.

 Anterior : Spleen, pancreas ,jejunum .
 Posterior :Diaphragm and the muscles of posterior abdominal wall

RENAL PAPILLAE:-Tip of the renal pyramid is called papillae , attached to the small calyx structure generally collects urine form
the pyramids.

Several minor calyx fused from the larger calyx, the urine transformed from the larger calyces to the renal pelvis. From renal pelvis
the urine flows into ureter which directs the urine to store in the bladder.

The marked depression in the central part of the kidney is called HILUM.

TISSUES OF KIDENY:-

1. RENAL CORTEX :- Area of the smooth texture that extend from the renal capsule that extends from the renal capsule to the
bases of renal pyramids and the spaces between them .
- Divided into two parts outer cortical zone and inner juxtamedullary zone.
- Cortex that extends between the kidney pyramids are called renal columns

2. RENAL MEDULLA :-Consists of several cone shaped renal pyramids. The base of the each pyramid faces the renal cortex.
 MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE

The kidney comprises of one million functional units called NEPHRON and smaller number of collecting tubules.
It is divided into two parts.

RENAL CORPUSCLE: Also known as Malphigian tubuleis a rounded structure consists of a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus and
cup like double layered covering called BOWMANS CAPSULE OR GLOMERULUS CAPSULE .

Glomerulus capsule contains three layers .

1. Outer parietal layer –thin layer comprises squamous epithelium cells

2. Middle basement layer –selectively permeable
3. Inner visceral layer under electronic micro scope it shows the specialized cells called podocytes.

RENAL TUBULE :- (TUBULAR PART) It is a long complicated tubule. Consists of different parts

1. PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

-First tubule part lies close to the glomerulus.located in the renal cortex.
-lined low columnar and provided with microvilli
-maximum absorption reabsorption of water ,amino acids and electrolytes takes place.
2. LOOP OF HENLE (MEDULLARY LOOP)
-Second part of the tube.alsocalled the loop of hence because it forms a loop of descending and ascending branches .
-Ascent circuit –thick wall not permeable to water
-Descent circuit- thin walled permeable to water
3. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
-Third portion of renal tubule.
-lined with cuboidal cells.
-ends by joining collecting ducts.

4. COLLECTING TUBULES: Numerous collecting tubule from the papillary duct ,that empties into minor calyx , then into
major calyx and lastly to renal pelvis.

TYPES OF NEPHRON:

CORTICAL NEPHRON:- The majority of nephrons ,about 80%, are short and located in the cortex.
JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRON:-About 20% of nephrons are made up of long henle .Extends towards the medulla.
 Venous- Renal veins.
 Lymphatics-Lymph nodes of para aortic.
 Arterial supply –Renal Arteries
 Nerovus supply –by autonomic nervous system .sympathetic T10-L1
 Parasympathetic fibers are derived from vagus nerve

URETERS

 Ureters are two thick tubes that transport the urine to the bladder from the kidneys. The length of the each tube is 25cm long
diameter is about 3mm .located bilaterally from each kidney.
 Starts from the kidney, continue the funnel shaped pelvis, goes towards the posterior bladder.
 Location of URETERS.

PARTS OF URETER:-

Consists of two parts .

 ABDOMINAL PART:- from origin to pelvic brim.

 PELVIC PART:- From pelvic brim into entry of urinary bladder.

Pelvis of uterus formed by union of 23major calyces ,runs downwards and it continuous as abdominal part.

CONSTRICTIONS OF UTERUS .

-PALVIUTERIC JUNCTION
-PELVIC BRIM
BEFORE ENTERS INTO BLADDER

STRUCTURE:-

 It contains three layers of tissue

 Outer layer of fibrous tissue
  Middle layer of smooth muscle fiber
 Inner mucous layer

RELATONS:-

ABDOMINAL REGION:-
Anterior :peritoneium ,right colic vessels,gonadal vessles
Posterior genitofemoral nerve
PELVIC PART:-
Posterioir :internal iliac artery
Laterally :oburator nerve ,artery,vein.

ARETERIAL SUPPLY :Upper part –branch of renal artery

:Middle part –branch of aorta

:Pelvic part-uterine vessels.

NERVE SUPPLY- T10-L1 S2-S4

VENOUS DRINAGE : Inferior vena cava

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE - Upper part para aortic lymph node

Middle part common iliac lymph node

Pelvic part internal iliac and external iliac lymph node

BLADDER:-

 Urinary bladder is a triangular hollow organ situates in the lower abdomen .it contains body and neck .
 The bladder is composed of primarily of smooth muscle .it includes three layers of muscle fibers called detrusor
muscle .
 They are inner longitudinal ,middle circular ,and outer longitudinal.
 Bladder is lined with mucous membrane
 An empty bladder ,the mucosal lining falls into many folds called RUGAE
 Normal holding capacity of urinary bladder is 400-600
 Upper posterior part of bladder is in triangle shape and known as trigone
 At the upper angels of trigone the two uereters enter in to the bladder
 The lower part of the bladder is narrow called the neck and opens into the urethra through the urethral sphincter .
 The bladder muscle squeeze during urination ,and two sphincters open to allow urine to pass through the urethra
 The bladder is empty ,by passing urine through the urethra .incase of male ,urine pass through the penis ,urethra
measures about 8inch.and in women it is about 1.5inch

 EXTERNAL FEATURES

-.APEX – located on the top towards the symphysis pubis, attached to the umbilicus by the umbilical ligament
-BODY- central part of the bladder, locates between the apex and the fundus.
-FUNDUS-located posterior
-NECK- formed by joining the fundus.continous with the urethra.
 POSITION: when empty it is located in the true pelvis, when distended ,rises upto abdominal cavity .in new born
it is abdominal in position

RELATIONS:-
Superior –peritoneum
Inferior –vagina F, Vasdeferns M
Anterior-pubic symphysis
Posterior –supra vaginal part of cervix
SURFACES
Superior –covered with peritoneum ,related to the coils of small intestine .
Infolateral –related to muscle of pelvic floor
Posterior-
Male – related to retrovesical pouch ,lower part is related to seminal vesicles and vas differentia

MUSCLES OF URINARY BLADDER

DETRUSOR MUSCLE :-
Made up of smooth muscle fibers arranged on a spiral longitudinal and circular bundles
LIGAMENTS
True ligaments-around the neck and the base of the bladder .
False –do not provide support for the bladder
LAYERS OF BLADDER WALL
OUTER LAYER–loose connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. Its upper surface is
covered by peritoneum
MIDDLE LAYER –comprises smooth muscle ,known as detrusor muscle receives innervations from
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system .due to this muscle the bladder can hold the urine for specific
time .
 INNER LAYER - lined by transitional epithelium.
 ARTERIAL SUPPLY –In males it is supplied by inferior vesical artery in males and vaginal arteries in female.
 VENOUS DRINAGE –internal iliac veins
 NERVE SUPPLY-sympathetic hypogastric nerves of T12-L2& Parasympathetic pelvic nerves of s2-s4
 LYMPHATICS:External iliac lymph nodes.
UTETHRA;
 Hollow tube located between the bladder and the urinary opening.
 Responsible for transporting urine from the bladder to external opening in the perineum
 Lined with stratified columnar epithelium..
 External and internal sphincter controls the urination.

Male urethra:

 20cm long .
 Begins from the bladder ,passes through the prostate gland and then through the penis lined with mucous
glands called glands littre.
 Secretes semen

DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS

PROSTATIC UREHTRA: 3 cm and passes through the prostate gland .
MEMBRRANOUS URETHRA:1-2 cm long
SPONGYURETHRA :Its about 15cm
FEMALE URETHRA
Thinner than male length is about 3.5.-4 cm
Extends through the urogenital diaphragm descends along with the anterior wall of the vagina and ends at the external
opening of the urethra ,lies between clitoris and the vaginal opening is called vestibule .

URETHRAL SPHINCTERS:
INTERNAL :located between the bladder neck and the upper end of the urethra ;is lined with smooth muscle fibres and
detrusor muscle , the sphincter closes the urethra when the bladder is empty.
EXTERNAL :Located above the urogenital diaphragm .the sphincter consists of circular skeletal muscle fibers innervated
by somatic nerve fibers .