ANDRES BONIFACIO COLLEGE

COLLEGE PARK, DIPOLOG CIY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Sat (8-9 a.m:6-8 p.m. Lec/1-4 p.m. Lab)

John Lester S. Balbido Jessar Fiel

BSEEIII BSMEIII

Engr. Marvin I. Barrite

Instructor
NATURE OF MATERIALS
Table of Contents

Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 1

Metals ……………………………………………………………………... 2

Polymers ……………………………………………………………………. 6

Ceramics …………………………………………………………………… 9

Composites …………………………………………………………………. 12

Chemical Binding and Crystal Structures ……………………………….. 14

References ………………………………………………………………….. 17
NTRODUCTION
Engineering materials refers to the group of materials that are used in the
construction of manmade structures and components.
• The primary function is to withstand applied loading without breaking and
without exhibiting excessive deflection.
• The major classifications of engineering materials include metals, polymers,
ceramics, and composites.
•
Types of Engineering Materials
Metals:
 Ferrous Alloy
 Aluminum Alloys
 Nickel Alloys
 Copper Alloys
 Titanium Alloys
Polymers:
 Thermoplastics Polymers
 Thermosetting Polymers
 Elastomers
Ceramics:
 Glass
 Cements
 Clay Products
 Refractories
 Abrasives
Composites:
 Particulate Composites
 Fibrous Composites
 Laminated Composites

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 Metals

They are formed by combining a metal with one or more other metallic and/or
non-metallic materials. The combination usually occurs through a process of
melting, mixing, and cooling. The goal of alloying is to improve the properties of
the base material in some desirable way.

Ferrous Alloys
Ferrous alloys have iron as the base element, include steels and cast irons.
Ferrous alloys are the most common metal alloys in use due to the abundance of
iron, ease of production, and high versatility of the material. The biggest
disadvantage of many ferrous alloys is low corrosion resistance.

Carbon Steel
Carbon steels are basically just mixtures of iron and carbon. They may
contain small amounts of other elements, but carbon is the primary alloying
ingredient. The effect of adding carbon is an increase in strength and hardness.
Most carbon steels are plain carbon steels, of which there are several types.

Low-Carbon Steel
Low-carbon steel has less than about 0.30% carbon. It is characterized
by low strength but high ductility. Some strengthening can be achieved
through cold working, but it does not respond well to heat treatment. Low-
carbon steel is very weldable and is inexpensive to produce. Common uses
for low-carbon steel include wire, structural shapes, machine parts, and sheet
metal.

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 Medium-Carbon Steel
Medium-carbon steel contains between about 0.30% to 0.70% carbon.
It can be heat treated to increase strength, especially with the higher carbon
contents. Medium-carbon steel is frequently used for axles, gears, shafts, and
machine parts.

High-Carbon Steel
High-carbon steel contains between about 0.70% to 1.40% carbon. It
has high strength but low ductility. Common uses include drills, cutting
tools, knives, and springs.

Chemical Composition:
Low Carbon Steel:
 >0.30% Carbon
 Iron
 Others
Medium Carbon Steel:
 0.30% to 0.70% carbon
 Iron
 Others
High Carbon Steel:
 0.70% to 1.40% carbon
 Iron
 Others

Aluminum Alloys
Aluminum is a widely used material, particularly in the aerospace industry,
due to its light weight and corrosion resistance.

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Pure aluminum has good corrosion resistance due to an oxide coating that forms
over the material and prevents oxidation.

Chemical Compositions:
 Iron
 Aluminum
 Copper
 Silicon

Nickel Alloys
have high temperature and corrosion resistance. Common alloying
ingredients include copper, chromium, and iron.

Chemical Composition:
 Copper
 Chromium
 Iron

Copper Alloys
are generally characterized as being electrically conductive, having good
corrosion resistance, and being relatively easy to form and cast. While they are a
useful engineering material, copper alloys are also very attractive and are
commonly used in decorative applications.
Chemical Compositions:
 Copper
 Zinc
 Lead
 Aluminum
 Tin
 Silica
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Titanium Alloys
are light, strong, and have high corrosion resistance. Their density is much
lower than steel, and their strength-to-weight ratio is excellent.
For this reason, titanium alloys are used especially in the aerospace industry.
One primary downside of titanium alloys is the high cost.

Chemical Composition:
 Aluminum
 Vanadium
 Iron
 Oxygen
 Titanium

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 Polymers

are materials that consist of molecules formed by long chains of repeating units,
may be natural or synthetic. Many useful engineering materials are polymers, such
as plastics, rubbers, fibers, adhesives, and coatings.

Thermoplastic Polymers
The classification of thermoplastics and thermosets is based on their
response to heat. If heat is applied to a thermoplastic, it will soften and melt. Once
it is cooled, it will return to solid form. Thermoplastics do not experience any
chemical change through repeated heating and cooling (unless the temperature is
high enough to break the molecular bonds). They are therefore very well suited to
injection molding.

Thermosetting Polymers
Thermosets are typically heated during initial processing, after which they
become permanently hard. Thermosets will not melt upon reheating. If the applied
heat becomes extreme however, the thermoset will degrade due to breaking of the
molecular bonds. Thermosets typically have greater hardness and strength than
thermoplastics. They also typically have better dimensional stability than
thermoplastics, meaning that they are better at maintaining their original
dimensions when subjected to temperature and moisture changes.

Elastomers
Elastomers are highly elastic polymers with mechanical properties similar to
rubber. Elastomers are commonly used for seals, adhesives, hoses, belts, and other
flexible parts. The strength and stiffness of rubber can be increased through a
process called vulcanization, which involves adding sulfur and subjecting the
material to high temperature and pressure. This process causes cross-links to form
between the polymer chains.
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Example of a polymer:

NYLON66 ( C 12 H 22 N 2 O2 )n

The difference between the three in terms in molecular scale/atomic scale:

Elastomer

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 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymer

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 CERAMICS

are solid compounds that may consist of metallic or nonmetallic elements. The
primary classifications of ceramics include glasses, cements, clay products,
refractories, and abrasives have excellent corrosion and wear resistance, high
melting temperature, high stiffness, and low electrical and thermal conductivity
and brittle materials.

Glass
common materials and are seen in applications including windows, lenses,
and containers. Glasses are amorphous, whereas the other ceramics are mainly
crystalline. Primary advantages of glasses include transparency and ease of
fabrication.

Chemical Composition:
 Silicon Dioxide (Si O2 )
 Calcium Carbonate ( CaC O3 ) or known as Limestone
 Sodium Carbonate ( N a2 C O3 )

Cement
are materials that, after mixing with water, form a paste that then hardens.
Because of this characteristic, cements can be formed into useful shapes while in
paste form before they harden into rigid structures. It is used widely in the
construction of buildings, bridges, and other large structures.

Chemical Composition:
 Calcium Oxide (CaO)

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  Silica (SiO2 )
 Alumina( A l 2 O3 )
 Iron( F e2 O3 )
 Gypsum( CaS O4 )

Clay Products
Clay is a very common ceramic material. It can be mixed with water,
shaped, and then hardened through firing at high temperature. The two primary
classifications of clay products include structural clay products and whitewares.
Structural clay products see applications including bricks, tiles, and piping.
Whitewares see applications including pottery and plumbing fixtures.

Chemical Composition:
 Silica
 Alumina/Magnesia or both
 Water ( H 2 O )
Refractories
Refractory ceramics can withstand high temperatures and extreme
environments. They can also provide thermal insulation. Brick is the most common
refractory ceramic.

Chemical Composition:
 Silicon
 Aluminum
 Magnesium
 Calcium
 Boron
 Chromium
 Zirconium

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Abrasives
Abrasive ceramics are hard materials that are used to cut, grind, and wear
away other softer materials. Typical properties of abrasives include high hardness,
wear resistance, and temperature resistance. Abrasives can either be bonded to a
surface (e.g., grinding wheels and sandpaper), or can be used as loose grains (e.g.,
sand blasting). Common abrasives include cemented carbide, silicon carbide,
tungsten carbide, aluminum oxide, and silica sand. Diamond is also an excellent
abrasive, but it is expensive.

Chemical Composition:
 Aluminum Oxide ( A l 2 O 3 )
 Silicon Carbide ( SiC )

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 Composites

a material in which one or more mutually insoluble materials are mixed or

bonded together. The primary classes of composites are particulate composites,
fibrous composites, and laminated composites.

Particulate Composites
Particulate composites are created by adding particles of one material to a
matrix (the filler material). The particles will typically account for less than 15% of
the total material volume. The particles are added to improve upon some
shortcoming of the matrix material.

Fibrous Composites
A fibrous composite is a material in which fibers of one material are
embedded within a matrix. The fibers carry most of the stress, and the matrix
serves to hold the fibers in place and to transmit stress between the fibers. The
fibers can be short and randomly oriented, or they can be long and continuous.

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Laminated Composites
Laminated composites are created by combining layers of composite
materials. The layers will typically differ in the orientation of the fibers, or they
will differ in the material itself. Sandwich materials are common, in which a
lightweight material (such as foam or a honeycomb) will be placed in between
layers of a strong, stiff material.

Chemical Bonding and Crystal

Structures
The Bhor Model:

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Ionic Bond
is formed when a pair of electrons are shared between two atoms. If both
electrons come from one atom, the bond is called a coordinate covalent bond.

Covalent Bond
or know as electrovalent bond is formed when electrons are transferred from
one atom to another. The bond is an electrostatic attraction between oppositely
charged ions.

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Metallic Bonding
is a term used to describe the collective sharing of a sea of valence electrons
between several positively charged metal ions.

Crystal Structures for Common Materials:

Body Centered Cubic

Face Centered Cubic

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Hexagonal close-packed

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References

“Engineering materials,” MechaniCalc. [Online]. Available:

https://mechanicalc.com/reference/engineering-materials#thermoplastic-polymers.
[Accessed: 07-Feb-2023].

“Chemical Properties of Engineering Materials | Electrical4U,” Electrical4U.

Accessed: Feb. 06, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://www.electrical4u.com/chemical-properties-of-materials/#:~:text=Chemical
%20Properties%20of%20Engineering%20Materials%201%20Chemical
%20Composition

Lionel Wolberger, “THE NATURE OF MATERIALS,” Nov. 16, 2006.

https://www.slideshare.net/lwolberg/the-nature-of-materials
‌[1]
“Composition of cement,” Psu.edu, 2019.
https://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/courses/ce584/concrete/library/construction/
curing/Composition%20of%20cement.htm
‌[1]
J. Bush, “Types of chemical bonding,” Student Circuit, Mar. 12, 2018.
https://www.student-circuit.com/learning/year1/electronic-materials/types-
chemical-bonding/ (accessed Feb. 06, 2023).

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