UNIVERSITETI I PRISHTINËS ”HASAN PRISHTINA”

Fakulteti i Inxhinierisë Elektrike dhe Kompjuterike

Lënda: Sistemet Operative

Hyrje | Koncepte
Artan Mazrekaj

Prishtinë, 2023

1
 Literatura

➢ Operating System Concepts, 10th edition. Abraham Silberschatz,

Peter B. Galvin, Greg Gagne, 2018.

➢ Modern Operating Systems, 4th Edition. Andrew S. Tanenbaum,

Herbert Bos, 2015.

Të rekomanduara
➢ Survey of Operating Systems, 6th edition. Jane Holcombe, Charles
Holcombe, 2020.

➢ Linux Pocket Guide: Essential Commands, 3th edition. Daniel J.

Barrett, 2016.

➢ C programming: absolute beginner's guide, 3th edition. Greg

Perry and Dean Miller, 2014.
2
 Çka janë Sistemet Operative?

▪ An Operating System (OS) is an intermediary between users and

computer hardware.

▪ The purpose of an OS is to provide an environment in which a user

can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner.

Abstract view of the components of a computer system

3
 Çka janë Sistemet Operative?

“An operating system is similar to a government. Like a government, it

performs no useful function by itself. It simply provides an environment
within which other programs can do useful work”.

4
 Çka janë Sistemet Operative?

▪ An operating system is software that manages a computer’s

hardware.
▪ OSes are everywhere:
✓ in cars
✓ home appliances that include “Internet of Things” devices,
✓ to smartphones,
✓ personal computers,
✓ enterprise computers, and
✓ cloud computing environments.

An operating system is large and complex, it must be created

piece by piece!!!
5
 Çfarë bëjnë Sistemet Operative?

▪ Depends on the point of view:

User View
▪ Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance.
✓ Don’t care about resource utilization.
System View
▪ Shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must
keep all users happy.
Operating system is a resource allocator and control program
making efficient use of hardware and managing execution of
user programs.

▪ Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated

resources but frequently use shared resources from servers.
6
 Çfarë bëjnë Sistemet Operative (vazhd.) ?

▪ Mobile devices like smartphones and tablets are resource poor,

optimized for usability and battery life:
✓ Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens, voice
recognition.

▪ Some computers have little or no user interface, such as

embedded computers in devices and automobiles:
✓ Run primarily without user intervention.

7
 Definicioni i Sistemeve Operative

▪ No universally accepted definition!!!

“The one program running at all times on the computer” is the
kernel, part of the OS.
▪ Everything else is either:
✓ A system program (ships with the OS, but not part of the
kernel) , or
✓ An application program, all programs not associated with the
OS.
▪ Today’s OSes for general purpose and mobile computing also
include middleware – a set of software frameworks that provide
addition services to application developers such as databases,
multimedia, graphics.
8
 Historia e Sistemeve Operative

▪ The first generation (1945–55): vacuum tubes

▪ The second generation (1955–65): transistors and batch systems

▪ The third generation (1965–1980): ICs and multiprogramming

▪ The fourth generation (1980–present): personal computers

▪ The fifth generation (1990–present): mobile computers

9
 Llojet e Sistemeve Operative

▪ Mainframe Operating Systems

▪ Server Operating Systems
▪ Multiprocessor Operating Systems
▪ Personal Computer Operating Systems
▪ Handheld Computer Operating Systems
▪ Embedded Operating Systems
▪ Sensor Node Operating Systems
▪ Real-Time Operating Systems
▪ Smart Card Operating Systems

10
 Organizimi i Sistemit Kompjuterik

▪ Computer-system operation:
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through

common bus providing access to shared memory.

 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles.

A typical PC computer system

11
 Interrupt-et

▪ Interrupts are a key-way in which hardware interacts with the

operating system.
▪ A hardware device triggers an interrupt by sending a signal to
the CPU to alert the CPU that some event requires attention.
▪ Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation
by causing an interrupt.
▪ Each device controller has a local buffer.
▪ Each device controller type has an OS device driver to manage it.
▪ The interrupt is managed by the interrupt handler.

12
 Funksionet e Interrupt-ave

▪ When the CPU is interrupted, it stops what it is doing and

immediately transfers execution to a fixed location.

▪ Interrupts must be handled quickly, as they occur very

frequently.
▪ Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine
generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines.

▪ A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused

either by an error or a user request.

An operating system is interrupt driven!

13
 Computer Startup

▪ Bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot:

✓ Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as
firmware:
→ BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)

✓ Initializes all aspects of system.

✓ Loads OS kernel and starts execution.

14
 Storage Structure

▪ Main memory (RAM) – only large storage media that the CPU can
access directly.

▪ Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides

large non-volatile storage capacity:

→ Hard Disk Drives (HDD) – rigid metal or glass platters covered

with magnetic recording material.

→ A Solid-State Drive (SSD) - store data using flash-based

memory, which is much faster than the traditional hard disks.

→ Non-volatile memory (NVM) devices– faster than hard disks:

- Various technologies
- Becoming more popular as capacity and performance
increases
15
Storage-Device Hierarchy

16
How a modern computer works

A von Neumann architecture

17
 Computer-System Architecture

▪ Single-Processor Systems
✓ Most systems have special-purpose processors as well.

▪ Multiprocessor Systems
✓ On modern computers, from mobile devices to servers,
multiprocessor systems now dominate the landscape of computing.
✓ Also known as parallel systems.

Advantages include:
1. Increased throughput.
2. Economy of scale.
3. Increased reliability – fault tolerance.
Two types:
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing – each processor is assigned a special task.
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing – each processor performs all tasks. 18
 Computer-System Architecture (cont.)

Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

Definitions…

19
 Computer-System Architecture (cont.)

A Dual-Core Design
▪ Multi-chip and multicore
▪ Systems containing all chips
✓ Chassis containing multiple separate
systems.

▪ Blade Servers
✓ Are systems in which multiple
processor boards, I/O boards, and
networking boards are placed in the
same chassis.
20
 Clustered Systems

▪ Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working together

✓ Usually sharing storage via a Storage-Area Network (SAN).
✓ Provides a high-availability service which survives failures:
▪ Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby mode.
▪ Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running applications,
monitoring each other.
✓ Some clusters are for High-Performance Computing (HPC)
▪ Applications must be written to use parallelization

21
 Multiprogramming and Multitasking

▪ Multiprogramming needed for efficiency:

 Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times
 Multiprogramming organizes jobs, so CPU always has one to execute
 One job selected and run via job scheduling
 When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job

▪ Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU switches jobs so

frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating
interactive computing
 Response time should be < 1 second
 Each user has at least one program executing in memory process
 If several jobs ready to run at the same time  CPU scheduling
 If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run
 Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory
22
The slides are adapted from: Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer
Galvin, and Greg Gagne, “Operating System Concepts”, Tenth
Edition

23
Pyetje dhe Diskutime ?

24