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Fluid

The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including compressibility, bulk modulus, Pascal's law, isothermal and adiabatic processes, Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of fluid motion, classifications of fluid flow, velocity potential and stream functions, forces on fluids, dimensionless numbers, Euler's equations, Bernoulli's theorem, viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, and the Navier-Stokes equations.

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Basil Shukrin
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36 views3 pages

Fluid

The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including compressibility, bulk modulus, Pascal's law, isothermal and adiabatic processes, Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of fluid motion, classifications of fluid flow, velocity potential and stream functions, forces on fluids, dimensionless numbers, Euler's equations, Bernoulli's theorem, viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, and the Navier-Stokes equations.

Uploaded by

Basil Shukrin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Compressibility is a measure of the change in volume of a fluid in response to a change in

pressure. For a given mass of fluid, an increase in pressure will cause a decrease in
volume of the fluid. Compressibility is defined as the ratio of change in volume to the
change in pressure.

 Bulk modulus is the inverse of compressibility. Bulk modulus is defined as the ratio of
change in pressure to the change in volume.

 Pascal's law states that in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a pressure change in one
part is transmitted without loss to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container.

 Isothermal process is a process in which a gas expands or compresses at constant


temperature.

 Adiabatic process, also known as isentropic process, is a process in which a gas expands
or compresses with out giving out or taking in heat energy.

 There are two methods of describing fluid motion - Lagrangian and Eulerian.

 In Lagrangian method, fluid particles are followed and variations of physical quantities
(pressure, temperature, density, velocity etc.) are described round each fluid particle along
its trajectory.

 In Eulerian method variations of physical quantities are described at fixed locations as a


function of time. Different fluid particles pass the location at different times.

 Fluid flow can be classified in six different ways based on the variation of fluid properties
such as density, velocity etc.

Steady and Unsteady flow


Uniform and Non-uniform flow
Laminar and Turbulent flow
Compressible and Incompressible flow
Rotational and Irrotational flow
One, Two and Three dimensional flow

 Velocity potential function and stream function are scalar functions that help determine if a
fluid flow is rotational or irrotational.

 Velocity potential function is a scalar function of time and space whose negative derivative
in any direction gives the velocity component in that direction.
 Stream function is a scalar function of time and space whose negative derivative in any
direction gives the velocity component at right angles to that direction.

 Following are the different types of forces that act on moving fluids.
Inertia force
Viscous force
Gravity force
Pressure force
Surface tension force
Elastic force

 Dimensionless numbers in fluid mechanics are a set of dimensionless quantities that have
an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids. Following are some important
dimensionless numbers.

Reynolds number : used to predict the onset of turbulence in a fluid flow.


Froude number : used to describe the relationship between the gravitational and inertial
forces in a fluid flow
Weber number : used to describe the relationship between surface tension and inertial
forces in a fluid flow.
 Mach number : used to describe the velocity of an object relative to the speed of sound
in a fluid medium.
 Euler's number : used in fluid mechanics to describe the exponential decay of a fluid
velocity or concentration with respect to distance or time.

 Euler's equations provide a relationship between velocity, pressure, and density of a


moving fluid - represent the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy - and is based
on Newton's second law of motion. Euler's equations assume that the fluid is non-viscous,
homogeneous and incompressible, and has a steady continuous flow along the streamline.

 Bernoulli’s theorem states that the total mechanical energy of the flowing
fluid, comprising the energy associated with fluid pressure, the gravitational potential
energy of elevation, and the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains constant.

 Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It is caused by internal friction between


fluid layers, and is affected by factors such as temperature, pressure, and the composition
of the fluid. Higher viscosity fluids flow more slowly than lower viscosity fluids, and can
create more turbulence and resistance in pipelines and other fluid flow systems.

 Laminar flow is characterized by smooth, ordered flow patterns in which fluid particles move
in parallel layers, with minimal mixing between adjacent layers. Turbulent flow, on the other
hand, is characterized by chaotic, irregular flow patterns, in which fluid particles mix and
flow in random directions. An example of laminar flow might be the flow of syrup through a
small, smooth pipe, while an example of turbulent flow might be the flow of water over a
rocky streambed.

 Navier-Stokes equation is a set of partial differential equations that describe the


motion of fluids.

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