“A STUDY ON EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF WAREHOUSE

MANAGEMENT”
Submitted to Bharathiar University, Coimbatore in partial fulfillment of therequirements for
the award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

By

B.MOHAMED FAIZ

(RegNo: 21MBA124)

Under the guidance of

DR.D. SHOBANA.R

Asst. Professor

OCTOBER 2022

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (PG) HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ARTS

AND SCIENCE(Autonomous)

(Approved by AICTE New Delhi and Affiliated to Bharathiar

University) (ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)

Behind Nava India, Coimbatore – 641028

2022 - 2023
 CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the Project report, entitled “A STUDY ON EFFICIENCY AND
EFFECTIVENESS OF WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT”, submitted to the Bharathiar

University, Coimbatore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION is a record of original
research work done B.MOHAMED FAIZ (21MBA124) during the period June 2022 to
July 2022 under my supervision and guidance and the report has not formed the basis for
the award of any Degree / Diploma / Associate ship / Fellowship or other similar title of
any candidate of any University.

Signature of the Guide

COUNTER SIGNED BY

DIRECTOR PRINCIPAL

VIVA-VOCE EXAMINATION HELD ON -----------------------------------------

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any successful completion of task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who
made this possible with constant guidance and encouragement. I wish to extend my gratitude to
our principal Dr.A. PONNUSAMY, MSW, M.Phil., MBA, PGDPM, DLL, Ph.D. Hindustan
college of arts and science for providing the facilities for carry out this institutional training. I
express my deepest thanks to the Director of Department of Business Administration (PG) Dr. B.
SUDHAKAR, B.Tech. MBA., PGDHE., Ph.D. for their careful and precious guidance who gave
opportunity for me to attend this graceful project. It is my radiant sentiment to place on record
my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to DR.SHOBANA.R Assistant. Professor Department
of Business Administration (PG) for his valuable guidance, advice, support and encouragement
to complete this project successfully. I extend my thanks to all the faculty members of our
department for the kind co-operation. I wish to express my love and affection to my parents for
their support to complete this project. I express my sincere thanks to my friends who were
supporting me.
CERTIFICATE
 CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION: Logistics is the process of planning,
implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective
flow and storage of raw materials, in-process inventory,
finished goods and related information from point of
origin to point of consumption for the purpose of meting
customer requirements. India has become the prime
destination for logistics service providers all over the
world. The demand for logistics Services in India has been
largely driven by the remarkable growth of the economy.
Many large multinationals from the retail industry are
planning to set up operation in India and large local
retailers are also planning to expand their operations. But
with then infrastructure largely under-developed and
incapable of catering to a growing economy, logistics
management in India becomes too complex. India is
emerging as one of the world's leading consumer markets
with the raise of middle-income group. The logistics
industry is also hampered by low rates of technology
adoption and poor skill levels. On the technology front the
industry now seems to be paying serious attention with use
of RFID, vehicle tracking technologies, warehouse
management systems etc.

Warehouse management encompasses the

principles and processes involved in running the day-to-
day operations of a warehouse. At a high level, this
includes receiving and organizing warehouse space,
scheduling labor, managing inventory and fulfilling orders.
Zoom in closer and you’ll see that effective warehouse
management involves optimizing and integrating each of
those processes to ensure all aspects of a warehouse
operation work together to increase productivity and keep
costs low.

Warehouse operations are generally invisible to customers,

but they play a vital behind-the- scenes role in ensuring
on-time delivery. To achieve this goal, good warehouse
management ensures all warehouse processes run as
efficiently and accurately as possible. For example,
warehouse management involves optimizing the use of
warehouse space to maximize inventory storage; making
inventory easy for staff to find; ensuring adequate staffing;
efficiently fulfilling orders; and coordinating
communication with suppliers and transportation
companies so materials arrive and orders ship on time.

The benefits of good warehouse management namely fast,

high-quality service at low cost—can ripple out to the
entire supply chain, strengthening relationships with
suppliers as well as customers.
1
But given the
many elements
involved,
optimizing
warehouse
management can
be a complex task.
That’s why many
organizations are
turning to
warehouse
management
systems for help.

A warehouse
management
system (WMS) is a
software solution
that aims to
simplify the
complexity of
managing a
warehouse. Often
provided as part of
an integrated
enterprise resource
planning (ERP)
suite of business
applications, a
WMS can support
and help to
optimize every
aspect of
warehouse
management. For
example, a WMS
can:

2
Leverage data and automation to conduct demand analyses, forecast sales and create efficient
daily operating plans.

Provide real-time insight into inventory location and quantity.

Share data with other ERP modules or standalone software products, such as accounting
software and transportation management solutions, to increase the efficiency of business
operations.
Monitor and report productivity to offer a deeper understanding of how efficiently your
warehouse is operating and where you can make improvements to warehouse geography and
optimize space.
Create step by step directions to guide users through daily processes—such as receiving, picking
and packing orders—using predefined rules.

Efficiency is a key element for optimizing stock control within warehouses and this is portrayed
through the receiving, stocking and returning of products. ASN verification and labeling in the
receiving area ensures 100% of incoming materials are barcode which, in turn, ensures items are
ready for scanning and for other warehouse management automated processes.

Throughout the putting-away and receiving process, using mobile printers and handheld
computers can improve the processing time by 62%, saving up to 30 minutes per day per worker.
Wireless LAN enables real-time access to WMS, meaning the status of a return can be instantly
updated and validated with immediate action for repair or issue of customer credit, thus
improving the efficiency of the warehouse.

Optimizing stock control through storage and inventory management can lead to further success.
Without an automated system, companies will find it difficult to know what they have in stock
within their warehouse, and this can lead to negative efficiency as it leads up to excess inventory
build-up or unexpected shortages. With barcode inventory systems and RFID technologies, it
will reduce the time it takes to identify and track inventory.

3
 INDUSTRY PROFILE:

Excel Plast is well known for supreme quality plastic components and sub assemblies to Automotive,
Healthcare and Electrical and Electronics sectors. Excel Plast is technology-focused, quality-oriented
and value-driven to provide cost effective moulding solutions to our customers.

The year was 1998. It was a small amount of investment on two merely two injection moulding
machines. But, the commitment to excel, passion for quality and aspiration for innovation were
enormous.

Today, we have achieved the status of ‘Single Stop Moulding Solutions.’ We have harvested many
renowned customers and amassed goodwill – thanks to our 50+ state-of-art machines, world class
toolroom, capability to offer dedicated production line, and certified quality processes.

Excel Plast strives to set the benchmark for quality and exceed customer expectations worldwide
through commitment, dedication, innovation and quality-focused work in the automotive sector. Our
rich expertise and unique capabilities in the automotive sector helps us to bring in repeat business

 Excel Plast has state-of-art exclusive manufacturing facility to meet diverse customer requirements.
With a hygienic shop floor, the products manufactured are entirely free from defects and quality issues.

Excel Plast has highly trained manpower to handle entire production operations. Our major capabilities
include design and manufacturing of precision moulds and mouldings; vertical injection moulding for
insert moulding and expertise in high volume engineering plastic parts. We have a state-of-art tool room
with 1 million shots guaranty.

4
 COMPANY PROFILE:

Excel Plast strives to set the benchmark for quality and exceed customer expectations worldwide
through commitment, dedication, innovation and quality-focused work in the automotive sector. Our
rich expertise and unique capabilities in the automotive sector helps us to bring in repeat business, while
ensuring better Return on Investment (ROI). Excel Plast delivers latest technologies infused with ethical
business strategies. Our people are our strength. More than technology and infrastructure, the quality of
our people makes us unique and stand apart.

Effective control plans and procedures are formulated for incoming material. Systematic sampling, in-
house testing and inspection facilities further strengthen these controls. Excel Plast delivers latest
technologies infused with ethical business strategies. Our people are our strength. More than technology
and infrastructure, the quality of our people makes us unique and stand apart. Tools such as 8D
technique, 5 Why analysis, ISHIKAWA diagrams, Drill Deep Worksheets, etc. are being utilized for
problem solving by implementing appropriate corrective and preventive actions.

Excel Plast has carved its own niche by aiming at highly critical and precision oriented Industrial
sectors. We serve these segments by exploring innovations in our processing methods, achieving quality
certifications on a regular basis and deploying cutting-edge technology machines.

In the industry for close to two decades, our expert tea has great potential and knowledge to offer best-in
class services. We ensure that care is taken over every moulding as well as customer account.

o Tool Development
o Validation and Qualification
o Injection Moulding
o Sub Assemblies
o Measuring & Testing
o Turn key Projects

5
TOOL DEVELOPMENT

Excel Plast possesses rich experience and expertise in the design, specification and development of tools

for diverse customers. We utilize advance technologies such as 3D CAD and CAM software in our tool

development process.
VALIDATION AND QUALIFICATION

Excel Plast is capable of proactively addressing design or development flaws and ensures long-lasting

endurance of our products. Validation and qualification are our lifeline that help us to sustain and thrive

in the industry. We use world-class standards and systems to ensure that perfect quality is achieved in

every stage of our production and delivery.

INJECTION MOULDING

Excel Plast’s complete range of injection moulding machines has the ability to fulfill the diverse scope

of our customers’ needs. Excel Plast produces a wide variety of plastic injection moulded parts, for

applications in the Automotive, Healthcare and Electrical and Electronics sectors.

SUB ASSEMBLIES

We are actively engaged in offering premium quality sub assemblies. Fabricated utilising sheet metal as

well as heavy cross sections, our products are extensively used in diverse applications across many

industries. Excel Plast can offer a cost-effective solution to supply as well as assemble your products in

a perfect manner. Wide range of assembly services to ensure an integrated solution is our forte.
MEASURING & TESTING

We have dedicated and skilled staff for Measuring and Testing. Excel Plast is capable enough to supply

complete product ranges. Right from sourcing components, through assembly, measuring and testing,

we take complete control all the way. Traceability is always assured at Excel Plast.
TURN KEY PROJECTS

Excel Plast possesses the state-of-art facilities,We are capable of providing tool design and

6
development, Specialised production machinery, and the packaging, that will ensure that your product

7
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF STUDY:

MEANING:
Warehousing plays a significant role in the overall Logistics Management process. This paper focuses
on “back to the basics” that are fundamental for warehouses to achieve both efficiency and effectiveness
in logistics management process. An attempt has been made to study thewarehousing network strategies
and the loading and unloading methods adopted for material handling purposes in the warehouses. In
today’s highly competitive global marketplace, the pressure on organizations to find new ways to create
value and deliver it to their customers grows ever stronger. The increasing need for industry to compete
with its products in a global market across cost, quality and service dimensions has given rise to the
need to develop more efficient warehousing strategies.

EFFICIENCY OF WAREHOUSING:
Warehousing has come to be recognized as a distinct function with the rise of mass production systems.
Warehousing is the storage of goods, whereas distribution center precedes a post-production warehouse
for finished goods held for distribution. Therefore, warehousing and distribution centres basically have
the same function of goods and products storage (Coyle at el, 2003 ). The warehouse and distribution
centres are very important nodes in a supply chain network. They perform valuable functions that
support the movement of materials, storing goods, processing products, de-aggregating vehicle loads,
creating stock keeping unit assortments and assembling shipments (Andre Langevin and Riopel Diana,
2005). The efficient management of warehouses helps to optimise the existing production and
distribution processes and greatly assist in the goal of cost reduction and service enhancement.

EFFECTIVENESS OF WAREHOUSING:
In today’s competitive environment, companies must operate at maximum efficiency and provide
superior service to ensure profitability. Three factors has been found to affect efficiency and
effectiveness of the warehouse operations with respect to fast moving consumer goods industry such as
simplicity/complexity of the warehouse management systems, product slotting techniques and layout
planning of the warehouse (Lakmal AGDP and Wickramarachchi WADN, 2011). The organizations
ability to effectively manage the warehouse, reduce costs and fulfillment operations is critical to their
success. It is pertinent to mention that the organizations face great challenges in managing
warehouses.The role and importance of warehouses in American economy has been altered to great
extent due to changes in the way of raw materials, intermediate goods, and finished products (John and
Bowen, 2008). In the current scenario when customer satisfaction and service have become a prime
reason for a business to stand apart from its competition, the need for effective warehouse management
is largely seen more as a necessity.

8
 NEED FOR WAREHOUSING:
Warehousing network plays a major role in the success of the physical distribution of
products. It is observed that the leading firms adopt and implement the different warehousing
strategies such as capacity switching, hub networking, cobbling and outsourcing (Sople V.V,
2010). Both the analytic and simulation models are proposed for improving warehouse
design practices. Analytic models are usually design-oriented, explore many alternatives
quickly to find solutions. On the other hand, simulation models are usually analysis oriented.
They provide an assessment of a given design, but usually have limited capability for
exploring the design space. There is an important need to integrate both approaches to
achieve more flexibility in analyzing warehouse problems (Gu Jinxiang, 2010).Besides the
new trends in supply chains, technology development also has a large impact on
warehousing. Many operations which used to be done manually have now been mechanized
or even automated. In an automated warehouse, robots might be used to stack incoming
products on pallets. The content of each pallet is communicated to the central computer
which assigns the pallet to an empty location in the storage area. Conveyors or Guided
Vehicles are used to transport the incoming pallets to the storage buffer and automated
Storage/Retrieval machines are used to store the pallet at the right position in the storage area
(Yu Mengfei, 2008).

OPTIMIZE WAREHOUSE STORAGE:

In the modern world More consumers are shopping online, which means a greater demand for
suppliers and a growing need to expand inventory. In addition, a 2018 study shows that customers are
demanding more personalization and customization options in the products they buy.
More product variants mean increased inventory as more SKUs are added to your warehouse.
While warehouse square footage space doesn’t cost as much as other commercial property, it’s
not always easy to expand.
Setting up a second fulfillment location or expanding an existing one can be costly. We found estimates in a
wide range. Some as low as $10,000, and others over $300,000. Where you’re opening your new location
factors in heavily to the price.Instead, you should first optimize the space you have. Build storage upward
and see if you can add extra storage aisles by minimizing the distance between aisles. One way to do this is
to create alternating one-way aisles instead of two-way traffic aisles.

In addition to getting more storage from your warehouse space, this can greatly improve the
efficiency of stow and pick:
 Equipment handlers can access the aisle on either side of the aisle while picking or stowing
 Minimizes equipment collisions with one-way traffic
 Minimize travel time from aisle to aisle
 Improves warehouse safety by eliminating the need for employees to exit equipment
In 2016, Johnson Controls used logistics software when optimizing a new warehouse. The logistics
simulation software helped the company design the most efficient warehouse layout and
operation of the new space and improved picking capacity by 30%.

9
Optimizing the design and flow of your warehouse can significantly increase storage as well as
productivity and performance. Most small businesses don’t have the capital to sink into costly
warehouse planning systems.
IMPROVE PICK AND STOW ROUTES IN YOUR WAREHOUSE:
One of the biggest resource consumers in warehouses is the amount of time spent by pickers moving
between orders and locating product to be picked.
In fact, labor constitutes about 65% of the operating budget for the average warehouse and studies show
that order picking counts for roughly 60% of a warehouse’s labor cost.
You can reduce a good chunk of that overhead cost by implementing a supply chain management
system. When implemented, this system records all product data and its location in the warehouse. As
your warehouse receives products, the system will direct where those products are placed.
In addition, a good order fulfillment system will optimize the walking path for pickers. Based on
product variables and incoming orders, the system will provide pickers with an optimal route through
the warehouse from product to product. This greatly reduces the time spent walking and searching for
product which is a drain on budget as well as employee energy.

UPGRADE MOBILE TECHNOLOGY IN YOUR WAREHOUSE:

Most businesses understand that technology can improve efficiency and increase order handling speed. That
all equates to cost savings, but only if you’re using the right equipment that’s up to date. 67% of warehouses
plan to use mobile devices to manage inventory in the future.
And that’s a smart investment.
Most people think of barcode scanners when they picture warehouse mobile devices. However, your
employees can also use smartphones and tablets loaded with a system, like Logiwa, to receive pick orders
and optimal picking routes. Thanks to WiFi, they can be anywhere in your warehouse and receive the order.
Ergonomically designed handheld devices may have a leg up on other mobile devices. Besides helping your
employees avoid injury, they can perform many of the same functions. They also come equipped with RFID
scanners, cameras, and touchscreens.
Upgrading technology, including mobile systems and the use of pick-to-light, RFID, and pick-to-voice
tech, reduces picking error rates by 67% compared to aging manual methods. That’s a significant cost
savings when you calculate the costs associated with processing order returns, shipping costs, labor-related
to customer experience, customer credits, and more.

CREATE AN INVENTORY REVIEW PROCESS:

We may be getting products out to customers more efficiently than ever before, but that’s not reducing
the amount of time product lingers in your warehouse. According to Supply Chain Digest, companies
are still holding on to more inventory – likely related to the increase in the number of SKUs being
stocked each day.
The amount of inventory on hand based on an average sales day has risen by 8.3% over the last 5 years.
This is where you need to use data to review your inventory because dead inventory filling your
warehouse costs you money.
Optimize your inventory by looking at metrics. Audit your inventory and identify the inventory that’s
not moving. Metrics to monitor include:

10
 Average days to sell inventory
 The inventory turnover rate of products
 The return on investment and how it diminishes based on how long you hold the product
 Gross profit of products (price minus cost to make, hold, and sell the product)
Holding inventory for too long eats at profit margins and costs you money. Find a way to move those
products and/or eliminate them from your inventory.

11
.

Warehouse photos:

12
 VEHICLE OUTING PROCESS ARE :

 E way bill – vehicle number

A E waybill is a document issued by a carrier giving details and
instructions relating consignment of goods. Typically it will show the
names of the consignor and consignee, the point of origin of the
consignment, its destination, and route.
 Weighment process:
 The purpose of weighing, then, is to compare the quantity of matter in a specific object
with the quantity of matter in a given standard - a gram or kilogram weight.
 Vehicle –invoice weight
 Seal checking for purpose
 Quantity of the goods
 Weighment again process.

13
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
The researchers have made concerted efforts in area of supply chain management and

manufacturing process cycle. In this context this section provides some important works and findings

of various authorities on the study of SCM concepts, applications, manufacturing area among others.

Ford, D (1990) model has four theoretical assumptions in the interaction model, firstly, that

both buyer and sellers are active participants. Secondly, the buyer, supplier relationships are frequently

long term, enduring and involve a complex pattern of interactions between companies. Thirdly, these

links often become institutionalized into respected roles which can involve both cooperation and

conflict. And finally, the focus of such relations is on raw material or component supply. Accordingly,

the buyer- supplier relationship forms the unit of analysis and equal attention is paid to industrial

marketing and purchasing.

Christopher, M.C. (1998) logistics and supply chain management strategies are reducing cost

and improving service. Martin Christopher describes the goal of supply chain management as to link

market place, the distribution network, the manufacturing process and the procurement activity in such

a way that customers are higher levels and yet at lower cost, he discusses the role of logistics in

achieving these goals. He outlines how service levels can be used to segment markets and explores

appropriate measures to assess logistics productivity and service performance. This practical guide

provides information on how to map and audit logistics systems, describes how greater supply chain

responsiveness can be achieved through lead time reduction.

Petrovic et al (1998) described a fuzzy model and simulation of supply chain in an uncertain

environment. The objective of the fuzzy model is to determine the stock level and order quantities for

14
each inventory in supply chain during a finite time horizon. Uncertainty inherent in the customer

demand and external supply of raw materials are integrated and represented by fuzzy sets.

Lambert, D.M. and Cooper, M.C. (2000) presents a framework for supply chain management

raises questions related to implementation and suggested avenues for future research. From case study

findings they report up on three elements of supply chain management: supply chain network

structures, supply chain business processes and supply chain management components. The authors

argue that successful SCM requires integrating business processes with key members of the supply

chain. Four different types of business process links are identified: managed business links, monitored

business process links, not managed business process links and non-member business process links.

Laming., Johnsen, T., Zheng., and Harland. (2000) they practically explores how supplied

networks of different types can be managed. Since networks tend to cross sector boundaries, these

authors argue for a contingent approach to network management

defines supply networks as sets of supply chains, describing the flow of goods and services from

original sources to end customers. Drawing upon existing supply chain categories and the strategic

management literature that relates to innovation, a new supply network categorization based on

product type is proposed with several key management differences: the nature of information, and

knowledge sharing, the relative emphasis on cost, service, quality and innovation and network

complexity.

S.ShamSundar (2000) considered supply cost benefits in SCM in BHPV has and revealed

the following results.

15
Delight Customers: Better price value offering achieved by reengineering and reconfiguring process

and resulted in the costs.

SCM Strategies: It encompassed all the processes from mother earth to point of sale. Seamless flow of

material and information is the key for supply chain. This helped in reducing the inventory, which in

turn lead to low costs and increased the flexibility and improved price value offerings. This has

resulted in reducing the indigenous inventory level in BHPV (before it merged with BHEL) to two

days in 1998-99 from nine days in 1995-96.

Extended Enterprise: BHPV trusted its vendors to the extent of asking them to do self-inspection of

parts supplied by them and by not going in for a second quality check at the factory point. This has

resulted in minimizing duplication of work and thus avoiding the performance non-value adding

activities.

Modularization: The key area of focus for BHPV, modularization has encouraged, proximity

warehousing by locating most vendors close to the factory unit. This had resulted in the organization

addressing the specific problems of a particular set of vendors.

Harland., Lamming., Zheng. and Johnsen. (2001) defined supply networks as inter connected

entities whose primary purpose is the procuring, use, and transformation of resources to provide goods

and services .

This positions supply networks as a more complex concept and develops an empirically derived

taxonomy. Drawing upon an exploratory survey, eight in-depth cases and structured telephone survey

encompassing in total 136 firms, the research focuses particularly on how these four types of supply

network are created and operated. Nine different types of coordinating and managing activities (partner

selection, resource integration, information processing, knowledge capture social coordination, risk

16
and benefit sharing, decision making, conflict resolution and motivation) are identified.

Gadde, L-E., and Hakansson, H. (2002) focus their research on the supply side of the

companies and summarizes 25 years of research in the area of purchasing. Its main focus is on current

issues related to developing appropriate supplier relations and combining these relationships into

efficient supply networks. Divided into three parts, the first part deals with an exploration of the

challenges facing the purchasing function. The second part explores network analysis from an

interactional view point. Purchasing and activity, resource and actor structures are considered in turn.

In part three, these orders turn to consider how the boundaries of a firm determine the nature of

supplier relationships and how supply networks can be designed. They conclude by considering how

efficiency may be determined for different units of analysis.

Heikkila, J. (2002) presents a case study of six customer cases of Nokia networks to

address the research questions, how do companies in fast growing industries achieve good customer

satisfaction together with efficiency in SCM? Results are organized into three areas: demand chain

structure, customer supplier relationships and demand chain performance.

Research findings are summarized in a demand chain management model, which consists of

five propositions. 1. Good relationship characteristics contribute to reliable information flows. 2.

Reliable information flows contribute high efficiency. 3. Understanding the customer situation and

need to good relationship characteristics contribute to cooperation between the customer and supplier.

4. Good cooperation in implementing demand chain improvement contributes to high efficiency and

high customer satisfaction. 5. High customer satisfaction contributes to good relationship

characteristics.

17
 Kemppinen, K. and Vepsalainen, A.P.J (2003) Drawing upon survey research conducted

across six supply chain in the finish electronics, mechanics and paper industries, these researchers

argue that the management and structure of 1990s supply chains has transformed from the linear flow

of materials to a multi-tier structure enabled by information sharing and collaborative planning. A

distinction is drawn between efficiency driven and platform-based networks. Though coordination

efforts remain limited to order process and operational scheduling, specialization and outsourcing are

identified as the pre conditions for networking.

Chen, I.J. and Paul Raj, A. (2004) may be the most comprehensive analysis of
wide ranging, multi-disciplinary SCM research, this article identifies and consolidate supply chain

initiatives and factors to develop key supply chain management constraints. 400 articles are analyzed

and synthesized to produce a set of reliable, valid and unit- dimensional measurements to pave the way

for SCM theory building. The term SCM is used to refer planning and control of materials and

information flows as well as the logistics of internal and external activities. Constructs are identified

for supply uncertainty, demand uncertainty, customer focus, competitive priorities, supply network

structure, long term relationships, communication, supplier involvement and logistics integration.

Moller, K., and Rajala, A. (2007) focuses on the type and management of intentionally

created business networks called nets. Three generic ideal net types are identified as ‗current business

nets ‘, ‗business renewal nets ‘and emerging business nets ‘. The authors argue that these pose widely

different conditions and requirements in net management. Relevant here are emerging business nets

which seek to create more effective technological applications and business concepts by means of

radical innovation and business system change. Management of these emerging business nets is

discussed in terms of three subtypes relevant to the surveillance industry-innovation nets, dominant

design nets and application nets.

18
 Vidyarth et al. (2007) considered a multi-product two-echelon production inventory

distribution system design model that captures risk pooling effects by consolidating the safety–stock

inventory of the retailers at distribution centers (DCs). The model was formulated as a nonlinear mixed

integer programming problem and linearized using piece-wise linear functions.

Hui,P.P., Fonstad,N.O., and Beath,C.M.(2008) These authors survey existing inter

organizational relations theories, transaction cost theory, capability theory and institutional theory to

identify new research paths. Though as they acknowledge there is a great diversity in levels of

knowledge dispersion, uncertainty, interdependence and path dependency across technology service

they suggest moving to a network level of analysis is likely only to exacerbate the current research gap

created by treating technology services either as research context (as in IOR) or as a technology.

OBJECTIVES:
 Activities held in warehouse department
 To study about the efficiency warehousing.
 To study material handling purposes in the warehouses

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

 Receive the purchase goods and entered upon the stock register.
 Inventory Accounting of raw material, work-in-progress or finished goods.
 Preservation of the inventory
 Ability to access goods whenever called upon.
 Appropriate record keeping through
coding as to preserve goods and reduce
obsolescence.
 Proper stocking of goods as ensure smooth handling.

19
 LIMITATION:
 The study is time limited for only 30 days. It should not be exceedingly more than that
time period.
 Lack of time is also a major constrain of study.
 The study is only allowed to do only in one organization.

20
 CHAPTER - II
RESEARCH
TOPI METHODOLOGY:
C:
A study on Efficiency improvement in warehouse management at
excelplast

Research Design: Descriptive research.

Descriptive research design is a type of research design that
aims to obtain information to systematically describe a
phenomenon, situation, or population. More specifically, it
helps answer the what, when, where, and how questions
regarding the research problem, rather than the why.

➢ Population: Excelplast has totally population around 150 members

➢ Source of Data Collection: Primary data collection, secondary

data collection.

21
 CHAPTER-3
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Order receiving:

AUTOMATIVE PRODUCTS :

22
CLUTCH DISC

A clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission, especially

from a drive shaft to a driven shaft. In the simplest application, clutches connect and disconnect two
rotating shafts (drive shafts . In these devices, one shaft is typically attached to an engine or other power
unit (the driving member), while the other shaft (the driven member) provides output power for work.
Typically the motions involved are rotary, but linear clutches also exist.
In a motor vehicle, the clutch acts as a mechanical linkage between the engine and transmission, and
briefly disconnects, or separates the engine from the transmission system. This disconnects the
drive wheels whenever the clutch pedal is depressed, allowing the driver to smoothly change gears.

In a torque-controlled drill , for instance, one shaft is driven by a motor, and the other drives a drill
chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so they may be locked together and spin at the same speed
(engaged), locked together but spinning at different speeds (slipping), or unlocked and spinning at
different speeds

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 SEAT BELT

Seat belts are the best defense against impaired, aggressive, and distracted drivers. Being buckled up
during a crash helps keep you safe and secure inside your vehicle; being completely ejected from a
vehicle is almost always deadly.

A seat belt is a vehicle safety  device designed to secure the driver or a passenger of a vehicle  against
harmful movement that may result during a collision  or a sudden stop. A seat belt reduces the
likelihood of death or serious injury  in a traffic collision  by reducing the force of secondary impacts
with interior strike hazards, by keeping occupants positioned correctly for maximum effectiveness of
the airbag (if equipped), and by preventing occupants being ejected from the vehicle in a crash or if
the vehicle rolls over .
When in motion, the driver and passengers are traveling at the same speed as the vehicle. If the vehicle
suddenly stops or crashes, the occupants continue at the same speed the vehicle was going before it
stopped. A seatbelt applies an opposing force to the driver and passengers to prevent them from falling
out or making contact with the interior of the car (especially preventing contact with, or going through,

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the windshield . Seatbelts are considered primary restraint systems (PRSs), because of their vital role in
occupant safety.

GEAR LEVER

Gear sticks are most commonly found between the front seats of
the vehicle, either on the center console , the transmission or directly on the floor. Some vehicles have
a column shift where the lever is mounted on the steering column in vehicles with a manual four-speed
gearbox such as 1950s Mercedes-Benz cars and all two-stroke Trabants, this is actually a manual gear
lever connected to the gearbox with a linkage. In automatic transmission cars, the lever functions more
like a gear selector, and, in modern cars, does not necessarily need to have a shifting linkage due to its
shift-by-wire principle. It has the added benefit of allowing for a full width bench-type front seat
(though some models with bucket seating as an option include it). It has since fallen out of favor,
although it can still be found widely on North American-market pick-up trucks vans, emergency
vehicles (both law enforcement and EMS - the column shifter is retained where a floor shifter is
unfeasible due to mounting the mobile data terminal and 2-way radio), and "full-size" US sedans such
as the Ford Crown Victoria

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A dashboard mounted shift was common on certain French models such as the Citroën
2CV and Renault 4 . Both the Bentley Mark VI and the Riley Pathfinder  had their gear lever to the right
of the right-hand drive  driver's seat, alongside the driver's door, where it was not unknown for British
cars to also have their handbrake

DASHBOARD

A dashboard is a visual display of all of your data. While it can be used in all kinds of different ways, its
primary intention is to provide information at-a-glance, such as KPIs. A dashboard usually sits on its
own page and receives information from a linked database.

Dashboards offers a holistic view of the entire business as it gives

the manager a bird's eye view into the performance of sales, data inventory, web traffic, social media
analytics and other associated data that is visually presented on a single dashboard. Dashboards lead to

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better management of marketing/financial strategies as a dashboard for the display of marketing data
makes the process of marketing easier and more reliable as compared to doing it manually. Web
analytics play a crucial role in shaping the marketing strategy of many businesses. Dashboards also
facilitate for better tracking of sales and financial reporting as the data is more precise and in one area.
Lastly, dashboards offer for better customer service through monitoring because they keep both the
managers and the clients updated on the project progress through automated emails and notifications.

BODY MIRROR

Automotive mirrors usually are made from first-surface chrome glass, meaning they're essentially a one-
way mirror designed to absorb headlight glare from behind your vehicle. This allows a driver to see
reflections from activity on the sides and behind the vehicle without being impaired by bright headlight
reflections If the light cannot pass through the surface, it bounces off, or reflects. Most surfaces absorb
some light and reflect some light. Mirrors, however, reflect almost all the light that hits them. The
metallic coating on the back causes the reflection

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 Your car’s rear-view mirror serves a multitude of purposes that help keep you safe as a
driver. The rear-view mirror promotes an alert driving experience by allowing you to see behind your
vehicle without turning your head. By checking the rear-view mirror, you can monitor traffic and
prepare for any potential dangers. It’s also helpful with parking as it gives a clear line of sight to the
sides and rear of the vehicle. The rear-view mirror is a great asset when backing into a parking space,
parallel parking, and exiting a parking space. All mirrors serve an essential function, and while it may
seem like common sense, it’s best to educate yourself on how to use the mirrors before driving
effectively. Before you begin a trip, check all of your mirrors, and adjust them accordingly. Most people
attempt to adjust their rear-view mirror or their side mirrors while driving; this can prove to be
distracting and dangerous. Take time to understand your specific vehicle’s best mirror positioning in
reference to how you’re sitting. Once your mirrors are adjusted, it’s essential to make sure they’re clean.
Dirty mirrors can limit visibility and response time. Don’t hesitate to run your car through a quick drive-
thru car wash before starting your commute.

STEERING

The main functions of the steering system is to provide vehicle turning per
will of the driver, directional stability, it converts the rotary movement of the steering wheel into an
angular turn of front wheels, and absorbs road shock from being transmitted to a driver's hands The
steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conform to a variation

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of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel travels a path of
smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not
suitable for turns. The angle the wheels make with the vertical plane, known as camber angle, also
influences steering dynamics as do the tires

The steering system converts the rotation of the steering wheel into a

swivelling movement of the road wheels in such a way that the steering-wheel rim turns a long way to
move the road wheels a short way. The steering effort passes to the wheels through a system of pivoted
joints. These are designed to allow the wheels to move up and down with the suspension without
changing the steering angle The joints must be adjusted very precisely, and even a little looseness in
them makes the steering dangerously sloppy and inaccurate. There are two steering systems in common
use - the rack and pinion and the steering box.

WINDSCREEN WIPER

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A wiper generally consists of a metal arm; one end pivots, the other end has a long rubber blade
attached to it. The arm is powered by a motor, often an electric motor, although pneumatic power is also
used for some vehicles. The blade is swung back and forth over the glass, pushing water, other
precipitation, or any other impediments to visibility, from its surface. On vehicles made after 1969, the
speed is normally adjustable, with several continuous speeds, and often one or more intermittent
settings. Most personal automobiles use two synchronized radial-type arms, while many commercial
vehicles use one or more pantograph arms.

On some vehicles, a windscreen washer system is also used to improve and expand the function of the
wiper(s) to dry or icy conditions. This system sprays water, or an antifreeze window washer fluid, at the
windscreen using several well-positioned nozzles. This system helps remove dirt or dust from the
windscreen when it is used in concert with the wiper blades. When antifreeze washer fluid is used, it can
help the wipers remove snow or ice. For these types of winter conditions, some vehicles have additional
heaters aimed at the windows, embedded heating wire(s) in the glass, or embedded heating wire(s) in
the wiper blade; these defroster systems can melt ice or help to keep snow and ice from building up on
the windscreen. Less frequently, miniature wipers are installed on headlights to ensure that they
function optimally.

HANDBRAKE LEVER

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A hand brake, also known as a parking brake, usually takes the form of a hand-operated lever and is
normally located on the centre console but can sometimes be found between the driver’s seat and the
door.
The handbrake applies the rear disc pads or brake shoes via a cable and is used when the car is parked to
stop it rolling forwards or backwards.

To apply it, you hold the hand grip, press the button (usually at the end of the grip) and raise the lever.
As you raise it you’ll feel resistance as the brakes are applied. When you feel the brakes are exerting
sufficient force to hold the car you release the button and a pawl engages on a ratchet plate, holding the
lever (and the brakes) in place.
To release the brakes you raise the lever slightly to disengage the pawl tooth from the ratchet, press the
button and lower the lever. Some drivers don’t press the button when raising the hand brake. It still
operates as normal, but over time the ratchet teeth can wear and cause the handbrake - and the rear
brakes - to fail, so it’s good practice to use the hand brake button when you’re raising the lever.

31
 CHAPTER-4

Findings:
 Company has 3 types of warehouse as per the products structures.
 They use pallet for storing and moving tires from one place to other.
 Company has a separate security management team with necessary security measures like
fire extinguishers etc.
 Company keeps the products more vertically than horizontally thereby maximizing the
warehouse space.

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 Suggestions:
 After the products are properly entered into the SAP , (Systems, applications, and
products)
the workers should properly place the tires as per the classified pallets and space.
 When products are kept properly workers will find it easier thereby wasting less time in
finding
 The waste material which are extracted from the products should be recycled so they can
produce more products
 The tool room where the new moulds are created for new products it take around a day or
more at that field they should use the experts
 Machines will break down at some point. By scheduling maintenance plans, you can
ensure that the machines are serviced regularly.
 Analyze material usage patterns, and store high-volume items together near the front of the
warehouse to eliminate travel time. Also, store items that are frequently sold together near one
another, if you try to keep the items you pick most often in the most accessible locations to
eliminate picking delays.

Conclusion:
Warehouse place a vital role in any company and it must be properly
maintained and utilized to keep the goods safely and easily accessible. Money spent on
warehouse expansion and improvement is always an investment to the company.
Warehouse is important for better control over products, faster shipping & delivery,
long term storage, risk minimization, task delegation, target achievement, better
productivity and performance

33
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Management System in a Supply Chain . Volume: 54 . Issue no: 1, Pg no: 14.
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Study of a Retail Industry in Jakarta .Volume: 4 . Issue no: 7. Pg no: 830-843

3. Mehwish Aziz, Shabnam Nawaz , Pakeeza Batool . November 2014.Efficiency Analysis of

Materialized views in Data Warehouse Using Self-maintenance .Volume: 12 .Issue no: 6.Pg no:
62.

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 4. Divyendu. October 2019. Analysis and study of Warehouse Management
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6. Andrea Fumi, Laura Scarabotti1 , Massimiliano, M. Schiraldi . June 2013. Minimizing

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