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PPS Unit-5-Structures

Structures allow grouping of different data types under a single name to represent a record like a book with title, author, subject and ID. When a structure is defined, no memory is allocated but memory is allocated when a structure variable is declared. Structure members are accessed using the dot (.) operator between the structure variable name and member name. Structures can be passed to functions by passing the structure variable. Structure members can also be accessed using pointers to the structure by dereferencing with * or using -> operator.

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149 views5 pages

PPS Unit-5-Structures

Structures allow grouping of different data types under a single name to represent a record like a book with title, author, subject and ID. When a structure is defined, no memory is allocated but memory is allocated when a structure variable is declared. Structure members are accessed using the dot (.) operator between the structure variable name and member name. Structures can be passed to functions by passing the structure variable. Structure members can also be accessed using pointers to the structure by dereferencing with * or using -> operator.

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Sanat Narang
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Structures

Structure is a user defined data type which allows you to combine data items of different
data-types under a single name.
Structures are used to represent a record.
E.g. To keep track of books in a library, we will create a structure “book”, which will contain
following attributes:
- Title
- Author
- Subject
- BookID

Syntax of a structure:
struct [structure tag]
{
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
} [one or more structure variables];

NOTE: When a structure is created, no memory is allocated. Memory only gets allocated when
we declare the structure variable, also called the instance of a structure.
Example:

struct Person
{
char name[50];
int age;
float salary;
}p1;

// Here “p1” is the structure variable. When the structure variable is created, the memory will
be allocated.
In the above example, the memory allocated to p1 will be?
Ans: 50*1 + 4*1 + 4*1 = 58 bytes
Accessing structure variables:
To access any member of a structure, we use the member access operator (.). The member
access operator is coded as a period between the structure variable name and the structure
member that we wish to access. You would use struct keyword to define variables of structure
type.
E.g.
bill.age = 50;

Example of a structure:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

struct Person
{
char name[50];
int age;
float salary;
}p1;

int main()
{
//Person p1;

cout << "Enter Full name: ";


cin.get(p1.name, 50);
cout << "Enter age: ";
cin >> p1.age;
cout << "Enter salary: ";
cin >> p1.salary;

cout << "\nDisplaying Information." << endl;


cout << "Name: " << p1.name << endl;
cout <<"Age: " << p1.age << endl;
cout << "Salary: " << p1.salary;

return 0;
}

Output:
Enter Full name: Ankita Singh
Enter age: 27
Enter salary: 90000

Displaying Information.
Name: Ankita Singh
Age: 27
Salary: 90000

Passing a structure to a function:

struct Person
{
char name[50];
int age;
float salary;
};

void displayData(Person); // Function declaration

int main()
{
Person p;

cout << "Enter Full name: ";


cin.get(p.name, 50);
cout << "Enter age: ";
cin >> p.age;
cout << "Enter salary: ";
cin >> p.salary;

// Function call with structure variable as an argument


displayData(p);

return 0;
}

void displayData(Person p)
{
cout << "\nDisplaying Information." << endl;
cout << "Name: " << p.name << endl;
cout <<"Age: " << p.age << endl;
cout << "Salary: " << p.salary;
}

Output:

Enter Full name: Ankita Singh


Enter age: 27
Enter salary: 90000

Displaying Information.
Name: Ankita Singh
Age: 27
Salary: 90000

NOTE: Structure p is passed to a function using:

displayData(p);
Pointers to Structures

Member variables of a structure can also be accessed using pointers that point to the structure
variables.

Example:

struct Distance
{
int feet;
float inch;
};

int main()
{
Distance *ptr, d;

ptr = &d;

cout << "Enter feet: ";


cin >> (*ptr).feet; // ptr->feet;
cout << "Enter inch: ";
cin >> (*ptr).inch; // ptr->inch;

cout << "Displaying information." << endl;


cout << "Distance = " << (*ptr).feet
<< " feet " << (*ptr).inch << " inches";

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter feet: 4
Enter inch: 6
Displaying information.
Distance = 4 feet 6 inches

NOTE: In the above program, pointer variable ‘ptr’ and structure variable ‘d’ are of type
structure ‘Distance’.

Since ptr is pointing to d, so (*ptr).inch is equivalent to d.inch.

However, when we are accessing using pointers, then  operator is better than the dot(.)
operator as its higher in the hierarchy of operators.
ptr->feet is same as (*ptr).feet
ptr->inch is same as (*ptr).inc

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