A noun is a word which names a person, thing, place,

an animal or an idea.
Person Animal Thing Place Idea
girl lizard bag London faith
John monkey bed Japan fear
nurse tiger car bus-stop friendship
teacher turtle computer city happiness

This is my dog./He lives in my house./ We live in London.

 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

Personal Pronouns Possessive Reflexive

Subject Object Pronouns Pronouns
I me mine myself
you you yours yourself
he him his himself
she her hers herself
we us ours ourselves
they them theirs themselves

They are looking for you./These coins ore yours./We did the work ourselves.
 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

Demonstrative Pronouns
this This and these are used for people, things or animals
that which are near the speaker.
these That and those are used for people, things or
those animals which are further aw ay from the speaker.
This is a ball./That is a monkey./These are mangoes./Those are tadpoles.
 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

Interrogative Pronouns
What What are you holding in your hands?
Which Which of these shirts is his?
Who Who is in the room?
Whom For whom are you baking the cakes?
Whose Whose are these?
 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

Relative Pronouns take the place of nouns.

❑ Who is usually used for persons.
❑ Which is used for animals and things.
❑ That is used for persons, animals and things.
❑ What refers to things only.
 An adjective is a describing word.
It tells you more about a noun.
Comparison of adjectives

Positive form Jason is a tallboy.

Comparative form Peter is taller than Jason.
Superlative form David is the tallest o f them all.
 A verb is a doing word. A verb tells us what a
person or thing does.
Forms of Verbs

Simple Present Albert eats an egg every day.

Simple Past Albert ate an egg yesterday.
Past Participle Albert has eaten an egg.
 A verb is a doing word. A verb tells us what a
person or thing does.
Table of Verbs
Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle
am, is, was been
are, were been
does, do, did done
has, have had had
 An adverb tells us how, when or where an
action takes place.

How? She sings beautifully.

When? The storm began suddenly.
Where? He searched everywhere for his dog.
 An adverb tells us how, when or where an
action takes place.
Comparison of Adverbs

Positive form Hassan came late.

Comparative form Harry came later than Hassan.
Superlative form Ghani came latest.
 An adverb tells us how, when or where an
action takes place.
Here are some prepositions that show Position.

above, against, among, around, at, behind, beneath, beside, in, in

front of, near, on, over, under

He is waiting at the door./ She is waiting in the room./The book is on the shelf.
 An adverb tells us how, when or where an
action takes place.
Here are some prepositions that show Direction.

across, along, down, from, into, off, through, to, up

The deer ran swiftly across the field.

The boys were running along the beach.
He walks home from school every day.
 An adverb tells us how, when or where an
action takes place.
Here are some prepositions that show Time.

after, at, before, by, for, in, on, till, upon

She was home at three o’clock.

She usually jogs in the morning.
Michael did not com e to school on Monday.
 Conjunctions are joining words. They are
also called linking words or connectors.
Here is a list of conjunctions
and, although, as, because, but, either... or, if, or, since, so,
so...that, then, unless, until, whenever, whether, while
He did not cry although he was hurt.
He is fat because he eats too much.
1 shouted but he did not hear me.
 An interjection is a word or a group of words
that expresses strong feelings or surprise.
Common Interjections:
Ah, Aha, Good grief, Hey, Hurray, My goodness, Oh, Oh no!,
Oops, Ouch, Ugh, Whew, Wow, Yes
Oh, what a lovely day!
Oh no! We’ll never finish our work in time!
Yes! You’ve got it right!
 We use ‘a' or ‘an’ for singular countable nouns.

We use ‘a ’ before a word which begins with a consonant sound.

a boy, a cat, a dog, a fan, a goat, a hat, a jug, a kite, a lion, a
mug, a nest, a penguin, a queue, a rat, a song, a tap, a vase, a
watch, a xylophone, a yolk, a zebra, a new bed, a poor kitten,
a quiet mouse, a red apple
 We use ‘a' or ‘an’ for singular countable nouns.

Although the following words begin with a vowel, they have a

beginning consonant sound:
a Eurasian, a unicorn, a university, a European, a uniform, a
useful tool, a ukulele, a unique thing, a U-turn
 We use ‘the' when we refer to the same thing
again.

❑ I saw a girl with an elephant.

Later, the girl rode on the elephant.
❑ A boy came with a banana.
He fed the banana to the elephant.
 We use ‘the' when there is only one such thing.
We also use ‘the' before a superlative form of
an adjective.
the equator the centre the earliest
the moon the east/west the cleverest
the North Pole the north/south the fattest
the sky the right/left the best/worst
the sun the top/bottom the most/least
 We use ‘the' before the names of rivers,
mountains, oceans and particular places:

the Atlantic Ocean the Keppel Harbour

the Black Sea the Lido Cinema
the Himalayas the Mandarin Hotel
the Singapore River the National Library