CCN1045 Calculus

Chapter 5 Definite Integrals and Applications

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Contents

1 Introduction

2 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

3 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution

Integration by Parts
Integration by Substitution

4 Applications of Definite Integrals

Areas of Plane Regions
Volumes of Solids

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Introduction

Section 1

Introduction

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 Introduction

1. Given a function f on an interval [a, b], we divide this interval into n

subintervals by choosing n − 1 points x1 , x2 , . . . , xn−1 between a and b such
that a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn−1 < xn = b. The set

P = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn−1 , xn }

is called a partition of [a, b].

(a) The partition P defines n closed subintervals [x0 , x1 ] , [x1 , x2 ] , . . . , [xn−1 , xn ],
and the length of the kth subinterval [xk−1 , xk ] is ∆xk = xk − xk−1 for
k = 1, 2, . . . , n.
(b) The norm of the partition P , denoted by kP k, is the length of its longest
subinterval, i.e. kP k = max {∆x1 , ∆x2 , . . . , ∆xn }.

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 Introduction

2. Consider the following figures.

(a) On each subinterval, we form a vertical rectangle that reaches from the x-axis
to the graph of y = f (x). The exact height of the rectangle does not matter
as long as its top or base cuts the curve at a point (tk , f (tk )), where
xk−1 ≤ tk ≤ xk .

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 Introduction

(b) If f (tk ) ≥ 0, the product f (tk ) ∆xk is the area of the rectangle with width ∆xk
and height f (tk ). If f (tk ) < 0, the product f (tk ) ∆xk is the negative of the area
of the rectangle. The sum
n
X
f (tk ) ∆xk = f (t1 ) ∆x1 + f (t2 ) ∆x2 + · · · + f (tn ) ∆xn ,
k=1

which depends on P and the tk ’s, is called a Riemann sum of f on [a, b].
(c) If there exists a unique number I such that
n
X
lim f (tk ) ∆xk = I,
kP k→0
k=1

no matter how P and the tk ’s are chosen, then f is said to be integrable over
[a, b]. In this case, we define the definite integral of f from a to b, written as
Z b
f (x) dx, by
a
Z b Xn
f (x) dx = lim f (tk ) ∆xk = I.
a kP k→0
k=1
Remark Every continuous function on [a, b] is integrable over [a, b]. The proof of
this fact, however, is beyond the scope of this course. In what follows, we assume
all functions are integrable over the corresponding intervals.
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 Introduction

3. Some terminologies

Notes Z b
(a) The value of f (x) dx depends on the function f and the interval [a, b] only. It does not
a
depend on the letter we choose to represent the variable of integration: if we use t or u instead of
x, then Z b Z b Z b
f (t) dt = f (u) du = f (x) dx.
a a a
In this sense, x is known as a dummy variable.
(b) If a ≤ b, we define
Z a Z b
f (x) dx = − f (x) dx.
b a
(c) If f is a continuous function on [a, b] and f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b], then
Z b
f (x) dx = area of the region bounded by the graph of y = f (x), the x-axis
a
and the lines x = a, x = b.

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 Introduction

4. Properties of definite integrals

Let a, b and c be any real numbers. Then
Z a
(a) f (x) dx = 0.
Za b Z b Z b
(b) [αf (x) + βg(x)] dx = α f (x) dx + β g(x) dx for all constants α
a a a
and β.
Z c Z b Z b
(c) f (x) dx + f (x) dx = f (x) dx.
a c a
(d) if f (x) ≥ g(x) for every x ∈ [a, b], then
Z b Z b
f (x) dx ≥ g(x) dx.
a a

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 Introduction

Geometric interpretations of these results are illustrated below.

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Section 2

Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

1. Evaluation of a definite integral by the definition is often tedious. With the

fundamental theorem of calculus II, however, we have a simple way to find
such an integral. This result relates differentiation and integration in the way
that each of which is the reverse process of the other. To introduce this
important theorem, we first state the following result (without proof) with
independent interest.

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

2. (Fundamental theorem of calculus I) Let f be a continuous function on

[a, b]. Then the function F defined by
Z x
F (x) = f (t) dt for a ≤ x ≤ b (1)
a
is differentiable on (a, b) with F 0 (x) = f (x), i.e.
Z x 
d
f (t) dt = f (x) for all a < x < b.
dx a
Notes Z a Z b
(a) F (a) = f (t) dt = 0 and F (b) = f (t) dt
a a
(b) In the definition of F , x is used as its variable. For clarity, we use another
letter t as the variable of integrationZfor the definite integral of f from a to x.
b
(c) In view of this theorem, to evaluate f (x) dx, we should look for functions
a
0
G such that G = f .
(d) If u is a differentiable function on (a, b), then an application of the above
theorem and the chain rule gives
hR i
"Z # u(x)
d u(x) d a f (t) dt d (u(x))
f (t) dt = · = f (u(x)) u0 (x).
dx a d (u(x)) dx
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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Example 5.2

dy
Find for each of the following.
dx Z
x
(a) y = sin t dt
−π
Z x p
(b) y = t2 1 + t4 dt
0
Z x2 +1 √
(c) y = e− t
dt
0
Z x3
1
(d) y = dt
1 2 + sec t

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution
Z x 
dy d
(a) = sin t dt = sin x
dx dx −π
Z x p
√

dy d
(b) = t2 1 + t4 dt = x2 1 + x4
dx dx 0
 2 √ 
Z x2 +1 √ ! d R x +1 e− t dt

dy d − t 0 d x2 + 1
(c) = e dt = · =
dx dx 0 d (x2 + 1) dx
√
x2 +1
2xe−
R 3 
x 1
x3
!
d 1 2+sec t dt


d x3 3x2
Z
dy d 1
(d) = dt = · =
dx dx 1 2 + sec t d (x3 ) dx 2 + sec (x3 )

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

3. (Fundamental theorem of calculus II) If f is a continuous function on

[a, b] and G is a differentiable function on (a, b) with G0 = f , then
Z b
f (x) dx = G(b) − G(a).
a

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

4. The fundamental theorem of calculus II is a key result in integral calculus, for

Z b
it reduces the problem of evaluating the definite integral f (x) dx to one
a
of
(a) finding a primitive function G of f , and
Z b
(b) calculating G(b) − G(a), which equals f (x) dx.
a
b b
The difference G(b) − G(a) is usually written as G(x)|a or [G(x)]a . If G has
b b
only one term, we write G(x)|a . Otherwise, we write [G(x)]a .

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Example 5.3
Evaluate the following  definite integrals.
Z 4
2 1
(a) x + √ dx
1 2 x
Z ln 2  x 2
e −1
(b) dx
ex
Z0 π2
cos x
(c) dx
2 + sin x
Z0 e2
1
(d) dx
x + x ln x
Z1 2
3
(e) x2 e−x dx
Z0 1 p
(f) (x + 2) x2 + 4x + 5 dx
Z0 π
(g) cos2 x dx
Z0 π2
(h) cos3 x dx
0
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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution
1 1
(a) With √ = x− 2 , we have
x
Z 4  Z 4  
1 1 − 12
x2 + √ dx = x2 + x dx
1 2 x 1 2
" 1
#4
x3 1 x2
= + · 1
3 2 2
  1 
64 1
= +2 − +1
3 3
= 22 .

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution
(b) Since
2
ex − 1 e2x − 2ex + 1

= = 1 − 2e−x + e−2x ,
ex e2x
we have
ln 2 2 ln 2
ex − 1
Z  Z
1 − 2e−x + e−2x dx


dx =
0 ex 0
   ln 2
1
x − 2 −e−x + − e−2x


=
2
  0 
− ln 2 1 −2 ln 2 1
= ln 2 + 2e − e − 2−
2 2
 
1 3
= ln 2 + 1 − −
8 2
5
= ln 2 − .
8

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution
d
(c) Since (2 + sin x) = cos x, we have
dx
Z π
2 cos x π  π 3
dx = [ln |2 + sin x|]02 = ln 2 + sin − ln(2 + 0) = ln .
0 2 + sin x 2 2

d 1
(d) Since (1 + ln x) = , we have
dx x
Z e2 Z e2 1
1 2
dx = x
dx = [ln |1 + ln x|]e1
1 x + x ln x 1 1 + ln x
= ln(1 + 2) − ln(1 + 0) = ln 3 .

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution
d  −x3  3 1  3

(e) Since e = −3x2 e−x , i.e. dx = − 2 −x3 d e−x , we have
dx 3x e
Z 2 Z 2  
3 3 1  3
x2 e−x dx = x2 e−x − 2 −x3 d e−x
0 0 3x e
1 2  −x3 
Z
= − d e
3 0
1 h 3 2
i
= − e−x
3 0

1 −8

= − e −1 .
3

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution
d 1
x2 + 4x + 5 = 2x + 4, i.e. dx = d x2 + 4x + 5 , we have



(f) Since
dx 2(x + 2)
Z 1 Z 1
p p 1
d x2 + 4x + 5


(x + 2) x2 + 4x + 5 dx = (x + 2) x2 + 4x + 5 ·
0 0 2(x + 2)
1 1 2
Z

1
x + 4x + 5 2 d x2 + 4x + 5


=
2 0

3 1
1  x2 + 4x + 5 2 
= 3
2 2
0
3 3 !
1 10 2 5 2
= 3
− 3
2 2 2

1 3 3

= 10 2 − 5 2 .
3

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution
1
(g) With cos2 x = [1 + cos(2x)], we have
2
Z π
1 π
Z
cos2 x dx = [1 + cos(2x)] dx
0 2 0
 π
1 1
= x + sin(2x)
2 2 0
  
1 1
= π + sin(2π) − 0
2 2
π
= .
2

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution
d 1
(h) Since (sin x) = cos x, i.e. dx = d(sin x), we have
dx cos x
Z π Z π
2 2 1
cos3 x dx = cos3 x · d(sin x)
0 0 cos x
Z π
2
= cos2 x d(sin x)
0
Z π
2
1 − sin2 x d(sin x)


=
0
 π
1 2
= sin x − sin3 x
3 0
 
π 1 3 π
= sin − sin −0
2 3 2
2
= .
3

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Example 5.4

Evaluate the following definite integrals.

Z 2
(a) |x| dx
−4
Z3
(b) |1 − x| dx
0
Z 2
2
(c) (x + |x − 1|) dx
0
Z 2π √
(d) 1 + cos x dx
0

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution

x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2,
(a) Since |x| = we have
−x if −4 ≤ x < 0,
Z 2 Z 0 Z 2
|x| dx = |x| dx + |x| dx
−4 −4 0
Z 0 Z 2
= (−x) dx + x dx
−4 0
0 2
x2 x2
 
= − +
2 −4 2 0
= [0 − (−8)] + 2
= 10 .

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution

1−x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
(b) Since |1 − x| = we have
−(1 − x) if 1 < x ≤ 3,
Z 3 Z 1 Z 3
|1 − x| dx = |1 − x| dx + |1 − x| dx
0 0 1
Z 1 Z 3
= (1 − x) dx + −(1 − x) dx
0 1
1  3
x2 x2

= x− − x−
2 2 1
 0 
1 3 1
= − − −
2 2 2
5
= .
2

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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution
(c) Since
(x + |x − 1|)2 = x2 + 2x|x − 1| + (x − 1)2 = 2x2 − 2x + 1 + 2x|x − 1|,

x−1 if 1 ≤ x ≤ 2,
where |x − 1| = we have
−(x − 1) if 0 ≤ x < 1,
Z 2
(x + |x − 1|)2 dx
0
Z 2
2x2 − 2x + 1 + 2x|x − 1| dx


=
0
Z 2 Z 2
2x2 − 2x + 1 dx + 2


= x|x − 1| dx
0 0
Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 
2x2 − 2x + 1 dx + 2


= −x(x − 1) dx + x(x − 1) dx
0 0 1
2 1  3 2 !
2x3
 2
x3 x2

x x
= − x2 + x + 2 − + −
3 0 2 3 0 3 2 1
   
10 1 2 1
= +2 + − −
3 6 3 6
16
= .
3
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 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

Solution
x
(d) Since 1 + cos x = 2 cos2 , we have
2
Z 2π
√
Z 2π r x √ Z 2π   x 
1 + cos x dx = 2 cos 2 dx = 2  dx.

2 2
cos
0 0 0

 x   cos x
  
 if 0 ≤ x ≤ π,
With cos

=
 2  it follows that
2  − cos x if π < x ≤ 2π,
2
Z 2π
√ √
Z π x Z 2π x 
1 + cos x dx = 2 cos dx + − cos dx
0 0 2 π 2
√
h  x iπ h  x i2π 
= 2 2 sin − 2 sin
2 0 2 π
√ h π  π i
= 2 2 sin − 0 − 2 sin
2 2
√
= 4 2.

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution

Section 3

Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution

The techniques of integration by parts and integration by substitution for

evaluating indefinite integrals have been introduced in Chapter 4. Their
corresponding formulae for computing definite integrals are shown in this section.

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Parts

5.3.1 Integration by Parts

If f and g are two functions with continuous derivatives, then
0
(f (x)g(x)) = f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x).

Integrating both sides of the above equality from a to b gives

Z b Z b Z b
0 0
(f (x)g(x)) dx = f (x)g (x) dx + g(x)f 0 (x) dx.
a a a
Z b
0 b
Since (f (x)g(x)) dx = [f (x)g(x)]a , it follows that
a
Z b Z b
b
f (x)g 0 (x) dx = [f (x)g(x)]a − g(x)f 0 (x) dx,
a a

or Z b Z b
b
f (x) d (g(x)) = [f (x)g(x)]a − g(x) d (f (x)) .
a a
This is the integration by parts formula for definite integrals.
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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Parts

Example 5.5 Evaluate the following definite integrals.

Z π2
(a) x sin x dx
0
Z 4
(b) x3 ln x dx
1
Z 1
(c) x tan−1 x dx
0
Z 1
(d) sin−1 x dx
1
2
Z 0
(e) (1 + x)2 e−x dx
−1
Z1
2
(f) x3 e−x dx
0

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Parts

Solution
Z
(a) Let f (x) = x and g 0 (x) = sin x. Then, f 0 (x) = 1 and g(x) = sin x dx = − cos x.
Using integration by parts, we have
Z π π
Z π
2 2
x sin x dx = [−x cos x]02 − (− cos x) dx
0 0
Z π
π π 2
= − cos + cos x dx
2 2 0
π
= [sin x]02
π
= sin
2
= 1.

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Parts

Solution
x4
Z
1
(b) Let f (x) = ln x and g 0 (x) = x3 . Then, f 0 (x) = and g(x) = x3 dx = .
x 4
Using integration by parts, we have
Z 4 4 Z 4
1 x4

1 4
x3 ln x dx = x ln x − · dx
1 4 1 1 x 4
  Z 4
1 1
= 64 ln 4 − ln 1 − x3 dx
4 4 1
 4
1 x4
= 64 ln 4 −
4 4 1
 
1 1
= 64 ln 4 − 64 −
4 4
255
= 64 ln 4 − .
16

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Parts

Solution
1
(c) Let f (x) = tan−1 x and g 0 (x) = x. Then, f 0 (x) = and
1 + x2
x2
Z
g(x) = x dx = . Using integration by parts, we have
2
Z 1 1 Z 1
x2

1 2 1
x tan−1 x dx = x tan−1 x − 2
· dx
0 2 0 0 1+x 2
Z 1
1 1 1 + x2 − 1
= tan−1 1 − dx
2 2 0 1 + x2
1 1
Z  
π 1
= − 1− dx
8 2 0 1 + x2
π 1 1
= − x − tan−1 x 0
8 2
π 1
1 − tan−1 1


= −
8 2
π 1
= − .
4 2

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Parts

Solution
Z
1
(d) Let f (x) = sin−1 x and g 0 (x) = 1. Then, f 0 (x) = √ and g(x) = dx = x.
1 − x2
Using integration by parts, we have
Z 1 Z 1
1 1
sin−1 x dx = x sin−1 x 1 −

√ · x dx
1
2
2 1
2
1 − x2
Z 1
1 1
− 1
= sin−1 1 − sin−1 − x 1 − x2 2 dx.
2 2 1
2

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Parts

Solution
d 1
1 − x2 = −2x, i.e. dx = − d 1 − x2 , it follows that



Since
dx 2x
Z 1 Z 1  
π π
− 1 1
sin−1 x dx = x 1 − x2 2 − d 1 − x2


− −
1 2 12 1 2x
2 2
Z 1
5π 1
− 1
1 − x2 2 d 1 − x2


= +
12 2 1
2

2

1 1
5π 1  1−x 2 
= + 1
12 2 2 1
2
5π 1 √ 
= + 0− 3
12 2
√
5π 3
= − .
12 2

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Parts

Solution
(e) Let f (x)Z = (1 + x)2 and g 0 (x) = e−x . Then, f 0 (x) = 2(1 + x) and
g(x) = e−x dx = −e−x . Using integration by parts, we have

Z 0 0
Z 0
(1 + x)2 e−x dx −(1 + x)2 e−x 2(1 + x) −e−x dx


= −1
−
−1 −1
Z 0
−x
= −1 + 2 (1 + x)e dx.
−1

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Parts

Solution
Z 0
It remains to evaluate the integral (1 + x)e−x dx. Let f (x) = 1 + x and g 0 (x) = e−x .
Z −1

Then, f 0 (x) = 1 and g(x) = e−x dx = −e−x . Using integration by parts again, we
have
Z 0 0
Z 0
(1 + x)e−x dx −(1 + x)e−x −e−x dx


= −1
−
−1 −1
Z 0
= −1 + e−x dx
−1
0
−1 + −e−x −1

=
= −1 + [−1 − (−e)]
= e − 2.

Hence Z 0
(1 + x)2 e−x dx = −1 + 2(e − 2) = 2e − 5 .
−1

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Parts

Solution
2
(f) Let f (x)Z = x2 and g 0 (x) −x 0
Z = xe  . Then, f (x) = 2x and Z
2 2 1 1 2 1 2
g(x) = xe−x dx = xe−x − d −x2 = − e−x d −x2 = − e−x .



2x 2 2
Using integration by parts, we have
Z 1  1 Z 1  
2 1 2 1 2
x3 e−x dx = − x2 e−x − 2x − e−x dx
0 2 0 0 2
Z 1
1 2
= − e−1 + xe−x dx
2 0
 1
1 1 2
= − e−1 + − e−x
2 2 0
  
1 −1 1 −1 1
= − e + − e − −
2 2 2
1 1
= − .
2 e

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

5.3.2 Integration by Substitution

1. Let f , g and F be continuous functions such that F 0 = f . Then
d
(F (g(x))) = F 0 (g(x)) g 0 (x) = f (g(x)) g 0 (x),
dx
i.e. F ◦ g is a primitive function of (f ◦ g)g 0 . Applying the fundamental
theorem of calculus II twice, we have
Z b
b
f (g(x)) g 0 (x) dx = [F (g(x))]a
a
= F (g(b)) − F (g(a))
g(b)
= [F (u)]g(a)
Z g(b)
= f (u) du.
g(a)

We thus obtain the integration by substitution formula for definite integrals

Z b Z g(b)
0
f (g(x)) g (x) dx = f (u) du.
a g(a)

More precisely, the function g in the above formula is also strictly increasing
(or strictly decreasing) to ensure that the transformation u = g(x) between x
and u is injective. 42 / 77
 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

Example 5.6
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
Z 2
3
(a) x2 ex dx (Hint: Let u = x3 )
0
Z 1 √
x
(b) √dx (Hint: Let u = 5 + 4x)
−1 5 + 4x
Z 9
√ √
(c) x 3 1 − x dx (Hint: Let u = 3 1 − x)
1
ln 2
e3x
Z
(d) dx (Hint: Let u = 1 + ex )
0 1 + ex
π
sin2 x
Z 4
(e) dx (Hint: Put u = tan x)
0 cos6 x
Z 1
1
(f) √ dx (Hint: Put x = sin θ)
1
2
x 1 − x2
4 √
√
Z
x
(g) e dx (Hint: Let u = x)
0
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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

Solution
1
(a) Let u = x3 . Then du = 3x2 dx, i.e. x2 dx = du. When x = 0 (resp. x = 2), we
3
have u = 0 (resp. u = 8). Thus,
Z 2 Z 8
3 1 1 1 8
x2 ex dx = eu · du = [eu ]80 =


e −1 .
0 0 3 3 3

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

Solution
√ u2 − 5 u
(b) Let u = 5 + 4x, i.e. u2 = 5 + 4x. Then, x = and dx = du. When
4 2
x = −1 (resp. x = 1), we have u = 1 (resp. u = 3). Thus,
2
Z 1 Z 3 u −5
x 4 u
√ dx = · du
−1 5 + 4x 1 u 2
Z 3
1
u2 − 5 du


=
8 1
3
1 u3

= − 5u
8 3
 1 
1 14
= (−6) − −
8 3
1
= − .
6

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

Solution
√
(c) Let u = 3 1 − x, i.e. u3 = 1 − x. Then, x = 1 − u3 and dx = −3u2 du. When
x = 1 (resp. x = 9), we have u = 0 (resp. u = −2). Thus,
Z −2
√
Z 9
x 3 1 − x dx = 1 − u3 u −3u2 du



1 0
Z 0
u3 − u6 du


= 3
−2
0
u4 u7

= 3 −
4 7 −2
   
128
= 3 0− 4− −
7
468
= − .
7

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

Solution
(d) Let u = 1 + ex . Then, ex = u − 1 and du = ex dx. When x = 0 (resp. x = ln 2),
we have u = 2 (resp. u = 3). Now,
Z ln 2 Z ln 2
e3x e2x
x
dx = · ex dx
0 1+e 0 1 + ex
Z 3
(u − 1)2
= du
2 u
Z 3 2
u − 2u + 1
= du
2 u
Z 3 
1
= u−2+ du
2 u
 2 3
u
= − 2u + ln |u|
2 2
 
3
= − + ln 3 − (−2 + ln 2)
2
1 3
= + ln .
2 2

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

Solution
π
(e) Let u = tan x. Then du = sec2 x dx. When x = 0 (resp. x = ), we have u = 0
4
(resp. u = 1). Thus,
π π
sin2 x sin2 x
Z Z
4 4
dx = · sec2 x · sec2 x dx
0 cos6 x 0 cos2 x
Z π
4
tan2 x 1 + tan2 x sec2 x dx


=
0
Z 1
u2 1 + u2 du


=
0
Z 1
u2 + u4 du


=
0
1
u3 u5

= +
3 5 0

8
= .
15

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

Solution
1 π
(f) Let x = sin θ. Then dx = cos θ dθ. When x = (resp. x = 1), we have θ =
2 6
π
(resp. θ = ). Thus,
2
Z 1 Z π
1 2 1
√ dx = p · cos θ dθ
1 x
2
1 − x 2 π
6 sin θ 1 − sin2 θ
Z π
2 cos θ
= √ dθ
π
6
sin θ cos2 θ
Z π
2
 π π
= csc θ dθ since cos θ ≥ 0 for ≤θ≤
π 6 2
6
π
= [ln | csc θ − cot θ|] π2 (by Example 4.3(d))
6
π π π π
  
= ln csc − cot  − ln csc − cot 
 
2 2 6 6
 √ 
= − ln 2 − 3 .

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 Integration by Parts and Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

Solution
√
(g) Let u = x. Then, x = u2 and dx = 2u du. When x = 0 (resp. x = 4), we have
u = 0 (resp. u = 2). Thus,
Z 4 √ Z 2 Z 2
e x dx = eu · 2u du = 2 ueu du.
0 0 0
Z 2
It remains to evaluate the integral ueu du. Let f (u) = u and g 0 (u) = eu . Then
Z 0

f 0 (u) = 1 and g(u) = eu du = eu . Using integration by parts, we have

Z 2 Z 2
ueu du = [ueu ]20 − eu du = 2e2 − [eu ]20 = 2e2 − e2 − 1 = e2 + 1.


0 0

Thus, Z 4 √
x
dx = 2 e2 + 1 .


e
0

50 / 77
 Applications of Definite Integrals

Section 4

Applications of Definite Integrals

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 Applications of Definite Integrals

In this section, we introduce two geometric applications of definite integrals,

namely computing areas of plane regions and volumes of solids.

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

5.4.1 Areas of Plane Regions

1. Let f be a continuous function on [a, b] such that f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b].
From Section 5.1, the area A of the region bounded by the graph of
y = f (x), the x-axis and the lines x = a, x = b is
Z b
A= f (x) dx.
a

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

Notes
Z b
(a) If f (x) < 0 for all x ∈ [a, b], then f (x) dx equals the negative of the area
a
of the region between the graph of y = f (x) and the interval [a, b].
(b) In general, the area of the region bounded by the continuous curve y = f (x),
the x-axis and the lines x = a, x = b is given by
Z b
|f (x)| dx. (2)
a

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

For example,
 consider a function f such that
≥ 0 if a ≤ x ≤ c or d ≤ x ≤ b,
f (x) as shown in the following figure.
< 0 if c < x < d,

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

The area of the region bounded by the graph of y = f (x) and the x-axis from
x = a to x = b is
Z c " Z # Z
d b
A1 + A2 + A3 = f (x) dx + − f (x) dx + f (x) dx
a c d
Z c Z d Z b
= |f (x)| dx + |f (x)| dx + |f (x)| dx
a c d
Z b
= |f (x)| dx.
a

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

(c) To apply the formula in (2), one should check the signs of f on subintervals
of [a, b].

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

Example 5.8

Find the area of the region bounded by

√
(a) the graph of y = x, the x-axis and the line x = 1.
(b) the graph of y = x2 − 2x and the x-axis for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3.
2
(c) the graph of y = xe−x , the x-axis and the lines x = −1, x = 2.

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

Solution
√
(a) Let f (x) = x. Since f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [0, 1], the required area is given by
" 3
#1
Z 1 √ x2 2
units2 .


x dx = 3 =
0 2
3
0


>0 if 2 < x ≤ 3,
(b) Let f (x) = x2 − 2x. Since f (x) the required area is given by
≤0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2,
Z 3  2
Z 2 Z 3
− x2 − 2x dx + x2 − 2x dx



x − 2x dx =
0 0 2
2  3 3
x3

x
= − − x2 + − x2
3 3
  0   2
4 4
= − − + 0− −
3 3
8
units2 .


=
3

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

Solution

2 ≥ 0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2,
(c) Let f (x) = xe−x . Note that f (x) Since
< 0 if −1 ≤ x < 0.
d  2
 2 1  2

e−x = −2xe−x , i.e. dx = − d e−x , the required area is given by
dx 2xe−x2
Z 2  
 −x2 
xe  dx
−1
Z 0 2
Z 2 2
= −xe−x dx + xe−x dx
−1 0
Z 0   Z 2  
−x2 1 
−x2 −x2 1 
−x2
= − xe − d e + xe − d e
−1 2xe−x2 0 2xe−x2
Z 0   1 2 Z
1 2 2

= d e−x − d e−x
2 −1 2 0
1 h −x2 i0 1 h −x2 i2
= e − e
2 −1 2 0
1 −1
1 −4

= 1−e − e −1
2 2
1 1
− 4 units2 .


= 1−
2e 2e
60 / 77
 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

2. If f and g are two continuous functions on [a, b] such that f (x) ≤ g(x) for all
x ∈ [a, b], then the area A of the region bounded by the graphs of y = f (x),
y = g(x) and the lines x = a, x = b is
Z b
A= [g(x) − f (x)] dx.
a

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

Example 5.9

Find the area of the region bounded by

(a) the graphs of y = x2 and y = x + 2.
(b) the graphs of x2 = 4y and y 2 = 4x.
π
(c) the graphs of y = sin x, y = cos x and the lines x = 0, x = .
2

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

Solution
(a) We first solve for the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs:
x2 = x+2
2
x −x−2 = 0
(x + 1)(x − 2) = 0
x = −1 or 2
From the following figure

we see that x + 2 ≥ x2 for −1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Hence the required area is given by

Z 2  2 2
x3
 
x 10 7 9
x + 2 − x2 dx = units2 .



+ 2x − = − − =
−1 2 3 −1 3 6 2

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

Solution
x2 √
(b) Write the equations of the two graphs as y = and y = 2 x for x ≥ 0.
4
We solve for the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of these two graphs:

x2 √
= 2 x
4
x4
= 4x
64
x4 − 64x = 0
x x3 − 64


= 0
x = 0 or 4

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

Solution
From the following figure

√ x2
we see that 2 x ≥ for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4. Hence the required area is given by
4
Z 4 " 3
#4
√ x2 1 x3

x2 16
units2 .


2 x− dx = 2 · 3 − · =
0 4 2
4 3 3
0

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

Solution
(c) We first solve for the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs:

sin x = cos x
tan x = 1
π
x =
4

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Areas of Plane Regions

Solution
From the following figure


 ≥ sin x π
if 0 ≤ x ≤ ,
we see that cos x 4 Hence the required area is given by
 < sin x if π < x ≤ π .
4 2
Z π Z π
4 2
A1 + A2 = (cos x − sin x) dx + (sin x − cos x) dx
0 π
4
π π
= [sin x − (− cos x)]0 + [− cos x − sin x] π2
4
4
√  √   √ √ 
2 2 2 2
= − − − 1 + (−1) − − −
2 2 2 2
√
2 2 − 2 units2 .


=
67 / 77
 Applications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids

5.4.2 Volumes of Solids

2. Solids of revolution
(a) If f is a continuous function on [a, b] such that f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b], then
the volume V of the solid of revolution formed by revolving the region R
below the graph of y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b, about the x-axis is given by
Z b
V =π [f (x)]2 dx. (3)
a

Remark This formula is also obtained by the method of slicing, where

A(x) = π [f (x)]2 is the area of a disk at x whose radius f (x) is the distance
from the region’s boundary to the x-axis.
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 Applications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids

Example 5.12

Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by revolving the region below
(a) the graph of y = x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, about the x-axis.
(b) the graph of y = sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π, about the x-axis.
(c) the upper half of the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 , a > 0, about the x-axis (Note:
This solid is a sphere of radius a).

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids

Solution
(a) The volume of the solid formed is
1 1 1
x5
Z Z 

2 π
x2 x4 dx = π units3 .


π dx = π =
0 0 5 0 5

(b) The volume of the solid formed is

Z π Z π
1
π sin2 x dx = π [1 − cos(2x)] dx
0 2
0 π
π 1
= x − sin(2x)
2 2 0

π2
units3 .


=
2

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids

Solution
√
(c) The equation of the upper half of the circle is y = a2 − x2 and it cuts the x-axis
at x = −a, x = a. Thus, the volume of the solid formed is
Z a p 2 Z a
a2 − x2 dx


π a2 − x2 dx = π
−a −a
a
x3

= π a2 x −
3 −a
 3 
2a3

2a
= π − −
3 3
4πa3
units3 .


=
3

Note To apply the formula in (3), it is necessary to express the equation of the
graph as a function of x first.

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids

(c) If f , g are two continuous functions on [a, b] such that f (x) ≥ g(x) ≥ 0 for all
x ∈ [a, b], then the volume V of the solid of revolution formed by revolving the
region R between the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x), a ≤ x ≤ b, about the
x-axis is given by Z b
(f (x))2 − (g(x))2 dx.
 
V =π
a

Remark The cross-section perpendicular to the axis of revolution at x is a

‘washer’ with area
A(x) = π [f (x)]2 − π [g(x)]2 = π (f (x))2 − (g(x))2 ,
 

where f (x) is the outer radius and g(x) is the inner radius of the washer.
72 / 77
 Applications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids

Example 5.14

Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by revolving the region bounded
by
√
(a) the graphs of y = x and y = x2 about the x-axis.
1
(b) the graphs of y = and 3x + 3y = 10 about the x-axis.
x

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids

Solution
(a) We first solve for the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs:
√
x = x2
x = x4
4
x−x = 0
x(1 − x) 1 + x + x2


= 0
x = 0 or 1

(the equation 1 + x + x2 = 0 has no real roots).

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids

Solution
From the following figure

√
we see that x ≥ x2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Hence the volume of the solid formed is
1 1  2 1
h √
x5
Z Z
2
2 i x 3π
x − x2 x − x4 dx = π units3 .



π dx = π − =
0 0 2 5 0 10

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 Applications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids

Solution
10
(b) Write the equation of the line 3x + 3y = 10 as y = − x. We solve for the
3
x-coordinates of the points of intersection of these two graphs:
1 10
= −x
x 3
3x2 − 10x + 3 = 0
(3x − 1)(x − 3) = 0
1
x = or 3
3

76 / 77
 Applications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids

Solution
From the following figure

10 1 1
we see that − x ≥ for ≤ x ≤ 3. Hence the volume of the solid formed is
3 x 3
"
Z 3  2  2 # Z 3 
10 1 100 20x 1
π −x − dx = π − + x2 − 2 dx
1 3 x 1 9 3 x
3 3
1
10x2 x3

100x 1
= π − + +
9 3 3 x 1
3
 
38 514
= π −
3 81
512π
units3 .


=
81 77 / 77