Learner Centredness

key concepts in elt
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Learner-centredness
Nicholas Bremner
‘Learner-centredness’, or ‘student-centredness’, has become a frequently

used buzzword in education and ELT more specifically. However, it is
subject to multiple interpretations, and has been defined inconsistently
in the literature (Neumann 2013; Starkey 2017). In many cases, ‘learner-
centred’ seems to be used as a ‘hooray word’ (Harber and Davies 1997:
111); that is to say, a term that is advocated on a theoretical or political
level, but may mean relatively little in practice.
Learner-centredness is a complex phenomenon which cannot be tied
down to a specific set of methods, techniques or activities (Tudor 1996).
Moreover, it is clear that the distinction between ‘teacher-centredness’ and
‘learner-centredness’ does not represent a binary opposition (Elen et al.
2007). Schweisfurth (2013) argues that a transition towards learner-centred
education implies not only changes in technique (i.e. what teachers do with
learners in the classroom), but also shifts in learner motivation (from extrinsic
to intrinsic), a movement towards more democratic relationships between
teacher and students, and a shift in epistemology from students acquiring a
fixed body of knowledge towards potentially creating new knowledge.
In his influential book The Learner-centred Curriculum, Nunan (1988) argues
that a learner-centred classroom implies considering learners’ prior knowledge
and experiences, involving learners in decision-making processes, and
encouraging them to take increased responsibility for their learning, including
developing their ability to ‘learn how to learn’. Several other ELT authors have
interpreted learner-centredness in a similar way (e.g. Tudor 1996).
In contrast, Jones’s (2007) frequently cited handbook The Student-
centred Classroom, whilst agreeing with Nunan in many areas such
as the importance of learner autonomy, places more emphasis on
real-life communication and active participation in learning tasks,
aspects that Nunan mentions only relatively briefly. It could be argued
that Jones’s interpretation associates learner-centredness very closely
with communicative language teaching, an interpretation that is not
uncommon in the ELT literature (cf. Jacobs and Farrell 2001).
Most notably for those who share Nunan’s perspective on learner-
centredness, Jones (2007: 2) states that a learner-centred classroom
‘isn’t a place where the students decide what they want to learn and
ELT Journal Volume 75/2 April 2021; doi:10.1093/elt/ccab002 213

© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press; all rights reserved.
what they want to do’ but is rather ‘a place where we consider the needs
of the students, as a group and as individuals, and encourage them to
participate in the learning process all the time’. This demonstrates that
some teachers may interpret learner-centredness not in terms of learner
control over decision-making, but rather as a question of keeping them as
active as possible. This would seem to encompass Schweisfurth’s notions
of technique (and possibly motivation), without perhaps implying much
change in terms of relationships or epistemology.
The wide variety of possible interpretations of the concept is illustrated
in a recent meta-analysis, which analysed the definitions of learner-
centredness in 326 academic journal articles published between 2010
and 2019 (Bremner 2020). The meta-analysis reveals six distinct, albeit
somewhat overlapping, characteristics of learner-centredness:
1 Active participation (mentioned in 87 percent of definitions in the meta-
analysis)—learners are encouraged to participate as much as possible
in ‘hands-on’ learning activities; they ‘learn by doing’, both individually
and through their interactions with others.
2 Adapting to needs (64 percent)—learning is tailored to meet learner
needs (including their affective needs—see, for example, Tangney
2014) and, where possible, builds on learners’ current knowledge and
experiences. Interestingly, some interpretations of learner-centredness
suggest that adapting to learner needs, even if this means using
traditionally ‘teacher-centred’ methods, is enough to define teaching as
‘learner-centred’ (e.g. Croft 2002). However, others have argued that,
in such cases, a more appropriate term would be learning-centred (e.g.
O’Sullivan 2004).
3 Autonomy (60 percent)—learners are encouraged to work
independently both inside and outside the classroom, and to develop
learning strategies to help them learn more effectively in the future.
4 Relevant skills (57 percent)—learners develop knowledge and skills
that they are likely to need in real-world situations. These may include
‘higher-order’ skills such as creativity and critical thinking.
5 Power sharing (47 percent)—learners are given more choice and control
over the content and process of their learning. This also incorporates
the idea of more equal relationships between teachers and learners, and
the idea that learners may not only learn existing knowledge but are
capable of contributing to knowledge.
6 Formative assessment (19 percent)—learners are assessed not only to
be given a grade, but also to be supported in their overall learning
development; learning is seen as a process as opposed to a product.
The range of interpretations above demonstrates the difficulty of
providing a unified, one-size-fits-all definition of learner-centredness.
Indeed, although certain aspects may be more universally accepted than
others (compare the percentages for 1 and 6 above, for example) and
some, such as mutual respect between teachers and students, may be
non-negotiable in all contexts (cf. Schweisfurth’s (2013: 146) ‘minimum
standards’), there have been calls for a more flexible approach to definition
of the term (Wang 2007; Bremner 2020). This is especially relevant given
evidence that learner-centredness may be interpreted in different ways
214 Nicholas Bremner

in different contexts. For example, power sharing above was mentioned
in a much lower percentage of texts from East Asia compared to other
cultural macro-regions (Bremner 2020). These findings support the work
of Wang (2007: 248), who found that Chinese primary school language
teachers adopted their own, culturally grounded interpretations of the
concept, which incorporated several of the above aspects (notably active
participation, autonomy and adapting to needs), but nevertheless remained
largely ‘teacher-directed’, with the teacher ultimately responsible for
adapting to learner needs. Learner-centredness has been criticized by
some as being an ethnocentric, solely ‘Western’ concept (e.g. Guthrie
2011). However, allowing for flexibility of interpretation limits the
weight of such criticisms. What is perhaps most important, from both a
theoretical and a practical perspective, is that teachers, teacher educators,
policymakers, and academics should be as clear as possible about what
they mean when they refer to the term, so that, where possible, there can
be a reduction in the ambiguity caused by multiple interpretations.
Final version received December 2020
Nicholas Bremner
Bath Spa University, UK
n.bremner@bathspa.ac.uk
References Neumann, J. W. 2013. ‘Developing a New Framework

Bremner, N. 2020. ‘The Multiple Meanings of for Conceptualizing “Student-centered Learning”’.
“Student-centred” or “Learner-centred” Education, The Educational Forum 77/2: 161–75.
and the Case for a More Flexible Approach to Nunan, D. 1988. The Learner-centred Curriculum.
Defining It’. Comparative Education (advance access). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
doi:10.1080/03050068.2020.1805863 O’Sullivan, M. 2004. ‘The Reconceptualisation
Croft, A. 2002. ‘Singing under a Tree: Does Oral of Learner-centred Approaches: A Namibian
Culture Help Lower Primary Teachers to Be Learner- Case Study’. International Journal of Educational
centred?’. International Journal of Educational Development 24/6: 585–602.
Development 22/3–4: 321–37. Schweisfurth, M. 2013. Learner-Centred Education in
Elen, J., G. Clarebout, R. Léonard, and J. Lowyck. International Perspective: Whose Pedagogy for Whose
2007. ‘Student-centred and Teacher-centred Learning Development? London: Routledge.
Environments: What Students Think’. Teaching in Starkey, L. 2017. ‘Three Dimensions of Student-
Higher Education 12/1: 105–17. centred Education: A Framework for Policy and
Guthrie, G. 2011. The Progressive Education Fallacy in Practice’. Critical Studies in Education 60/3:
Developing Countries: In Favour of Formalism. New 375–90.
York: Springer. Tangney, S. 2014. ‘Student-centred Learning:
Harber, C. and L. Davies. 1997. School Management A Humanist Perspective’. Teaching in Higher
and Effectiveness in Developing Countries (Second Education 19/3: 266–75.
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Jacobs, G. M. and T. S. C. Farrell. 2001. ‘Paradigm Education. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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