CHAPTER 33 CONFINED SPACES

33 CONFINED SPACES

A confined space is defined as a place

a) that is partially or fully enclosed
b) that is not both designed and constructed for
continuous human occupancy, and
c) where atmospheric hazards may occur because
of its construction, location, or contents, or
because of work that is done in it.
All three criteria have to be met before a space
is defined as a confined space. Here is more
information on each of the criteria.
Partially or fully enclosed
Because air does not move in and out of a partially
or fully enclosed space in sufficient quantities, there
is a potential for a hazardous atmosphere to be
generated inside. This is especially true for spaces
such as vaults, tanks, pits, trenches, or manholes.
Not designed and constructed for continuous Figure 33-1: Typical Locations of Confined Spaces
human occupancy
Confined spaces are not designed or constructed Confined Space Program
for people to work in them on an ongoing basis. Before letting a worker enter a confined space, the
They are usually designed and constructed to store employer must develop a written confined space
material, transport products, or enclose a process. program meeting the requirements of Regulation
But occasionally, some work must be done inside 632–Confined Spaces. The employer must maintain
the space. the program.
Atmospheric hazards Among the first requirements for employers
A hazardous atmosphere is one that contains any developing a confined space program is the need
of the following: to assess which workers will be entering the
confined space and therefore which workers will
• An accumulation of flammable, combustible, or
need a copy of the confined space program.
explosive agents
Employers must provide a copy of the program
• Less than 19.5% or more than 23% oxygen, or
to the constructor of a project. In turn, the
• An accumulation of atmospheric contaminants constructor must provide a copy of the program
that could result in acute (short-term) health to the project’s joint health and safety committee
effects which or health and safety representative, if any. A copy
a) pose an immediate threat to life, or must also be available to other employers to which
b) interfere with a person’s ability to escape the program relates and every worker if there is no
unaided from a confined space. project joint health and safety committee or health
Figure 33-1 shows some typical locations where and safety representative.
confined spaces are found.

Hazards 33-1
CONFINED SPACES

If workers from more than one employer will be If requested, the employer must give copies of the
entering the confined space, the constructor must assessment and the qualifications of the person with
prepare a confined space coordination program. A adequate knowledge, training and experience to
copy of the confined space coordination document
• The project’s joint health and safety committee, or
must be provided to each employer who is
performing work in the confined space and to the • The health and safety representative, or
project’s joint health and safety committee or the • Every worker involved in the confined space
health and safety representative. entry if the project has no joint health and safety
The confined space program can apply to one or committee or health and safety representative.
more confined spaces. The employer must review the assessment as often
Program elements must include as necessary to make sure that the plans remain
adequate. For example, if the potential chemical
• A method for recognizing each confined space hazard changes due to a change in process or
• A method for assessing and evaluating the equipment use, then the assessment must be
hazards to which workers may be exposed changed.
• A method for developing plans to control the An assessment is generally required for each
hazards confined space. But if there are two or more similar
• A method for training workers confined spaces containing the same hazards, then
you need only a single assessment document.
• An entry permit system setting out measures and
procedures to be followed when working in a To perform a hazard assessment, you need to
confined space. anticipate potential hazards. Often, the hazards of
working in confined spaces are not recognized until
Coordination it’s too late.

When workers of more than one employer For example:

perform work in the same confined space,
• A mixing tank was inadvertently started while a
the constructor must prepare a coordination
worker was inside.
document to ensure that the various employers
perform their duties in a way that protects the • A worker was killed by carbon monoxide gas from
health and safety of all workers. a gasoline-powered pump used to drain a pit.
A copy of the coordination document must be If control measures (such as continuous
provided to mechanical ventilation) are used to ensure that
the concentrations of an atmospheric hazard are
• Each employer of workers who perform work controlled or maintained at an appropriate level
in the same confined space (but not eliminated), then the space would still be
• The project’s joint health and safety considered a confined space. If, however, measures
committee or health and safety representative. are implemented to eliminate the possibility that any
atmospheric hazards may occur in a space, then the
confined space provisions no longer need to apply.

Hazard Assessment Eliminating the possibility that an atmospheric

hazard will occur is different from controlling the
Before each time that a worker enters a confined hazard. If workers must enter the confined space
space, a person with adequate knowledge, training to eliminate the hazards (by steam-cleaning or
and experience must perform a written hazard vacuuming, for example), then the confined spaces
assessment. The name of the competent worker provisions apply.
must appear on the assessment and the employer
must keep a record of the competent worker’s EVERY CONFINED SPACE MUST BE THOROUGHLY
qualifications. ASSESSED AND EVALUATED BY A PERSON
WITH ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE, TRAINING AND
The hazard assessment must take into account EXPERIENCE TO DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS
a) the hazards that may exist in the confined space POSSIBLE TO ELIMINATE THE ATMOSPHERIC
HAZARD COMPLETELY.
b) the hazards that may develop while work is
Even if a space is not defined as a confined space
performed inside the confined space under the regulations, the employer must take
c) general safety hazards in the confined space. every precaution reasonable in the circumstances
to protect workers entering the space. This could
The person with adequate knowledge, training and involve using protective measures and procedures
experience must sign and date the assessment and similar to those used in a confined space if the
give it to the employer. hazards require this type of worker protection.

33-2 Construction Health and Safety Manual

 CONFINED SPACES

Table 33-1: Common Hazards in Confined Spaces

Examples of confined spaces Common hazards

Chemical and petrochemical projects Toxic and explosive gases, vapours, and fumes;
Tanks, vessels, storage tanks, underground tanks, physical hazards of cramped entry and exit,
pipes, sumps, pits, any area where a worker cannot narrow passages, and chemical spills. Difficulty in
readily escape from a toxic or explosive atmosphere; rescuing an incapacitated worker because of the
any area where toxic, explosive, or oxygen deficient configuration of the space and limited routes of
atmospheres may be encountered. access and egress.
Sewage-handling systems Toxic and/or explosive atmospheres such
Settling tanks, sewers, manholes, pumping areas, as hydrogen sulphide and methane; oxygen
septic tanks, digesters. deficiencies.

Water treatment plants Oxygen deficiency, chlorine gases, ozone;

Settling tanks, holding tanks, equipment and wells also possibly methane and hydrogen sulphide
below floor level. produced by decaying debris removed from lake
and river water.
Heavy industrial projects The hazards will depend on processes and materials
Sumps, pits, roasters, digesters, mixers, bins, flues, involved but may include methane, hydrogen
ducts, conveyors, elevators, bag houses. sulphide, oxygen deficiency, flammable agents,
potential toxins, electrical hazards, moving parts,
and engulfment due to free-flowing materials.

General construction Toxic materials such as carbon monoxide from

Vaults, caissons. temporary heaters in low-lying areas; refrigerants;
high-voltage transmission equipment; physical
hazards involving poor lighting, cramped working
conditions, and the inrush of water.

Hazards Cramped work spaces

Because construction projects are not limited Cramped work spaces restrict movement and can make
to new buildings, confined spaces may be using tools and equipment difficult and dangerous.
encountered in a variety of places. Table 33-1 Poor access or exit
describes typical confined spaces and the most
common hazards found there. Confined space openings are generally small and
not well-located. This can make entry and exit
Hazards in confined spaces can be divided into two difficult and can interfere with rescue.
distinct categories:
Rotating or moving equipment
1. Physical hazards
2. Atmospheric hazards. Before entry, identify any moving or rotating
equipment (such as conveyors, mixers, augers, etc.)
Physical Hazards which could become activated by stored pressure,
accidental contact, or gravity. Check with plant
Physical hazards often present a greater danger personnel on lockout and tagging procedures, and
inside an enclosed space than they do outside. review drawings, plans, and specifications.
Examples of physical hazards include the following:
Electrical hazards
Noise and vibration Any exposed conductors or energized equipment
An enclosed environment can amplify noise. should be identified before entry. The presence of
Excessive noise can damage hearing and prevent water in confined spaces may pose an additional
communication. It can affect workers’ ability to electrocution hazard where electrical circuits,
hear alarms, warning shouts, or orders to evacuate. equipment, and tools are used.
Temperature extremes Engulfment due to uncontrolled movement of
Determine whether workers could encounter liquids and solids
dangerous temperatures. For example, heat stress Liquids, sludge, fine solids, and other material may
can be a hazard when working around boilers, hot not be completely removed from confined spaces
pipes or tanks, or structures heated by the sun. and may present an engulfment or drowning hazard.
Protective clothing can also add to heat stress. Use inspection ports and dipsticks, and check with
knowledgeable personnel to evaluate such hazards.

Hazards 33-3
CONFINED SPACES

Slick or wet surfaces

Workers can be severely injured from a slip or fall
on icy, oily, wet, or moist surfaces.

Lighting
Confined spaces generally have poor lighting,
which is why temporary lighting is often required.
In potentially explosive atmospheres, use lighting
designed for such situations.

Atmospheric Hazards
Confined spaces can present three kinds of
atmospheric hazards:
1. Flammable, combustible, or explosive
atmosphere
2. Oxygen-enriched or oxygen-deficient
atmosphere
3. Toxic contaminants.
A hazardous atmosphere may be due to existing
conditions (e.g., residue in a tank,) or it may be
created by the work being done inside the confined
space (e.g., welding or using solvents). In some
cases, removing sludge or scale can release trapped
pockets of gas or vapour and create a hazardous
atmosphere. Moreover, dangerous atmospheres
often exist together. For instance, flammable,
combustible or explosive atmospheres may also be
toxic or cause an oxygen deficiency.

Figure 32-2: Explosive Range of

Flammable, Combustible, or Explosive
a Flammable Atmosphere
Atmospheres
Flammable atmospheres are generally caused by The most common explosive gas likely to be
1. Evaporation of flammable liquids (e.g., gasoline) encountered in sewers and other underground
structures is methane or “natural gas” produced by
2. By-products of chemical reactions (e.g., decaying garbage and sewage.
decomposition of organic matter to form methane).
Other explosive gases and vapours may be present
Explosive atmospheres are those in which a
in confined spaces depending on previous contents
flammable gas or vapour is present in quantities
or accidental spills and leaks (e.g., leaking fuel-
between the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and the
storage tanks near service stations).
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). These limits define
the “Explosive Range” which varies from one Explosive ranges for common gases and vapours
substance to another. (Refer to the Safety Data are listed in Table 33-2. These values must be
Sheet (SDS) of a hazardous material for fire- and considered when selecting and operating gas-
explosion-related information.) testing equipment.
The LEL is the lowest and the UEL is the highest Combustible atmospheres can arise in grain
concentration of gas or vapour that will support elevators, feed mills, and some industrial settings
combustion in an explosive reaction. For example, such as bag houses, because of the large quantities
gasoline has an LEL of 1.4% and a UEL of 7.6%. of dust generated. The most common combustible
Below 1.4% there is not enough fuel to burn, while dust is grain or flour dust—there is a history of
above 7.6% there is too much fuel and not enough severe explosions in grain elevators. This hazard
oxygen to burn (Figure 33-2). Explosions with the needs to be addressed whenever people are
most destructive force occur mid-range between working in these settings.
the LEL and UEL.

33-4 Construction Health and Safety Manual

 CONFINED SPACES

Table 33-2: Explosive Range for Table 33-3: Effects of Oxygen Deficiency
Common Gases and Vapours
Oxygen
Lower Upper Effect
Concentration
Gas/vapour Explosive Explosive
Limit (%) Limit (%) 19.5% Minimum for safe entry

Acetone 2.5 12.8 Loss of judgment and

Less than 18%
coordination
Ammonia 15.0 28.0

Benzene 1.2 7.8 Less than 15% Loss of consciousness

Ethyl Alcohol 3.3 19.0 Sudden collapse and loss

Less than 12%
of consciousness
Gasoline 1.4 7.6

Hexane 1.1 7.5 Never use pure oxygen to ventilate a confined

space. Use clean air.
Hydrogen
4.0 46.0
Sulphide
Methane 5.0 15.0 Atmospheric Contaminants
Methyl Alcohol 6.0 36.0 Because confined spaces are poorly ventilated,
atmospheric contaminants can build up to
Propane 2.1 9.5 hazardous levels very quickly. The types of airborne
Toluene 1.1 7.1 hazards that may be encountered on a jobsite will
depend on the following factors:
Xylene 0.9 6.7
• The products that are stored in the confined space
Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and • The type of work tasks being performed in the
Health (NIOSH) confined space
• The type of work or processes being performed
Oxygen-Enriched and Oxygen-Deficient near the confined space.
Atmospheres
The most common atmospheric contaminants in
Normal outside air contains about 21% oxygen. In construction include hydrogen sulphide, carbon
some instances, air can become oxygen-enriched, monoxide, sulphur dioxide, chlorine, and ammonia.
which means that the concentration of oxygen Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is a gas generated by
exceeds 23%. The primary concern with oxygen- the decomposition of garbage and sewage. H2S
enriched atmospheres is the increased flammability can be found in sewers, sewage treatment plants,
of materials. Things that would only smoulder in refineries, and pulp mills. It is also found in many oil
normal air will burn vigorously in oxygen-enriched
refineries since most crude oil in Canada has some
atmospheres (e.g., oil-soaked coveralls, which are
H2S dissolved in it. H2S is very toxic. A single breath
difficult to burn in "normal" air, will burn vigorously
at a concentration of about 500–700 ppm (parts
in an oxygen-enriched environment).
per million) can be instantly fatal. At very low
Oxygen-enriched atmospheres are fairly rare in concentrations, H2S has the characteristic odour
construction. They are usually associated with of rotten eggs. However, at about 100 ppm, it can
pure oxygen escaping from leaking or ruptured deaden your sense of smell and create the false
oxyacetylene hoses or—on projects in industrial impression that no hazard exists.
plants—from an oxygen line in an industrial
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a very common toxic
setting (e.g., hospital) or in a manufacturing
gas. It has no odour or taste and is clear and
process (e.g., welding).
colourless. Carbon monoxide poisoning can be
Oxygen-deficient atmospheres, on the other hand, very subtle and may cause drowsiness and collapse
are fairly common. They may result from work being followed by death (See Table 33-4). A major
done (such as welding), bacterial action (which source of CO in construction is the exhaust from
consumes oxygen), or from chemical reactions (such an internal combustion engine used to power saws,
as rusting/oxidation). Oxygen may also be displaced scissor lifts, powered trowellers, generators, and
by another gas or vapour (e.g., carbon dioxide or forklift trucks. Even these relatively small engines
nitrogen used to purge tanks, pipe, and vessels). produce high levels of CO.
Table 33-3 lists the effects of oxygen deficiency.
NOTE: Adequate ventilation is absolutely essential
when you cannot avoid using combustion engines
in confined spaces.

Hazards 33-5
CONFINED SPACES

Heating in confined areas, particularly with

propane, presents special hazards and requires Blocked
special safeguards. Propane is heavier than air and opening
can collect in low-lying areas such as trenches,
basements, and shaft bottoms. Propane can also be
absorbed into clothing. Workers must therefore use
extreme caution in the event of leakage or flame-out.
Direct-fired heaters release combustion emissions
directly into the air where people work. Although
carbon monoxide (CO) is the main concern,
carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides may
also be a problem.
Traditionally, explosive blasting has been used
for demolition or breaking up rock. Blasting in a
confined space can produce high levels of carbon Do not restrict ventilation
monoxide. Use mechanical ventilation to clean the by blocking openings
air and perform air tests before workers re-enter
the blast area to ensure that the amount of carbon Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is a very irritating and
monoxide is within acceptable levels. corrosive gas with a strong sulphur-like odour
Table 33-4: Effects of Carbon Monoxide (CO) which can be found in pulp-and-paper mills and oil
refineries.
CO in Chlorine (Cl2) is another irritating and highly
atmosphere corrosive gas with a bleach-like odour used as a
Signs and symptoms disinfectant in water and sewage treatment plants
(parts per
million) and a wide variety of other industrial settings.

Ammonia (NH3) is a fairly common chemical used

10 No symptoms
as a refrigerant and in making fertilizer, synthetic
TWA (Time-weighted average): fibres, plastics, and dyes.
The maximum average amount
a worker is allowed to be Hundreds of other toxic materials may be
25 encountered in factories, chemical plants, and
continuously exposed to during
an 8-hour work day or 40-hour similar industrial settings. The best way to obtain
work week. information regarding the presence or absence
of toxic materials is to discuss the proposed
Blood vessels widen, work with the client and ask for the information
70 shortness of breath, tightness or consult a knowledgeable expert. Always refer
across the forehead to the safety data sheet (SDS) for any hazardous
products you find.
STEL (Short-term exposure
limit): The maximum amount a
100
worker is allowed to be exposed Flammable Products
to for a 15-minute period.
When using flammable materials in a confined
Shortness of breath, headache space, take these precautions:
120
with throbbing in temples
• Provide adequate ventilation.
Headache, irritability, • Control sparks (use non-sparking tools) and
220 tiredness, impaired judgment, control other potential ignition sources.
impaired vision, dizziness
• Extinguish all pilot lights.
Headache, confusion, fainting, • Use specially protected lighting that will
350–520
collapse not explode.
Unconsciousness, spasms, • Have fire extinguishers handy.
800–1220 respiratory failure, death if
exposure continues Contact cement is an example of a product with
fire or explosion potential when used in a small
Rapidly fatal (usually in less area with poor ventilation. Workers have been
More than 2000
than 15 minutes) killed from explosion and fire when they finished
work and switched off the light in a room where
solvent vapours from contact cement or adhesives
had accumulated.

33-6 Construction Health and Safety Manual

 CONFINED SPACES

Accumulation of Contaminants
Trenches, manholes, and low-lying areas may become
hazardous from leaking gases heavier than air, such
as propane, or from gases such as carbon monoxide
seeping through the soil and into the confined space.

Case study
A construction crew finished installing a 12-foot-
deep manhole without incident. After the crew
left the area, 265 pounds of nitroglycerin-based
explosive in 20 boreholes, each 18 feet deep,
were detonated 40–60 feet from the manhole.
A worker who entered the manhole 45 minutes
after the explosion collapsed within minutes, and
two coworkers descended into the manhole to Underground Mines, Tunnels, and Shafts
rescue him. One rescuer retrieved the unconscious
These spaces are intended for people to carry
worker before collapsing on the surface, and the
out work in them (this work is covered by
other rescuer died in the manhole.
specific regulation). These spaces may present
An investigation determined that carbon physical or atmospheric hazards. Many utilities
monoxide released from the explosion had are routed through tunnels or underground shafts
migrated through the soil into the manhole. where hazardous atmospheres may collect from
Carbon monoxide concentrations at the bottom containers or operations above, or be created by
of the manhole two days after the incident were utility leaks (such as gas and oil).
1,905 ppm (parts per million). This concentration
was well above 1,200 ppm, the concentration Work in shafts must be carefully planned. Because
classified as Immediately Dangerous to Life or the work may be of short duration and require only
Health (IDLH). Tests following ventilation of a temporary platform, these jobs are often not
the manhole showed that high levels of carbon given proper attention.
monoxide reappeared as a result of continued In addition to the areas already described, beware of
migration from the surrounding soil. Subsequent apparently harmless areas such as basements, halls,
monitoring of the manhole showed a decline in and small rooms that can become dangerous when
carbon monoxide levels over the next 8 days. a lack of ventilation and hazardous materials or
operations combine to create atmospheric hazards.
Accumulation of Contaminants in Areas Not
Classified as Confined Spaces
A variety of spaces can become hazardous because
of the products being used or the work being done
in them. These areas can be deadly even if they are
not classified as confined spaces and even if the
Confined Space Regulation does not apply.

Skylights, Domes, and Ceilings

Work is sometimes required within newly installed
skylights where lighter-than-air gases and fumes
may accumulate.
Workers should be aware of this hazard. At the first
sign of discomfort or disorientation, they should
leave the area until it has been ventilated.
If a worker can be injured by inhaling a hazardous
Workers feeling light-headed or experiencing gas, vapour, dust, or fume—or if there is an
headaches may be inhaling these pollutants. explosion hazard—then adequate ventilation must
Drowsiness or disorientation can lead to falls. be provided (either by natural or mechanical
Again, leave the area until it has been ventilated. means). If this is not possible, then respiratory
protection equipment suitable for the hazard must
be provided and workers must be trained in the
proper use and limitations of this equipment.

Hazards 33-7
CONFINED SPACES

Plan for Controlling Hazards Duties of Workers

Once the hazards have been identified in the a) Do not enter or re-enter (if the confined space
assessment, a person with adequate training, has been left unoccupied and unattended) the
knowledge and experience must develop a plan to confined space unless atmospheric testing has
eliminate or control the hazards. been performed.
b) Know the hazards that may be faced upon
A person with adequate knowledge, training and entry. Know the routes of exposure (e.g.,
experience can include a worker, a supervisor, inhalation or skin absorption), signs and
a consultant, or anyone who has—in addition to symptoms, and long-term effects of exposure.
the “academic” knowledge of the task at hand—a c) Know how to use the equipment (including
hands-on knowledge in safety performing the personal protective equipment and tools) properly.
work, a knowledge of the associated hazards,
possible controls and legal requirements needed d) Maintain communication with the attendant
in order to enact the necessary controls to protect so that the attendant can monitor your safety
the health and safety of the workers in and about and be able to alert workers to evacuate the
the confined space. confined space.
e) Alert the attendant whenever
• you recognize any warning sign or symptom
The primary objective of the plan is to control or of exposure
eliminate the hazard before entry. If this is not • you see a dangerous condition
possible, then adequate controls, measures, and • an alarm is activated.
procedures must be put in place to ensure that
workers are not in danger. f) Get out of the permit space immediately
whenever
If confined spaces on multiple construction projects • a warning system indicating a ventilation
are similar and present the same hazards, a single failure is activated
plan can be used. Still, the individual confined spaces • the attendant gives an evacuation order
must be identified in both the hazard assessment and • a worker recognizes any signs or symptoms
the plan. of exposure
• a person inside detects a dangerous
The plan is the program element with the most condition
regulatory requirements attached to it. The • an evacuation alarm is activated.
regulation outlines 11 mandatory requirements that
must be contained in the plan:
Co-ordination Document
1) Duties of workers
When workers of more than one employer perform
2) Co-ordination document (prepared by the work in the same confined space, the constructor
constructor) if workers of more than one must co-ordinate entry operations. The constructor
contractor enter the same confined space must prepare a co-ordination document to ensure
3) On-site rescue procedures that the various employers perform their duties
4) Rescue equipment and methods of in a way that protects the health and safety of all
communication workers entering the confined space.

5) Protective clothing and equipment A copy of the co-ordination document must be

6) Isolation of energy and control of material provided to each employer of workers who perform
movement work in the confined space and the project’s joint
health and safety committee or health and safety
7) Attendants representative.
8) Adequate means of entry and exit (access and
egress) Each employer is responsible for the health and
9) Atmospheric testing (conducted by a competent safety of their own workers and for ensuring
worker) compliance with the regulation.
10) Adequate procedures for working in the
presence of explosive or flammable substances
11) Ventilation and purging.

Each of these 11 mandatory requirements are

addressed in the following sections.

33-8 Construction Health and Safety Manual

 CONFINED SPACES

Rescue Procedures All too often, inadequate or incorrect emergency

rescue response results in multiple fatalities. Here
The confined space plan must include written are two examples:
procedures for safe onsite rescue that can be
implemented immediately in case of an emergency. • A worker collapsed shortly after entering a
An adequate number of people must be available degasser tank. His coworker went in after him and
to carry out the rescue procedures immediately. collapsed as well.
Rescuers must be trained in • A contractor went to test acid-tainted water and
was discovered by a worker floating in a well of
a) The onsite rescue procedures
the above-ground pump house. The worker went
b) First aid and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation to his rescue after calling 911 but was himself
(CPR) overcome. Two paramedics responding to the call
c) How to use the rescue equipment necessary to were also struck down. All four victims died.
carry out the rescue. Even with the best planned and executed entry,
there is a chance of a sudden change in conditions.
Dialing 911 is not a sufficient rescue response. A The change could be due to factors recognized
rescue plan and procedures must be developed. earlier but for which no “absolute” protection
If a rescue is not completed within five minutes exists, such as the failure of a respirator, the
of an alarm, there is an increased chance of introduction of a new hazard, or collapse from
fatalities (i.e., a rescue operation can quickly heart attack or illness. In such cases, you need a
become a "recovery" operation). rescue plan that has been practiced and works.

Protective Clothing and Equipment

Remember: Rescuers are no good to the victim
if they also become victims. Rushing into a Protective clothing and equipment suitable for
confined space to help your friend who is laying one situation may not be suitable for others.
on the ground will likely result in your own death. For example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic is
Experts estimate that between 50 and 60% of resistant to most acids, but it can be softened or
all confined space fatalities involve would-be penetrated by many common solvents such as
rescuers who entered the confined space without benzene, toluene, and xylene.
adequate knowledge and preparation to deal For this reason, a knowledgeable person should
with the hazards they encountered. assess the protective clothing and equipment needed
(e.g., gloves, boots, chemical suits, fire resistant
coveralls—as well as hearing, respiratory, eye, and face
protection). Don’t forget that if workers need personal
protective equipment, they must be trained in its use.
Respiratory protective equipment should be used
where ventilation is impractical or inadequate.
Certain basic rules apply to the equipment.
First of all, you need to select the proper type of
respirator. Oxygen-deficient atmospheres require
supplied-air respirators—either airline types with
emergency reserves or SCBA (self-contained
breathing apparatus). (See Figure 33-3.)

Rescue Equipment and Communications

The rescue equipment must be readily available,
appropriate for the confined space, and inspected
by a person with adequate knowledge, training and
experience. This person must keep a written record
of the inspection. Examples of rescue equipment
include harnesses and lifelines, hoist/retrieval
systems, tripods, respirators, and other personal
protective equipment.

NOTE: Consider the size of the confined space’s

opening when choosing rescue equipment. There
is no point planning for a rescuer to wear a SCBA
(self-contained breathing apparatus) unit if it
doesn’t fit through the opening.

Figure 33-3: Supplied-Air Respirations

Hazards 33-9
CONFINED SPACES

For pneumatic or hydraulic equipment, isolate the

SCBA Note: Because the amount of air supply in power source and depressurize the supply lines.
standard SCBA cylinders is rated for a specific Depressurize any components that may still be
time period, it is very important to plan your pressurized after the supply lines have been bled
tasks, especially rescue operations, accordingly. (e.g., hydraulic cylinders). You must disconnect and
Heavy work and stress will increase breathing drain pipes carrying solids or liquids to or from a
rates and workers will use up the air in less than confined space, or insert blank flanges (Figure 33-4).
the rated time. An alarm sounds when the air
supply is low. If the alarm bell sounds and the
exit or egress is far away, there must be a back-
up plan to provide enough air for breathing to
allow workers to reach the exit.

In toxic atmospheres, you must use supplied-air

respirators if the concentration of the gas or vapour
exceeds the level considered to be Immediately
Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH), or if the
concentration is unknown.
When the level of toxic gas or vapour is above
the exposure limit but below the IDLH level, air- Figure 33-4: Disconnect or Blank Off Pipes
purifying respirators approved by the National
Institute of Occupational Safety and Health If the pipe cannot be blanked off or disconnected,
(NIOSH) may be used, provided the exposure the valve may be closed, chained, locked and
conditions do not exceed the unit’s limitations. tagged, provided that this type of control—
Someone who is competent in respirator selection and its importance—have been explained to all
must determine the appropriate type of respirator. workers in the area (Figure 33-5). Simply closing
valves is not acceptable.
Workers required to wear respirators must be
instructed how to properly fit and maintain them.
(For more information, refer to the chapter on
“Respiratory Protection”, or CAN/CSA-Z94.4:
Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators.)

Workers must be supplied with NIOSH-

approved respirators only. Single-strap dust
masks and surgical masks provide little or
no protection and are not approved. NIOSH-
approved respirators have an approval number
(starting with the letters TC).
Also, make sure your respirator has all the proper
parts. Each manufacturer uses different designs, Figure 33-5: Close, Chain, Lock, and Tag Pipe Valves
so parts are not interchangeable. Cartridges
or air cylinders from another manufacturer will
not fit correctly and will endanger the life of a You may need blocking to prevent movement caused
worker or rescuer. by gravity for some equipment (e.g., conveyors).

Electrical equipment in the space should be

disconnected, tagged and locked out, and
Isolation of Energy and Control of Material grounded when it’s practical to do so (Figure 33-6).
Movement
Equipment that moves in any way (even rotation)
must be isolated by
• Disconnecting the equipment from its power
source and de-energizing the equipment, or
• Lockout and tagging. Only workers trained
in lockout and tagging should perform such
operations. Lockout and tagging should be done
even if you use the first option (disconnect and
de-energize) to isolate the energy.

Figure 33-6: Disconnect, Lock, and

Tag Electrical Equipment

33-10 Construction Health and Safety Manual

 CONFINED SPACES

In the case of live electrical work in a confined Atmospheric Testing

space, you need to pay special attention to
If the hazard assessment determines that there is
standard procedures. A minor mistake in a manhole
an atmospheric hazard in the confined space, you
can lead to disaster.
must perform atmospheric testing.
Cramped working conditions can make accidental
contact with an energized conductor more likely, 1) The employer must appoint a person with
so you may need non-conductive equipment. adequate training, knowledge and experience
to perform adequate tests safely before and
You may need gloves, mats, and other insulating
during the time a worker is in a confined space
equipment depending upon the type of work.
to ensure that acceptable atmospheric levels are
Capacitors or other components which can store a
maintained. The person who will perform the tests
charge should be discharged and/or grounded.
must receive training in the operation, calibration,
and maintenance of the instruments. Most
Attendants
manufacturers can provide necessary training.
An attendant must be present whenever a worker 2) If the confined space has been left unoccupied and
enters a confined space. The attendant is not unattended, the testing must be performed again.
allowed to enter the confined space, unless he or
she is replaced by another attendant in accordance 3) The person with adequate training, knowledge
with the plan. and experience performing the tests must use
properly calibrated and maintained instruments
Attendants must follow these requirements: appropriate for the hazards in the confined space.
• Remain alert outside and near to the entrance. 4) Results of every sample of a test must be
• Be in constant communication (visual or speech) recorded on the entry permit. If continuous
with all workers in the confined space. monitoring is performed, test results must be
recorded at adequate intervals.
• Monitor the safety of workers inside the confined
space.
Gas Detection Instruments
• Provide assistance as necessary (except rescue).
Gas detection instruments can take many forms—
• Have a device for summoning help in case of
“personal” or “area,” single-gas or multiple-gas
emergency (device must be provided).
detectors, detectors with dedicated sensors, or
• Initiate an adequate rescue procedure in case of those with interchangeable sensors (Figure 33-7).
an emergency.

Entry and Exit (Access and Egress) Gas detection

instruments
The means of entry and exit can be evaluated before
entry by checking drawings, by prior knowledge, or
simply by inspection from outside the space.

Confined space openings are generally small and

not well located. These small openings must be Personal Area
considered in the rescue plan since they restrict the monitor monitor
movement of workers and equipment in and out of
confined spaces.

Entry and exit for top-side openings may require

ladders. Ladders must be well secured. Performing
an emergency rescue on workers trapped in such
areas requires careful planning and practice.
Single gas Multi-gas
monitor monitor

Defined Interchangeable
sensors sensors

Figure 33-7: Gas Detection Instruments

Hazards 33-11
CONFINED SPACES

If a monitor is worn WARNING: Combustible gas detectors should

by the worker, it is not be used to assess toxic atmospheres. Most
referred to as combustible gas detectors do not respond
“personal to low concentrations of gases. For example,
monitoring.” H2S is flammable from 4.3% to 44%. But it is
Personal monitoring Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
gives information at 100 parts per million (0.01%) and would
about the not be detected at this concentration by most
concentration of combustible gas detectors. Most other toxic
hazardous gases that are also flammable are dangerous in
substances surrounding the worker. It is particularly concentrations well below the LEL.
useful when the worker is moving from place to
place within the confined space. 2. Calibrate, maintain, and use the equipment
Area sampling is done before entry or re-entry. in accordance with the manufacturer’s
As much of the confined space area as possible recommendations.
should be tested, including the bottom, mid-level, If the meter is not properly calibrated, you cannot
top, and corners. rely upon its results. Death can occur if the instrument
Single-gas detectors underestimates the atmospheric conditions.
measure only one
gas whereas multi-
gas monitors are Most confined-
available with space instrument
several toxic sensor manufacturers now
options and have offer “docking”
the flexibility of stations that can
measuring many automatically calibrate
gases at the same instruments and print
time. Most multi-gas a record of calibration.
monitors include an The stations also
oxygen sensor, a recharge and store
flammable/combustible gas sensor, and one or two the instruments.
sensors for detecting specific toxic gases. Newer
single and multi-gas instruments offer the flexibility
of interchangeable sensors. You can change the
sensors to suit the application in hand. For example,
a single-gas detector used to check hydrogen
sulphide levels can be used to monitor carbon
monoxide concentrations after you change the
sensor.

Testing Procedures
These are the key steps to follow when you suspect
a dangerous atmosphere.
1. Select the appropriate type of calibrated
instruments for the hazards identified in the
assessment.
Make sure you understand the characteristics of the
work area in order to choose the right instruments.
Different types of confined spaces present different
kinds of toxic gas hazards. There are hundreds
of different toxics gases or vapours. You need a 3. Perform the tests safely.
familiarity with the characteristics of the confined
space in order to narrow down the possibilities and Entry into a confined space must be prohibited
choose equipment. before the appropriate tests are performed.
Atmospheres should be evaluated remotely (from
You must use a calibrated monitor that is capable of outside the confined space) before each entry. If
measuring the hazardous atmosphere found in the possible, an extendable probe should be inserted
confined space. For example, if a propane heater is through an inspection port or other opening before
being used inside a confined space, then you need removing large doors or covers.
calibrated monitors capable of measuring oxygen
levels, carbon monoxide, and combustible gases.

33-12 Construction Health and Safety Manual

 CONFINED SPACES

Make sure that as much of the space as possible Then check for the presence of toxic gases and
is tested, including the bottom, mid-level, top, and vapour using a calibrated instrument. If you’re using
corners, so that you don’t miss layers or pockets of a multi-gas monitor capable of measuring oxygen,
bad air (Figure 33-8). combustibles, and toxic gases simultaneously, then
the order of testing is not as critical.
There are some gases that are lighter or heavier
than air. Lighter gases, such as methane, will All three types of dangerous atmospheres must
accumulate at the top, while gases heavier than be evaluated before entry. Users of gas detectors
air will sink to floor level. Gases that are the same must be competent workers. They must also
weight as air, such as carbon monoxide, will be receive training in the operation, calibration, and
found throughout a confined space. maintenance of the devices. Most manufacturers
can provide necessary training.

Always test for the three dangerous atmospheres:

• Too much or too little oxygen
• Combustible or explosive gases or vapours
• Toxic gases or vapours.

5. Consider monitoring the atmosphere continuously.

Continuous monitoring in a confined space is

required while hot work is being performed in a
potentially flammable or explosive atmosphere
or where the flammable or explosive atmosphere
has been rendered inert by adding an inert gas. It
should also be considered when conditions in the
confined space change rapidly.

If continuous monitoring is performed then test

results must be recorded at regular intervals.

Most confined space instruments have data-logging

capabilities. Data-logging is useful for compliance
and record-keeping purposes. If an accident or
unusual event happens, data-logging may be useful
for demonstrating due diligence.

6. Interpret the results.

There may be other gases present in the confined

space that interfere with the reading for the
gas you are trying to measure. Such gases are
referred to as “interfering gases.” They can lead to
Figure 33-8: Testing Confined Space misinterpretation of the monitoring results.

4. Check for oxygen content, combustible or explosive Know the limitations of your specific equipment.
gases and vapours, and toxic gases and vapours in that Consult the manufacturer’s instructions for
order if you use more than one meter. proper use. Temperature, humidity, and
interfering gases can all affect the performance
First, check for oxygen content. Checking oxygen of gas monitors.
first is important because you may need adequate
oxygen to get a valid result from other tests.
If the atmosphere meets acceptable exposure limits,
If the oxygen level is adequate, test for explosive the confined space may be entered (Table 33-5). If
atmospheres. Several different calibration gases are the atmosphere does not meet acceptable limits, you
available. Methane is used most frequently since it need to implement controls before anyone can enter.
is a common gas found in many places. But you can
get devices calibrated for propane, hexane, heptane,
or almost any other combustible gas. These devices
give a result expressed as a percentage of the lower
explosive limit (LEL) for the calibration gas used.

Hazards 33-13
CONFINED SPACES

Table 33-5: Acceptable Atmospheric Levels Explosive or Flammable Substances

< 25% of its lower explosive limit: No worker is allowed to enter a confined space
inspection work can be performed. if airborne combustible dust or mist is present
in a concentration sufficient for explosion. If an
< 10% of its lower explosive explosive or flammable atmosphere is detected,
limit: cold work can be you can perform only certain types of work. The
performed. (Cold work is work conditions for each type of work are specified
Explosive or which does not involve below the following definitions.
flammable ­­– welding and cutting
gas or vapour ­­– the use of tools or Hot work means activities that could produce
equipment which can a source of ignition such as a spark or open
produce a spark flame. Examples of hot work include welding,
­­– other sources of ignition.) cutting, grinding, and using non-explosion-proof
< 5% of its lower explosive limit: electrical equipment.
hot work can be performed.
Cold work means activities that cannot produce
Oxygen At least 19.5% but not more than a source of ignition.
content 23% by volume.
a) Between 0% and 5% of the LEL, you can
Exposures to atmospheric
perform hot work. The following conditions
contaminants must not exceed
must also be met:
what is reasonable in the
circumstances. • The oxygen content must be maintained
below 23%.
Exposure to The exposure limits in the
• The atmosphere must be continuously
atmospheric regulation on “Control of
monitored.
contaminants Exposure to Biological or
Chemical Agents” (O. Reg 833) • The entry permit must include adequate
and the “Designated Substance provisions for hot work, and it must specify
Regulations” (O. Reg. 490) are the appropriate measures to be taken.
generally considered reasonable • An alarm and exit procedure must be in place
for protecting workers. to provide adequate warning and allow safe
escape if the atmospheric concentration
If measurements are within acceptable exposure exceeds 5% of the LEL or if the oxygen
limits but are approaching hazardous levels, the content exceeds 23%.
competent worker’s decision to proceed should be b) Between 0% and 10% of the LEL, you can
based on an assessment of the source of the problem, perform cold work.
the likelihood of change, and the conditions at the
scene. In doubtful cases, it is best to implement the c) Between 0% and 25% of the LEL, you can
appropriate controls discussed in the following section. perform inspection work.

7. Record the results. Alternatively, work may be carried out in the

confined space if the worker is using supplied air
The test results must be recorded on the work and the explosive or flammable atmosphere is
entry permit. The records must be kept by the replaced by an inert gas (such as nitrogen, argon,
constructor or employer for at least one year after helium, or carbon dioxide).
the project is finished.
Inerting is the process of replacing the
• Never trust your senses to determine whether potentially combustible atmosphere in a
the atmosphere in a confined space is safe. confined space with a noncombustible gas such
as nitrogen, argon, helium, or carbon dioxide.
• You cannot see or smell many toxic gases and
vapours.
• You cannot determine by your senses the level The atmosphere must be monitored continuously
of oxygen present. to ensure it remains inert. The worker in the
confined space must use adequate respiratory
• Know which gases or vapours may be present equipment as well as adequate equipment to help
in the confined space and test for them. people outside the confined space locate and
rescue the worker if a problem occurs.

33-14 Construction Health and Safety Manual

 CONFINED SPACES

For manholes, you can use portable fans. These

The inert gas will replace all of the oxygen as well
usually provide around 750-1,000 cubic feet of air
as the combustible gases in the confined space.
per minute.
Workers entering the confined space must use
NIOSH-approved air-supplied respirators. After A typical manhole 10 feet deep and 5 feet wide
work is completed, the confined space must be contains 196 cubic feet. Blowing in 750 cubic feet
properly ventilated, and a competent worker must per minute should provide an air change every
test the confined space to see if it is safe. 15 seconds and easily dilute or displace most
dangerous atmospheres.
Fans capable of moving 5,000 cubic feet per minute
Ventilation and Purging are available for use in larger tanks and vessels.
This is the most effective method of control. The This type of ventilation may not be adequate in
space can be purged of dangerous atmospheres by situations where additional toxic or explosive gases or
blowing enough fresh air in, and/or by removing vapours may be generated (e.g., during cleaning and
(or suction-venting) the bad air and allowing clean resurfacing tanks or by disturbing sludge and scale).
air in (Figure 33-9). Studies have shown that the
best results are obtained by blowing fresh air into a In the case of welding or other work that generates
space close to the bottom. Check the efficiency of a localized source of toxic gas, fume, or vapour,
ventilation by re-testing the atmosphere with the an exhaust ventilator can be used to draw out and
gas detection equipment before entry. discharge the hazard in an open area (Figure 33-10).

Figure 33-9: Ventilating Confined Space Figure 33-10: Exhausting and Discharging
Hazardous Atmosphere
When ventilation is used to improve the air in a
confined space, ensure that the toxic or flammable Options must be evaluated by someone who
gases or vapours removed from the space do not understands the risks of the work being done.
pose a risk to other workers. “Exhaust air” should
not be discharged into another work area.
Worker Training
If you use mechanical ventilation to maintain Workers must be trained before they enter a
acceptable atmospheric levels by providing a confined space. The training must include
continuous supply of fresh air, you must have a
• Recognizing the hazards (including potential
warning system (i.e., an alarm) and exit procedure
hazards) in the confined space
in case there is a ventilation failure. The alarm
should be activated by a pressure switch at the fan • Safe work practices, including the use of all
rather than by electrical failure. This ensures that equipment such as ventilation equipment, air
the alarm is activated if the fan belt fails. monitors, and personal protective equipment.
It is strongly recommended that
In cases where the concentration of explosive gas
or vapour is higher than the UEL, ventilation will • The employer use an evaluation procedure (a
bring the concentration down into the “Explosive test) to ensure that workers have acquired the
Range.” This is one reason why you should knowledge necessary to safely perform their duties
use only “explosion-proof” fans. These may be • Inexperienced workers team up with experienced
specially designed fans powered by electricity or workers.
compressed air. Some pneumatic air movers may
also be suitable.

Hazards 33-15
CONFINED SPACES

The content of the training must be reviewed at The entry permit may also include
least annually and whenever there is a change in
• A record of the hazard assessment
circumstances such as modifications to an industrial
process. If the review indicates that the training is • The hazard control plan
not adequate, you must provide additional training. • The training records.
Keep a record of the names of trainers, trainees, (See Sample Confined Space Entry Permit at the
as well as the date of training. If the project’s Joint end of this chapter.)
Health and Safety Committee or Health and Safety
Representative wants a copy of the record, it must
Unauthorized entry
be provided.
The constructor must ensure that each entrance to
the confined space is secured against unauthorized
Entry Permits entry and/or has adequate barricades or signs
Permits are valuable tools for planning, evaluating, warning against unauthorized entry.
and controlling confined space entries (Figure 33-11).

Recordkeeping
The employers must keep records of every
Figure 33-11: Confined Space Entry Permit
• Plan
A permit involves a formal system of procedures • Assessment
and is issued by the employer before any worker • Coordination document
enters the confined space. A competent person
must verify that the permit issued complies with • Training
the plan before every shift. The duration of an • Entry permit
entry permit must not exceed the time required
to complete the task. Entry permits should be • Record of rescue equipment inspection
understood by everyone involved in the job and • Record of tests.
must be readily available to every person entering
The records must be kept for at least one year after
the confined space.
the project is finished, and they must be available
At the very least, the entry permit must include for review by an inspector.
• The location and description of the confined space
• A description of the work
• A description of the hazards and the
corresponding controls
• The time period for which the entry permit applies
• The name of the attendant
• A record of each worker who enters and leaves
• A list of the equipment required for entry and
rescue, and verification that the equipment is in
good working order
• The results of the atmospheric testing
• Additional procedures and control measures if
hot work is to be done.

33-16 Construction Health and Safety Manual

 CONFINED SPACES

DECISION TREE FOR CONFINED SPACES

Entrance permitted provided all applicable regulations are

To next page
followed. For example, if a worker may be injured by
Is the location a No inhaling a hazardous gas, vapour, dust, or fume, or there is
confined space? an explosion hazard, then adequate ventilation must be
Yes provided by natural or mechanical means. If this is not
practical, then respiratory protective equipment suitable for
Is there more than one the hazard must be provided.
No employer involved in
the entry? A copy of the co-ordination document must be
Yes provided to each employer who performs work in the
same confined space and to the project’s joint health
Constructor must prepare a and safety committee (JHSC) or health and safety
coordination document. representative (HSR), if any.

The constructor, in turn, must provide a copy to:

The employer The employer must give a • the project’s JHSC or HSR
must prepare a copy to the constructor. and make copies available to:
written program. • other employers involved
• workers involved if there is no project JHSC or HSR.

Employer must ensure that a person On request, a copy must be given to the project
with adequate training, knowledge and JHSC or HSR, or workers if no project JHSC or
experience prepares a written assessment. HSR exists.

A person with adequate training, knowledge Workers must be trained to perform work in
and experience must prepare written plan. accordance with the plan.

The entry permit must be The entry permit must be

The employer must issue an entry verified before each shift available to every person
permit before any worker enters the by a person with adequate entering the confined space.
confined space. training, knowledge and
experience.

Rescue equipment must be inspected by a

Before any worker enters the confined space, written
procedures and rescue equipment must be in place. person with adequate training, knowledge
and experience.

The employer must ensure that workers entering the confined space are
provided with adequate protective clothing and PPE.

The employer must ensure that workers are protected against

• the release of hazardous substances
• contact with electrical energy
• contact with moving parts
• hazards associated with free-flowing material.

Before a worker enters a confined space, an attendant must be

• assigned
• stationed outside and near the entrance
• in constant contact with the workers inside
• provided with a device for summoning an adequate rescue response.

The constructor must ensure that the confined space is secured against unauthorized entry.

Before a worker enters a confined space, a person with adequate training, knowledge and experience must perform atmospheric testing.

Do tests indicate a hazardous atmosphere ? No Entrance permitted.

Yes

Hazards 33-17
CONFINED SPACES

From previous page Yes

The hazardous atmosphere contains or is likely The hazardous atmosphere contains or is likely to contain an
to contain an explosive, flammable, or Or atmosphere where the oxygen content is less than 19.5% or greater
combustible dust, mist, gas or vapour. than 23%; or there is an accumulation of gases, vapours, fumes
dust, or mist that can cause an immediate threat to life or prevent
unaided escape out of the confined space.

There is an airborne concentration of The hazardous atmosphere Can the hazardous atmosphere be purged
dust or mist which is sufficient for Or and vented?
contains an explosive or
explosion.
flammable gas or vapour. Yes

If mechanical ventilation is required,

Can all of the following conditions you need a warning system and exit
be met? procedure in case of ventilation
• The hazardous atmosphere No
failure.
can be rendered inert by
adding an inert gas and it can
be continuously monitored to
ensure it remains inert.
Entrance permitted only if Entrance permitted.
• The workers can use adequate Yes Entrance
• workers use adequate
respiratory protective permitted. respiratory protective
equipment.
equipment
• Adequate rescue equipment • adequate rescue
can be provided so that the
equipment is provided so
person outside can locate and
that the person outside
rescue the worker.
can locate and rescue the
• Other equipment can be worker
provided as necessary to
ensure the worker’s safety. • other equipment is
provided as is necessary
No to ensure the worker’s
safety.
No worker is allowed to enter or remain in a
confined space if there is an airborne concentration
of dust or mist sufficient for explosion.

No worker is allowed to enter or remain in the confined space unless, for each of the following types of work, certain conditions are met
while performing the work.

For hot work For cold work For inspection work

Is the concentration of flammable or explosive gas Is the concentration of Is the concentration of

less than 5% of its Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and flammable gas or vapour less flammable gas or vapour
the oxygen content less than 23%?
than 10% of its LEL? less than 25% of its LEL?

Yes No No Yes No Yes

Entrance permitted only if Entrance permitted Entrance permitted

Entrance permitted only if • the hazardous atmosphere is only if a worker can only if a worker can
rendered inert by adding an perform cold work perform inspection
• the atmospheric
inert gas and it can be that does not create work that does not
concentration is monitored
continuously monitored to a source of ignition. create a source of
continuously
• the entry permit provides ensure it remains inert ignition.
for control measures for hot work • the workers use adequate
• an alarm system and exit respiratory protective
procedures are provided. equipment
• adequate rescue equipment is
provided so that the person
outside can locate and rescue
the worker
• other equipment is provided
as is necessary to ensure the
worker’s safety.

33-18 Construction Health and Safety Manual

 CONFINED SPACES

Sample Confined Space Entry Permit

am am
Effecve: _____ / _____ / ___________ From: ____:____ pm To ____: ____ pm

Locaon of Confined Space: Project Name:

Employer Name: Competent Person:

Locaon

Assessment Performed by: Name of Permit Issuer:

Descripon of Confined Space:

Descripon of Work to be Performed:

Note: The permit shall comply with the relevant plan.

Air Monitor Name Serial # Last Calibraon/Bump Test

Time of Test
Oxygen %
Air Quality Results

Combusbles %
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
Other atmospheric
hazard ( )
Tester’s Name (print): Signature:

Atmospheric/Physical Hazards Controls Personal Protecve Equipment

 Flammable  Purging  Respirator
 Toxic  Mechanical ven
la
on  Gloves
 Corrosive  Natural ven
la
on  Boots
Hazards & Controls

 Oxygen deficient/enriched  De-energize, lockout  Eye protec
on

 Hot temperatures  Blank  Head protec
on
 Electrical  Iner
ng  Fall protec
on
 Slippery surfaces  Other: ___________________  Other: _______________________
 Ligh
ng
 Other: ___________________  Other: _______________________
 Hot work
 Working at heights  Other: ___________________  Other: _______________________
 Other

Hazards 33-19
CONFINED SPACES

Permit Time Time Time Time Time Time

Worker Name R
Reviewed with
Workers In Out In Out In Out






Aendant Entry Log














Aendant’s Name (print): Aendant’s Signature:

 Winch  Respirator  Ladder  Tripod  Harness

Equipment

Other: Other: Other: Other:

Rescue

Rescue equipment inspected and in good working order?  Yes  No

Confirma on of Signature Date Time

Work Comple on

33-20 Construction Health and Safety Manual