Optical and Quantum Electronics (2022) 54:243

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03639-2

Investigation for soliton solutions with some coupled

equations

Asim Zafar1 · Mustafa Inc2,3,4   · Faiza Shakoor1 · Muhammad Ishaq1

Received: 28 September 2021 / Accepted: 5 February 2022

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022

Abstract
The goal of this study is to investigate the soliton solution of the nonlinear coupled Higgs
equation and the Maccari system with beta time derivative. Nonlinear partial differential
equations are utilized to describe complex phenomenon in applied sciences. To acquire
the soliton solutions of the given model equation with beta derivative, we apply the Sine-
Gordon equation method. Numerical simulation with the graphical representation clearly
reveals the high competence of the given algorithm. These solitons appear with constric-
tive requirements that ensure their existence, and they are also presented.

Keywords  The Maccari system · Sine-Gordon equation method · Coupled Higgs equation ·
Soliton solutions

1 Introduction

Nonlinear partial diferential equations (NLPDEs) gives a central part for the learning of
nonlinear substantial models as well as used to describe complex phenomenon such as solid
mechanics propagation, fluid dynamics chemical reaction etc. NLPDEs are important for
the researchers so that they use different method to solve the NLPDEs. During our research
we will use Sine-Gordon equation method (Yıldırım et  al. 2020a, b, c, d) to solve Cou-
pled Higgs equation and Maccari system with beta time derivative. Many researchers have
investigate various definition of fractional derivatives such as Hausdorff derivative (Chen
and Liang 2017), conformable derivative (Abdeljawad 2015) and beta derivative (Atangana
et al. 2016). Sine-Gordon equation model due to its appealing features attracts the attention
of different scientists in different eras (Cuevas-Maraver et al. 2014). Sine-Gordon equation
method generates the dark, singular, bright and combined solitons for different equations
like Biswas-Arshed equation (BAE) for the Kerr and Power law non-linearities and also for

* Mustafa Inc
minc@firat.edu.tr
1
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University, Vehari Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
3
Department of Mathematics, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
4
Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

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 243   Page 2 of 17 A. Zafar et al.

coupled system emerged from BAE (Yıldırım 2020, 2021; Yaşar et al. 2018), an extraor-
dinary advancement had been accomplished in hypothetical investigations of soliton and
other non-linear wave designs by adopting models identified with Sine-Gordon equation
during the disfigurement of divided topographical media. Models re-create the kinematic,
and dynamic features then Sine-Gordon equation is applied on seismic data, modeling of
strain wave for dynamics and subduction slab, slow earthquake and migration pattern of
tremors. As a result seismicity and stress change can be explain (Bykov 2014). Module of
travelling wave solutions generated for non-linear differential equations by adopting differ-
ent techniques for different equations (Xin 2010; Bazeia et al. 2010; Gepreel et al. 2011;
Hafez and Lu 2015; Zayed and Alurrfi 2015; Soliman 2008; Mohyud-Din and Noor 2009;
Elwakil et al. 2002; El-Wakil and Abdou 2007). To locate the optical solitons and different
arrangements of the BAE with beta time derivative a wave variable change used for lessen-
ing the given model equation into non-linear ordinary differential equation (Hosseini et al.
2020), also by involving beta derivative in equation generates optical solitons (Yusuf et al.
2019).
In engineering practices, various problems are described by the mathematical repre-
sentation of fractional calculus that is generalization of derivative and integrals of integer
orders (Yang et al. 2017; Iyiola et al. 2018; Bai et al. 2018; Mousavi and Alfi 2018; Fernan-
dez et al. 2019; Liu 2018). So renowned definitions of fractional derivative are found, Rie-
mann-Liouville, Caputo-Fabrizio are very significant definition (Podlubny 1998; Caputo
and Fabrizio 2015). But now a days Khalil presented a definition of derivatives called con-
formable derivatives (Khalil et al. 2014). It doesn’t look like as fractional derivative but it
looks like as fractional compound (Akbulut and Kaplan 2018; Zhou et  al. 2018). Newly
Atangana presented a generalized definition on conformable derivative. This conformable
derivative is called beta-derivative. This novel derivative is differentiate with respect to the
defined interval (Atangana et al. 2016).
Beta derivative: Let g(t) be a function defined for all non-negative t. Then, the Beta
derivative of g(t) of order 𝛽 is given by
( ( )1−𝛽 )
1
g t + 𝜀 t + Γ(𝛽) − g(t)
d𝛽 g(t)
T 𝛽 (g(t)) = = lim , 0 < 𝛽 ≤ 1.
dt𝛽 𝜀→0 𝜀

2 Course of the scheme

This section describes the general steps of the Sine-Gordon technique. Let us assume the
NLPDEs in its generic formation:

H(u, u2 ut , ux , uy , uxx , uyy , utt , utx , ...) = 0 (1)

The unspecified function is u = u(x, y, t) , the subscripts reflect partial derivatives of a poly-
nomial H in u(x, y, t) and its derivative, with highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms.
Let us consider the wave transformation
u(x, y, t) = U(𝜁), 𝜁 = x + y ± 𝜈t, (2)
The speed of soliton is represented by 𝜈 . We get the ODE by inserting the Eq.  (2) into
Eq. (1)

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Investigation for soliton solutions with some coupled equations Page 3 of 17  243

S(u, u� , u�� , u��� , ...) = 0, (3)

Here, the derivative with respect to 𝜁 is represented by prime.
The Sine-Gordon equation approach has the following steps [?].

∑
N
( )
U(𝜂) = cosi−1 (V(𝜁)) A1 cos(V(𝜁 )) + Bi sin(V(𝜁 ) + A0 ) (4)
i=1

where Ai and Bi (0≤i≤ N) are constants, N is the balance number and V(𝜁 ) holds,

V � (𝜁) = sin(v(𝜁 )) (5)

with
sin(V(𝜁)) =sech(𝜁 ) or sin(V(𝜁 )) = icsch(𝜁 ) (6)

cos(V(𝜁)) = tanh(𝜁) or cos(V(𝜁 )) = coth(𝜁 ) (7)

3 Investigation for Soliton solutions with the Sine Gordon equation

method

3.1 The solutions of coupled Higgs equation

Presume the aforesaid equation with beta time derivative as

𝜕 2𝛽 u 𝜕 2 u
− 2 + u|u|2 − 2uv =0
𝜕t2𝛽 𝜕x
(8)
𝜕 2𝛽 v 𝜕 2 v 𝜕2
2𝛽
+ 2 − 2 |u|2 =0
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕x
where u = u(x, t) , using the wave transformation

v(x, t) = V(𝜁 ), u(x, t) = U(𝜁 )ei𝜙(x,t) , (9)

where
( )𝛽 ( )𝛽
1 1
𝜌 +t 𝜔 Γ(𝛽) +t
𝜁 =x−
Γ(𝛽)
, 𝜙(x, t) = −𝜅x + + 𝜉, (10)
𝛽 𝛽

where 𝜌 denotes wave speed while 𝜅 , 𝜔 , and 𝜉 indicate frequency, wave number, and phase
constant respectively. Inserting the transformation (9) in the coupled Higgs Eq. (8), yields
the ODE of the form
( 2 ) ( )
𝜌 − 1 U �� + U 𝜅 2 − 𝜔2 − 2UV + U 3 =0
( 2 ) ( )�� (11)
𝜌 + 1 V �� − U 2 =0

We neglect the constant of integration while taking integration of 2nd equation in (11).

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U2
V= (12)
c2 + 1
We get, by inserting Eq. (12) into the first Eq.  of (11)
( 4 ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝜌 − 1 U �� + 𝜌2 + 1 U 𝜅 2 − 𝜔2 + 𝜌2 − 1 U 3 = 0 (13)

where
dU
U� = (14)
d𝜁
In Eq. (13), the highest order derivative term U is balanced with the nonlinear term U 3 . We
′′

attain N = 1 , Therefore, By the Sine Gordon equation method in (4). We suppose the solu-
tion in this form.
U(𝜁) = A1 cos(v(𝜁 )) + B1 sin(v(𝜁 )) + A0 (15)
where A1 , A0 , B1 are constants that are yet to be determined.
Inserting the derevative of Eq. (15) with Eq. (5) and U 3 in (13), presents the system
of algebraic equations, By using Mathematica to solve this system yields the results
which are given below.
Case-1:
√ √ √
−𝜌2 − 1 𝜌2 + 1 2𝜅 2 − 𝜌2 + 1
A1 = ∓ √ , A0 = 0, B1 = ∓ √ ,𝜔 = √ .
2 2 2

Corresponding to Case-1, we have the solution

� � � �𝛽 �� � � �𝛽 �
√ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
𝜌2 + 1 + −𝜌2 − 1 sinh x − 𝛽
sech x − 𝛽
u(x, t) = ∓ √
2
� �𝛽
⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟⎟
× exp ⎜i⎜−𝜅x + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(16)
� � � �𝛽 � � � �𝛽 ��2
1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
∓sech x − 2 2
𝜌 + 1 + −𝜌 − 1 sinh x −
𝛽 𝛽
v(x, t) = � �
2 𝜌2 + 1
(17)
Case-2:
√ √ √
−𝜌2 − 1 𝜌2 + 1 2𝜅 2 − 𝜌2 + 1
A1 = − √ , A0 = 0, B1 = √ ,𝜔 = √
2 2 2

corresponding to Case-2, we have

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Investigation for soliton solutions with some coupled equations Page 5 of 17  243

� � � �𝛽 �� � � �𝛽 �
√ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
𝜌2 + 1 − −𝜌2 − 1 sinh x − 𝛽
sech x − 𝛽
u(x, t) = √
2
� �𝛽 (18)
⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽) +t ⎟⎟
× exp ⎜i⎜−𝜅x + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠

� � � �𝛽 � � � �𝛽 ��2
1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
sech x − 𝜌2 2
+ 1 − −𝜌 − 1 sinh x −
𝛽 𝛽
(19)
v(x, t) = � �
2 𝜌2 + 1

Case-3:
√ √ √
−𝜌2 − 1 𝜌2 + 1 2𝜅 2 − 𝜌2 + 1
A1 = √ , A0 = 0, B1 = − √ ,𝜔 = √
2 2 2

Corresponding to Case-3, we get the solution as

� � �𝛽 � � � �𝛽 �
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
2
−𝜌 − 1 tanh x − 2
− 𝜌 + 1sech x −
𝛽 𝛽
u(x, t) = √
2
� �𝛽 (20)
⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽) +t ⎟⎟
× exp ⎜i⎜−𝜅x + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠

� � � �𝛽 � � � �𝛽 ��2
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
−𝜌2 − 1 tanh x − − 𝜌2 + 1sech x −
𝛽 𝛽
(21)
v(x, t) = � �
2 𝜌2 + 1

Case-4:
√ √ √
−𝜌2 − 1 𝜌2 + 1 2𝜅 2 − 𝜌2 + 1
A1 = ∓ √ , A0 = 0, B1 = ∓ √ ,𝜔 = − √
2 2 2

Corresponding to Case-4, the solution is

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 243   Page 6 of 17 A. Zafar et al.

� � � �𝛽 � � � � �𝛽 �
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
−𝜌2 − 1 cosh x − 𝛽
+ i 𝜌2 + 1 csch x − 𝛽
u(x, t) = ∓ √
2
� �𝛽
⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟⎟
× exp ⎜i⎜−𝜅x + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(22)
� � � � �𝛽 � � � � �𝛽 ��2
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
∓ −𝜌2 − 1 cosh x − 𝛽
+ i 𝜌2 + 1 csch x − 𝛽
v(x, t) = � �
2 𝜌2 + 1
(23)
Case-5:
√ √ √
−𝜌2 − 1 𝜌2 + 1 2𝜅 2 − 𝜌2 + 1
A1 → − √ , A0 → 0, B1 → √ ,𝜔 = − √ .
2 2 2

Corresponding to Case-5, the solution is

� � �𝛽 � � � �𝛽 �
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
− −𝜌2 − 1 coth x − 𝛽
+ i 𝜌2 + 1csch x − 𝛽
u(x, t) = √
2
� �𝛽 (24)
⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+ t ⎟⎟
× exp ⎜i⎜−𝜅x + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠

� � � �𝛽 � � � �𝛽 ��2
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
− −𝜌2 − 1 coth x − 𝛽
+ i 𝜌2 + 1csch x − 𝛽
v(x, t) = � � .
2 𝜌2 + 1
(25)
Case-6:
√ √ √
−𝜌2 − 1 𝜌2 + 1 2𝜅 2 − 𝜌2 + 1
A1 = √ , A0 = 0, B1 = − √ ,𝜔 = − √
2 2 2

Corresponding to Case-6, we have solution

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Investigation for soliton solutions with some coupled equations Page 7 of 17  243

� � �𝛽 � � � �𝛽 �
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
−𝜌2 − 1 coth x − 𝛽
− i 𝜌2 + 1csch x − 𝛽
u(x, t) = √
2
� �𝛽 (26)
⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟⎟
× exp ⎜i⎜−𝜅x + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠

� � � �𝛽 � � � �𝛽 ��2
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
−𝜌2 − 1 coth x − 𝛽
−i 𝜌2 + 1csch x − 𝛽
v(x, t) = � �
2 𝜌2 + 1
(27)
Case-7:
√ √ √
A1 = 0, A0 = 0, B1 = ∓ 2 𝜌2 + 1, 𝜔 = 𝜅 2 + 𝜌2 − 1 (28)

Corresponding to Case-7, the solution is

� �𝛽 � �𝛽
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
√ √ ⎜ 𝜌 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟⎟
u(x, t) = ∓ 2 𝜌2 + 1sech⎜x − ⎟ × exp ⎜i⎜−𝜅x + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟
⎜ 𝛽 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(29)
� � � �𝛽 ��2
√ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
∓ 2 𝜌2 + 1sech x − 𝛽
(30)
v(x, t) = � �
2 𝜌2 + 1

Case-8:
√ √ √
A1 = 0, A0 = 0, B1 = ∓ 2 𝜌2 + 1, 𝜔 = − 𝜅 2 + 𝜌2 − 1

Corresponding to Case-8, we get the solution as (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

� �𝛽 � �𝛽
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
√ √ ⎜ 𝜌 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟⎟
u(x, t) = ∓i 2 𝜌 + 1csch⎜x −
2
⎟ × exp ⎜⎜
i −𝜅x + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟
⎜ 𝛽 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(31)
� � � �𝛽 ��2
√ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
∓i 2 𝜌2 + 1csch x − 𝛽
(32)
v(x, t) = � �
2 𝜌2 + 1

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Fig. 1  Solution of positive value

Eq. (29) 𝜅 = 0.4 , 𝜌 = 0.8 , 𝜉 = 0.5

Fig. 2  Solution of positive value

Eq. (29) 𝜅 = 0.4, 𝜌 = 0.8, 𝜉 = 0.5

Fig. 3  Solution of positive value

Eq. (29) 𝜅 = 0.4, 𝜌 = 0.8, 𝜉 = 0.5

Case-9:
√ √ √
A1 = ∓ 2 −𝜌2 − 1, A0 = 0, B1 = 0, 𝜔 = 𝜅 2 − 2𝜌2 + 2

Corresponding to Case-9, we get solution (Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12)

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Investigation for soliton solutions with some coupled equations Page 9 of 17  243

Fig. 4  Solution of positive value

Eq. (30) 𝜅 = 0.4, 𝜌 = 0.9

Fig. 5  Solution of positive value

Eq. (30) 𝜅 = 0.4, 𝜌 = 0.9

Fig. 6  Solution of positive value

Eq. (30) 𝜅 = 0.4, 𝜌 = 0.9

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 243   Page 10 of 17 A. Zafar et al.

Fig. 7  Solution of positive value

Eq. (32) 𝜅 = 0.2, 𝜌 = 0.5, c = 0.5

Fig. 8  Solution of positive value

Eq. (31) 𝜅 =0.2, 𝜌 =0.5, c=0.5

Fig. 9  Solution of positive value

Eq. (31) 𝜅 =0.2, 𝜌 =0.5, c=0.5

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Investigation for soliton solutions with some coupled equations Page 11 of 17  243

Fig. 10  Solution of positive
value Eq. (32) 𝜅 = 0.4, 𝜌 = 0.9

Fig. 11  Solution of positive
value Eq. (32) 𝜅 = 0.4, 𝜌 = 0.9

Fig. 12  Solution of positive
value Eq. (32) 𝜅 = 0.4, 𝜌 = 0.9

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 243   Page 12 of 17 A. Zafar et al.

� �𝛽 � �𝛽
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
√ √ ⎜ 𝜌 Γ(𝛽)
+ t ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+ t ⎟⎟
u(x, t) = ∓ 2 −𝜌2 − 1 tanh ⎜x − ⎟ × exp ⎜⎜
i −𝜅x + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟
⎜ 𝛽 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(33)
� � �𝛽 �2
√ √ 𝜌 1 +t
2 −𝜌2 − 1 tanh x − Γ(𝛽)𝛽
(34)
v(x, t) = ∓ � �
2
2 𝜌 +1

Case-10:
√ √ √
A1 = ∓ 2 −𝜌2 − 1, A0 = 0, B1 = 0, 𝜔 = − 𝜅 2 − 2𝜌2 + 2

Corresponding to Case-10, the solution is

� �𝛽 � �𝛽
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
√ √ ⎜ 𝜌 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟⎟
u(x, t) = ∓ 2 −𝜌2 − 1 coth ⎜x − ⎟ × exp ⎜i⎜−𝜅x + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟.
⎜ 𝛽 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(35)
� � �𝛽 �2
√ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
2 −𝜌2 − 1 coth x − 𝛽
(36)
v(x, t) = ∓ � �
2 𝜌2 + 1

3.2 The Maccari system

Let us assume the (2 + 1)-dimensional coupled integrable nonlinear system with beta
time derivative as

𝜕𝛽 u 𝜕2 u
+ 2 + uv = 0
𝜕t2𝛽 𝜕x
(37)
𝜕 𝛽 v 𝜕v 𝜕
+ + |u|2 = 0
𝜕t𝛽 𝜕y 𝜕x

A wave variable transformation is

v(x, y, t) = V(𝜁 ), u(x, y, t) = U(𝜁 )ei𝜙(x,t) , (38)

where
( )𝛽 ( )𝛽
1 1
𝜌 +t 𝜔 Γ(𝛽) +t
𝜁 =x+y−
Γ(𝛽)
, 𝜙(x, t) = −px − qy + + 𝜉. (39)
𝛽 𝛽

Inserting (38) into Eq. (37), then Maccari system can be reduced to ODE, the real part is

13
Investigation for soliton solutions with some coupled equations Page 13 of 17  243

( )
U �� − U p2 + 𝜔 + UV = 0
( 2 )� (40)
U + (1 − 𝜌)V � = 0

We neglect the constant of integration, by integrating the 2nd eq in (40), we attain

U2
V=− (41)
1−𝜌

inserting this value in first equation of system (40), we obtained

(1 − 𝜌)U �� − (𝜔 + p2 )(1 − 𝜌)U − U 3 = 0. (42)

where
dU
U� = (43)
d𝜁
We attain N = 1 , when the highest order derivative term U is balanced with the nonlinear
′′

term U 3 . As a result, we assume the answer in this form using the Sine Gordon equation
method (4).
U(𝜁) = A1 cos(v(𝜁 )) + B1 sin(v(𝜁 )) + A0 (44)
where A1 , A0 , B1 are constants that are yet to be determined. In Eq. (42) replace the deriva-
tive of Eq. (44) with Eq. (8) and U 3 . Then, we will produce an algebraic equation system,
on solving this system, we get the following set of results. Case-1:
√ √
A0 = 0, A1 = 0, B1 = ∓ 2 𝜌 − 1, 𝜔 = 1 − p2 .

Corresponding to case-1, the solution is

� �𝛽 � �𝛽
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
√ √ ⎜ 𝜌 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+ t ⎟⎟
u(x, y, t) = ∓ 2 𝜌 − 1sech⎜x + y − ⎟ × exp ⎜⎜
i −px − qy + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟.
⎜ 𝛽 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(45)

Fig. 13  Solution of
positive value Eq. (45)
𝜌 = 2, y = 1, 𝜉 = 0.5, p = 0.4, q = 0.6

13
 243   Page 14 of 17 A. Zafar et al.

Fig. 14  Solution of
positive value Eq. (45)
𝜌 = 2, y = 1, 𝜉 = 0.5, p = 0.4, q = 0.6

Fig. 15  Solution of
positive value Eq. (45)
𝜌 = 2, y = 1, 𝜉 = 0.5, p = 0.4, q = 0.6

� � � �𝛽 ��2
√ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
∓ 2 𝜌 − 1sech x + y − 𝛽 (46)
v(x, y, t) = −
1−𝜌

Case-2:
√ √
1−𝜌 𝜌−1 1� �
A0 = 0, A1 = ∓ √ , B1 = ∓ √ , 𝜔 = −2p2 − 1
2 2 2

Corresponding to case-2, we get solution is (Figs. 13, 14, 15)

� � � �𝛽 �� � � �𝛽 �
√ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
𝜌 − 1 + 1 − 𝜌 sinh x + y − 𝛽
sech x + y − 𝛽
u(x, y, t) = ∓ √
2
� �𝛽
⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟⎟
× exp ⎜i⎜−px − qy + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟.
⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(47)

13
Investigation for soliton solutions with some coupled equations Page 15 of 17  243

� � � � �𝛽 �� � � �𝛽 ��2
√ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
∓ 𝜌 − 1 + 1 − 𝜌 sinh x + y − 𝛽
sech x + y − 𝛽
v(x, y, t) = −
2(1 − 𝜌)
(48)
Case-3:
√ √
1−𝜌 𝜌−1 1� 2
�
A0 = 0, A1 = − √ , B1 = √ , 𝜔 = −2p − 1 .
2 2 2

Corresponding to case-3, the solution is

� � � �𝛽 �� � � �𝛽 �
√ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
𝜌 − 1 − 1 − 𝜌 sinh x + y − 𝛽
sech x + y − 𝛽
u(x, y, t) = √
2
� �𝛽
⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟⎟
× exp ⎜i⎜−px − qy + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟.
⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(49)
�� � � �𝛽 �� � � �𝛽 ��2
√ √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
𝜌−1− 1 − 𝜌 sinh x + y − 𝛽
sech x + y − 𝛽
v(x, y, t) = −
2(1 − 𝜌)
(50)
Case-4:
√ √
1−𝜌 𝜌−1 1� �
A0 = 0, A1 = √ , B1 = − √ , 𝜔 = −2p2 − 1 .
2 2 2

Corresponding to case=4, the solution is

� � � �𝛽 � � � � �𝛽 �
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
1 − 𝜌 sinh x + y − 𝛽
− 𝜌 − 1 sech x + y − 𝛽
u(x, y, t) = √
2
� �𝛽
⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟⎟
× exp ⎜i⎜−px − qy + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟.
⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(51)
�� � � �𝛽 � � � � �𝛽 ��2
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t √ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
1 − 𝜌 sinh x + y − 𝛽
− 𝜌 − 1 sech x + y − 𝛽
v(x, y, t) = −
2(1 − 𝜌)
(52)
Case:4

13
 243   Page 16 of 17 A. Zafar et al.

√ √
A0 = 0, A1 = ∓ 2 1 − 𝜌, B1 = 0, 𝜔 = −p2 − 2

Corresponding to case:4, the solution is,

� �𝛽 � �𝛽
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
√ ⎜ 𝜌 Γ(𝛽)
+t ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝜔 Γ(𝛽)
+ t ⎟⎟
u(x, y, t) = ∓ 2 − 2𝜌 tanh ⎜x + y − ⎟ × exp ⎜⎜
i −px − qy + + 𝜉 ⎟⎟.
⎜ 𝛽 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝛽 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
(53)
� � � �𝛽 ��2
√ 1
𝜌 Γ(𝛽) +t
∓ 2 − 2𝜌 tanh x + y − 𝛽 (54)
v(x, y, t) = −
2(1 − 𝜌)

4 Conclusion

The soliton solutions of the nonlinear coupled Higgs equation and the Maccari system with
beta time derivative have been examined in this study. The accurate soliton solutions to the
given model equation with beta derivative have obtained by employing the Sine-Gordan
equation approach. Application of Sine-Gordon equation method generated the dark, sin-
gular, bright and combo singular solitons. The high competency of the proposed method is
clearly demonstrated by numerical simulation with graphical depiction.

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