L4 - Centre Pivot Irrigation
L4 - Centre Pivot Irrigation
L4 - Centre Pivot Irrigation
MOVING IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS
CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS
(Basics to Design)
A. SENZANJE
BIORESOURCES ENGINEERING
UKZN – PIETERMARITZBURG
SENZANJEA@UKZN.AC.ZA
Objectives of Section
• Basics of Moving Irrigation (Continuous Move) Systems
• Characteristics and examples
• Operational modalities in general
• Centre Pivot Irrigation Systems
• Characteristics, advantages and disadvantages
• Centre Pivot Irrigation System Design Procedures
• General design considerations
• Application intensity
• Sprinkler type & spacing
• Sprinkler configurations
• Lateral hydraulics
• System pressure and flow rate
References
• Chapter 14 – Moving Irrigation Systems. Irrigation
Design Manual
• Chapter 10 – Irrigation Systems. Irrigation Design
Manual
• Keller & Bleisner – Sprinkle & Trickle Irrigation. Ch
14 – Centre Pivot System Design
• James, LG – Farm Irrigation System Design. Ch 5 –
Sprinkle Irrigation Systems.
1
3/4/2019
MOVING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS…1
•Moving Irrigation Systems
• “Irrigation systems that apply water while in motion
(move continuously) over the land (soil)…”
•Moving Systems
• Management aspects are simpler
• Scheduling can be done more accurately
• Labour problems are minimised
• Can apply smaller amounts of water, e.g., 15 mm to 30 mm every
2 to 5 days
• Adaptable to fertigation and chemigation operations
•Application
• Suited to most field crops and pastures (not orchards or trees
crops)
• Require maximum usage for financial viability
MOVING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS…2
•Examples of Moving Irrigation Systems
• Travelling irrigators
• Rotating boom systems
• Linear systems
• Centre (Center) pivots
350
300
Irrigted area, x 1000 ha
250
200
150
100
50
2
3/4/2019
Water source
CENTRE PIVOT
CENTRE PIVOT SYSTEMS
www.traxco.com; www.depositphotos.com
3
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT IRRIGATED FIELDS
www.commons.Wikimedia.org; www.alamy.com;
www.irritechchina.com
CENTRE PIVOT COMPONENTS OR
PARTS
www.emweb.unl.edu; www.ian.umces.edu
CENTRE PIVOT TERMINOLOGY
Source: www.neea.org
4
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT TERMINOLOGY…2
CENTRE PIVOT…1
•Centre Pivot Irrigation System
• Invented in 1948
• Among most popular irrigation systems, including in RSA
• Consists of sprinkler laterals that rotate in a circle around a fixed pivot
structure
• Water supplied at the pivot point
•Centre Pivot Machine
• Laterals supported above crop by series of (≈ 4 m high) A‐frames
towers with wheels
• Each tower is supported on 2 wheels with rubber tyres
• Wheels are powered by electric or hydraulic motors
• Typical span lengths are 30 to 50 m (average 40 m)
• Typical lateral lengths are 365 to 400 m
• Lateral pipe diameters typically are 100 to 250 mm (typical average is
168 mm)
• Pivoting lateral is kept in a straight line as it rotates due to an
alignment system that starts and stops movement of the towers to
maintain alignment
CENTRE PIVOT…2
•Centre Pivot Settings and Depth of Water
Applied
• Depth of water applied is controlled by selecting the speed
of the end or last tower
• Most electric systems use a 1‐minute timer to control
velocity
• 100% setting end tower is energised for the whole 1
minute and so end tower moves at constant velocity
equal to the maximum speed of the system
• 50% setting end tower motor is energised for only 30
sec of the 1 minute means end tower is stationary for
30 seconds THEN moves at maximum system speed for 30
seconds
5
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT…2
•Advantages
• Water application is simplified through use of
stationary pivot point
• Guidance and alignment are controlled at a fixed
point
• Relatively high water application uniformities
(DU) are achievable
• After completing an irrigation cycle, the system is
at the start point for next irrigation
• Attaining good management is simplified because
of accurate & timely water application
• More accurate & timely application of fertilisers
is possible through the system
• Flexibility of operation makes it feasible to
develop electricity‐load‐management
arrangements
CENTRE PIVOT…3
•Disadvantages (from water application
perspectives)
• Inability to irrigate corners of square fields (e.g., in a 65 ha square field, ≈20% of
area is left unirrigated)
• Hence incorporation of special end/corner gun
• Average water application on the outer edges of the CP circle is usually quite
high (can be as high as 100 mm/hr depending on nozzle configuration)
• Relatively, light & frequent application must be used on all soils, except maybe
sandy soils to minimise/eliminate runoff!
• CP are suited to irrigation coarse textured soils
• High lateral pipe friction losses are experienced in large pivots because of the
need to convey water to the outer extremities of CP
• On undulating topography fields, the average lateral operating pressure varies
significantly depending on whether the pivot is pointing upslope or downslope
• CP are relatively expensive, BUT cost per unit area decreases as length of lateral
increases (BUT there are practical limits to this extension of the lateral line!!)
CENTRE PIVOT…4
•Optimising CP Performance
• Take care of:
• SELECTION
• DESIGN
• MANAGEMENT
www.valleyirrigation.com
6
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT – GENERAL…1
•Components & Structure – Pivot structure
• Used to anchor the CP
• Whole structure rotates around the pivot structure.
CENTRE PIVOT – GENERAL…2
•Span
• Basic structural unit of CP construction
• Main pipe – water flow
• Frame – supports the lateral
• Drive mechanism – for motion
www.cottoninc.com
CENTRE PIVOT – GENERAL…3
•Length & Pipe Diameter
• Any combination of pipe sizes and spans on a specific CP
• Maybe identified by a model number
7
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT – GENERAL…4
•Crop Clearance
• Manufacturer to supply crop clearance height of different span
lengths
• Designer to specific average slope at critical positions in the field
• (a + b)/2 at critical points
CENTRE PIVOT – GENERAL…5
•Towability
• Ability to tow the CP. The following restrictions apply to towable CP:
• Soil type & topography – watch out for clays and cross slopes
• CP length – manufacturer to inform on maximum number of spans allowed
• Roads – need 6 meter wide level roads
• Span combination – only certain span combinations can be towed (contact
manufacturer)
www.valleyirrigation.com
CENTRE PIVOT – GENERAL…6
•Pivot Flex
• Contact manufacturer to obtain flexibility of coupling
• Check angle (α) that can be accommodated – slope differs
for different tower lengths and CP models
8
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT – GENERAL…7
•Overhang
• Mounted at the end of the CP to irrigate additional area
• Always adhere to limits set by the manufacturer
• Analyse topography (and other factors) – each CP has limits of
slope due to structural and driving power design(!!)
Ascending & Descending situations
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – DATA REQUIRED
•Contour Map
• Showing borders
• Slope calculations
•Water Source (Ch5)
• Water source in relation to field to be irrigated
• Flow rate to be determined (if unknown)
•Electricity Supply
• Power supply point on the farm
•Soils (Ch3)
• Complete soil report required – AWHC, infiltration rate,
NSD, crusting problems, etc
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Soil Intake Rate…1
• Soil Infiltration rate – important design consideration
• CP application rate (Appl rate) ≤ soil infiltration rate
• (especially at the furthest tower) major problem of CP
• Application of specific CP is a fixed property!
• Appl Rate = fn(flow rate, sprinkler wetting pattern, CP machine length)
• NB: For same time period, furthest (outer) sprinklers:
• Travel further
• Cover larger area
• So application rate increases Take note!!
•Runoff
• Potential runoff occurs if application rate is greater than infiltration rate
9
3/4/2019
Typical Infiltration Rates
Typical Outer Spans
Typical Inner Spans
CENTRE PIVOT – Soil Intake Rate…1
•Practical Aspects
• Reduce potential runoff by covering soil with trash
• Smaller droplets from low‐pressure sprinklers have better infiltration
than large sprinklers
• Land slope and tillage practices can promote surface storage and hence
minimise runoff – Typical surface storage under conventional tillage
Table 14.2
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Flow Rate
Calculations
•Use the general equation to determine Q:
10
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN ‐ Area
Served by CP
•Area Served by CP
• Equates to area effectively covered by its wetted radius during a
season(!)
• A = πR2
•Where:
• R = span length + overhang + effective radius of end sprinkler
•So…
• if CP serves 2 circles per season (moved cycle), the area covered
is the total area of the 2 circles
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Rotation
Time @ 100% Setting
• Total Application of CP
• Amount of water applied per one rotation
• Affected by CP travel speed
• Rotation Time @ 100% Setting
• Where
• t = rotation time at 100% speed setting (hr)
• r = distance from centre to furthest driving wheel (m)
• v = travel speed of furthest wheel at 100% speed
setting (m/min)
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN ‐ Gross
Application per Rotation
•Gross Application per Rotation
• Where:
• GA = gross application at 100% speed setting (mm)
• Q = CP flow rate (m3/hr)
• t = rotation time at 100% speed setting (hr)
• A = area (ha)
11
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Gross
Application @ Different Speed Settings
•Schedule of Gross Application at Different Speed
Settings of the CP
•Where:
• tv = rotation time at a specific % setting (hr) tv is greater than t, so GA ??
• vv = specific speed setting (fraction)
• Caution:
• This equation can only be used for the initial estimate during design
• Variations occur due to soils, CP pressure, wheel slippage, etc
• A more accurate schedule should be obtained from practical assessment after
system installation
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN ‐ Rotation
Times & Application Depths
•Wheels and Motors Available for CP
• Check tyre pressure (low pressure to be avoided)
• Tyre sizes: Sandy soil 11.2x24; Heavy clay (>6%) 13.6x24
& 14.9x24
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Choice of
Sprinkler Package…1
•Sprinkler Choice
• Influences application rate of CP
• Application rate must not exceed soil intake rate runoff problems
www.agricultureguide.org
12
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Choice of
Sprinkler Package
CENTRE PIVOT – “WOBBLER”®
SPRINKLERS
WWW.SENNIGER.COM
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Choice of
Sprinkler Package…SPRINKLER
SPACING [ALTERNATIVEs – 3 arrangements]…1
•UNIFORM SPRINKLER SPACING
• 9 to 12 m sprinkler spacing along lateral with
sprinkler discharge increasing in direct proportion to
their distance from the pivot or fixed end.
• Wetted diameter increases, but not in direct proportion
to the discharge
13
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Choice
of Sprinkler Package…SPRINKLER
SPACING [ALTERNATIVE – 3 arrangements]…2
•SEMI‐UNIFORM SPACING
• Lateral divided into 3 or 4 reaches, and a different
uniform spacing is used in each reach beginning
with the widest spacing near the pivot point
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Choice
of Sprinkler Package…SPRINKLER
SPACING [ALTERNATIVES – 3 arrangements]…3
•UNIFORM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE (with only
small discharge variations)
• Start with sprinklers spaced about 12 m apart near the pivot
point and decreasing this to about 1.5 m at the moving outer
end of the CP lateral
• NB: Sprinkler spacing along the lateral is in INVERSE
PROPORTION to the RADIAL DISTANCE from pivot point the
spacing X radial distance = constant
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Gross
Application Rate @ Any Point
Under CP
•Gross Application Rate Determination
Where
GAR= average gross application rate (mm/h)
Q = flow rate (m3/h)
r = radius to fixed point (m)
R = total radius of centre pivot (m)
B = wetted sprinkler strip width (ha)
14
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Gross
Application Rate for a Specific
Sprinkler
•GAR for a Specific Sprinkler
Where:
GAR = average sprinkler GAR (mm/h)
qe = sprinkler delivery (m3/h)
Le = sprinkler spacing (m)
B = wetted sprinkler strip width (m)
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Flow Rate
for a Sprinkler on a CP Tower
•qe Sprinkler on a CP
• Derived from the GAR equations
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Flow
Rate of Big Gun
•Flow Rate of the Big Eng Gun Sprinkler
Where:
• re = effective wetted radius of end sprinkler (m)
15
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN –
Determining Number & Type of
Sprinklers
•Function of:
• Size of CP system
• Sprinkler type
• Sprinkler operating conditions
• Sprinkler layout package selected
• Required application depth
• etc
CENTRE PIVOT DESIGN – Hydraulic
Calculations
where
• hpivot = pivot pressure [m]
• he = sprinkler pressure (end pressure) [m]
(per manufacturers specifications)
• hs = static height to highest point [m]
(height from pivot to highest point in field)
• hf = friction through centre pivot [m]
• hr = friction through pressure regulator [m]
(per manufacturers specifications)
• hh = hydrant pressure [m]
• hm = height of pivot [m]
CENTRE PIVOT ‐ Safety
•Safety Mechanisms for CP
• Pump Switch‐off
• Signal to switch‐off pump if the CP stops (otherwise it will keep on
irrigation at the same spot)
• Signal systems
• Butterfly valve
• Cable method
• Radio signal
• Siren
• Electrical safety
• CP Switch‐off
• Use of low pressure switch – if pump stops, CP pressure drops then CP
stops
16
3/4/2019
CENTRE PIVOT – Power Supply
•Power Supply
• 400V 50Hz from Eskom transformer (or diesel generator)
• Underground cable
• 4 core (or 3 core cable)
•Cable Size
• Cable size determination
• Cable length – Table 14.6
CENTRE PIVOT SUMMARY
•Characteristics
• Applicability, advantages and disadvantages
• Components or parts
•Center Pivot Design
• Data required
• Flow rate
• Area irrigated
• Rotation time
• Application
• Choice of sprinkler and sprinkler spacing
• Flow rate per sprinkler
• Hydraulic calculations
•Other issues
• Safety
• Power supply
CENTRE PIVOT – DESIGN EXAMPLE
See Problem set Handout
17