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01 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo || August 2022 ANPH111
Transcribers: Kathleen Venus

OUTLINE  Physiology deals with processes or functions of living

I. TERMINOLOGIES things as an ever-changing organism.
II. ANATOMY  This is to aid in predicting body’s responses to
III. PHYSIOLOGY different stimuli and to understand how the body
IV. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL maintains homeostasis.
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY  Physiology is the science of body functions.
V. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
 there are subdivisions of physiology that focuses on
VI. HOMEOSTASIS
different organizational level such as cellular
VII. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN
physiology and systemic physiology.
VIII. TYPES OF MOVEMENTS
 For the human as a specific organism, the study is
called Human Physiology.
I. TERMINOLOGIES
study of the structures of the
ANATOMY IV. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF
body
THE HUMAN BODY
study of the processes and
PHYSIOLOGY  There are six structural levels that our body can be
functions of the body
studied and these are chemical, cell, tissue, organ,
are the small structures that
ORGANELLES organ system and organism
make up some cells
any living thing considered
A. CHEMICAL LEVEL
as a whole, whether
• Atoms combine to form molecules
composed of one cell, such
ORGANISM • deals with how different atoms like hydrogen and
as a
carbon interact to form molecules.
bacterium, or of trillions of
cells, such as a human
B. CELL LEVEL
is the ability to use energy to
• Molecules for organelles, such as the nucleus and
perform vital functions, such
METABOLISM mitochondria, which make up cells.
as growth, movement,
• In the Cell Level, which is the basic unit of organisms,
and reproduction
we try to correlate how a molecular substance affects
refers to an increase in size
GROWTH a living organism.
of all or part of the organism
• For example, our cells contains nucleus that contains
is the formation of new cells
REPRODUCTION hereditary information. And though cells differ in
or new organisms
structure and function, knowledge of these differences
would greatly help in grasping concepts of anatomy
II. ANATOMY
and physiology.
 is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure
of the body. C. TISSUE LEVEL
 The word anatomy means to dissect, or cut apart and • Similar cells and surrounding materials make up
separate, the parts of the body for study. tissues.
 There are basic approaches in anatomy namely • As an overview, we have epithelial, connective,
Systemic and Regional and two deeper approach muscle and nerve tissues. When two or more tissue
namely Surface Anatomy and Anatomical Imaging types work together to perform one or more functions,
which are two general ways to examine a living person this will be called Organ.
through its internal structures.
D. ORGAN LEVEL
A. SYSTEMATIC • Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the
• Systemic dwells on body systems such as skeletal and urinary bladder.
muscular systems.
E. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
B. REGIONAL • This pertains to group of organs working together to
• reviews specific areas - head, abdomen. sustain a specific function.
• The works of the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureter and
C. SURFACE ANATOMY urethra is an example displaying coordinated function
• focuses study of external features like bony for the urinary system to be efficient in its purpose.
projections. • But though this system has specific roles to perform,
remember that all systems are interrelated.
D. ANATOMICAL IMAGING • A problem on one organ system may have serious
• utilizes different imaging samples like ultrasound and effects on other systems.
X-rays to evaluate internal structures.
F. ORGANISM LEVEL
III. PHYSIOLOGY • Organ systems make up an organism.
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[ANPH111] 1.01 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
• as a living thing considered as a whole, whether is the ability to form new
composed of only one cell such as bacterium, or one organism, giving possibility
Reproduction
that is made of trillions of cells like us human. to tissue repairs and
continuity.
V. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
VI. HOMEOSTASIS
living things are highly  is the ability to maintain balance despite changes in
organized. They have the internal and external environment.
specific interrelationships for  Like temperature regulation as an example, our body
it to perform functions produces sweat (as water) in attempt to lower down
Organization essential for the living body temperature caused by the external environment.
organism to thrive. In effect,  And since homeostasis involves complex
any problems that affects its mechanisms, these regulations are also affected by
organization will greatly different variables. Variables are conditions like
disrupt its function. volume, chemical content and in this case,
is all of the chemical temperature.
reactions taking place in an
 Their values may easily change and so does the
organism. It includes the
response of the organism.
ability of an organism to
break down food molecules,
 Most homeostatic mechanisms are governed by the
nervous system or the endocrine system.
which are used as a source
of energy and raw materials  Homeostasis is maintained by many feedback
Metabolism systems.
to synthesize the organism’s
own molecules. It is the  Each monitored condition in a feedback system, or
ability of the organism to use feedback loop, is termed a controlled condition.
energy to perform functions  Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled
essential to growth, condition is called a stimulus.
movement and even  Some stimuli come from outside the body, while others
reproduction. come from within.
is simply the capability to  If a feedback system reverses the change in the
react or adjust to whether a controlled condition to restore it to the set point, this is
stimulus or a change. For a negative feedback system.
Responsiveness instance, our body perspires  Feedback systems have three other components:
a lot whenever our
temperature rises during hot monitors the controlled
weather. condition and sends
an increase in number or 1. Receptor
information (input) to a
length. In the human body, control center.
growth is an evidence when receives the input, compares
Growth
bones become larger as the it to a set of values that the
number of bone cells controlled condition should
increases. 2. Control Center have (set point) and sends
occurs when an organism output commands (nerve
changes through time. Like impulses or chemical
the developmental changes signals) to an effector.
happening before birth, a receives output commands
human being changes and produces a response
through time. Though growth 3. Effector
that changes the controlled
signifies development, condition.
differentiation also embodies
development. Differentiation VII. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN
can be seen as a change in
Development structure and function A. BODY POSITIONS
from a generalized to a
specialized structures. For
• Descriptions of any part of the human body assume
that the body is in a specific stance called the
example, following
anatomical position.
fertilization, generalized cells
specialize to become • In the anatomical position, the body is upright. This
specific cell types, such as means that the subject stands erect with the head
skin, bone, muscle, or nerve level, eyes facing forward, feet at on the floor, and
cells. These differentiated directed forward, and arms at the sides, with the palms
cells form tissues and turned forward.
organs.

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[ANPH111] 1.01 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo

• two terms describe a reclining body. If the body is C. BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
lying face down, it is in the prone position. If the body • This will help to properly identify specific area/s of a
is lying face up, it is in the supine position. patient body to be evaluated upon.
• the central region of the body consists of the head,
B. DIRECTIONAL TERMS neck, and trunk.
• Directional terms describe parts of the body relative to • The trunk can be divided into the thorax (chest),
each other. Directional terms are generally grouped in abdomen (region between the thorax and pelvis), and
pairs of opposites. pelvis (the inferior end of the trunk associated with the
hips).
• The upper limb is divided into the arm, forearm, wrist,
and hand.
• The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow, and
the forearm extends from the elbow to the wrist.
• The lower limb is divided into the thigh, leg, ankle, and
foot.
• The thigh extends from the hip to the knee, and the leg
extends from the knee to the ankle.

D. ABDOMINAL REGIONS AND QUADRANTS

• One portion of the body that occupies a large area
would be the abdominopelvic cavity.
• Determining exact location of possible problems
concurrent to different organ/s can be difficult.
• For this reason, it was subdivided further into regions
and quadrants.
• It is also best to appreciate that some organs may
extend over multiple quadrants

Right Left
Epigastric
Hypochondriac Hypochondriac
Region
Region Region
Stomach Stomach
Liver
Liver Liver (tip)
Gallbladder
Pancreas Left Kidney
Right Kidney
Right & Left Kidney Spleen
Right Lumbar Left Lumbar
Umbilical Region
Region Region
Liver (tip) Stomach
Small Intestines
Small Intestines Pancreas
Descending Colon
Ascending Colon Small Intestines
Left Kidney
Right Kidney Transverse Colon
Right Iliac Hypogastric
Left Iliac Region
Region Region
Small Intestines
Small Intestines Small Intestines
Appendix
Sigmoid Colon Descending Colon
Cecum and
Bladder Sigmoid Colon
Ascending colon

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[ANPH111] 1.01 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
E. PLANES F. Body Cavities
• Body planes divide the body, even organs, into • The body contains spaces—called cavities—that
sections. house the internal organs.
• The two major body
• cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity.
i. Sagittal Plane
▪ Divides the body lengthwise into right and left
sides.
▪ Called a midsagittal plane if the section is
made exactly at midline
▪ Often used in illustrations to reveal the
organs in the head or pelvic cavity

ii. Frontal Plane

▪ Divides the body lengthwise into
anterior and posterior portions
▪ Also called a coronal plane
▪ Often used in illustrations to
show the contents of the
abdominal and thoracic cavities G. SEROUS MEMBRANES
• serous membranes lines trunk cavities and cover the
organs of these cavities.
• They are filled with minimal fluid to lubricate its
surfaces thereby reducing friction.

iii. Transverse Plane

▪ Divides the body
horizontally into upper (superior) and
lower (inferior) portions
▪ Also called a horizontal
plane
▪ Used by CT scanners to
reveal internal organs

iv. Planes of Section

through an organ
▪ Organs are often
sectioned to reveal
their internal structure
▪ A cut through the
long axis of the organ
is a longitudinal VIII. TYPES OF MOVEMENTS
section A. FLEXION AND EXTENSION
▪ a cut at a right angle • Flexion - is a bending
to the long axis is a movement that decreases
transverse section the angle of the joint to
or Cross Section bring the articulating bones
▪ If a cut is made across the long axis at other than a closer together.
right angle, it is called an oblique section. • Extension - is a
straightening movement
that increases the angle of
the joint to straighten the
articulating bones
• Hyperextension - is usually
defined as extension of a
joint beyond the anatomical
position (180 degrees)

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[ANPH111] 1.01 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
B. DORSIFLEXION AND PLANTAR FLEXION F. CIRCUMDUCTION

• Plantar Flexion - Movement of the • Circumduction - is a combination of

foot toward the plantar surface, as when flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
standing on the toes • It occurs at freely movable joints, such as
the shoulder
• Dorsiflexion - movement of the foot • In circumduction, the arm moves in an
toward the shin, as when walking on the arc so that it traces a cone, with the shoulder joint
heels at the apex of the cone, as occurs when pitching a
baseball

C. ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION

G. ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

• Abduction - (to take away) is movement

away from the midline • Elevation - Elevation moves a structure superiorly

• Depression - depression moves it inferiorly

• Adduction - (to bring together) is movement

toward the midline

• Lateral Flexion - Bending at the waist to one

side is usually called lateral flexion of the
vertebral column

D. ROTATION
• Rotation - is the turning of a structure around its long
axis, as in rotating the head to shake the head “no” or
rotating the arm or the entire body
• Medial Rotation - Medial rotation of the humerus with H. PROTRACTION AND RETRACTION
the forearm flexed brings the hand toward the body
• Lateral Rotation - Lateral rotation of the humerus • Protraction - Protraction is a
moves the hand away from the body gliding motion that moves a structure
in an anterior direction

• Retraction - is a gliding
motion that moves a structure in a
posterior direction

I. EXCURSION

• Lateral excursion - is moving the mandible to either

the right or the left of the midline
E. PRONATION AND SUPINATION
• Medial Excursion - returns the mandible to the
midline position.

• Pronation - Pronation is
rotation of the forearm so that the
palm faces posteriorly in relation to
the anatomical position

• Supination - is rotation of
the forearm so that the palm faces
anteriorly in relation to the
anatomical position.

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[ANPH111] 1.01 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
J. OPPOSITION AND REPOSITION
• Opposition - is a movement unique to the thumb. It
occurs when the thumb and the tip of a finger on the same
hand are brought toward each other across the palm

• Reposition - returns the thumb to the neutral,

anatomical position.

K. INVERSION AND EVERSION

• Inversion - turns the ankle so that

the plantar surface of the foot faces medially,
toward the opposite foot, with the weight on the
outside edge of the foot (rolling out).
• Eversion - turns the ankle so that
the plantar surface faces laterally, with the
weight on the inside edge of the foot (rolling in)

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