DESIGN LAB REPORT

Name: Mohamed Khaled Mosey Eldin Shafik Nasif.

.‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻣﺤﻲ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺷﻔﯿﻖ ﻧﺎﺻﻒ‬:‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬
Seat No.: 332.
Section: 8.
Torsion of bars:

objective: To get the modulus of rigidity using the relation between the torque and
the deflection of the cylinder bar due to the effect of this torque.

Factors affecting the bar deflection:

1- The modulus of rigidity G of bar material
2- Bar length and diameter
3- The weight making torsion load.

Angular deflection formula:

𝐓𝐓 ×𝐋𝐋
𝐆𝐆 = where: θ = Torsional deformation (in Rad. )
𝐉𝐉 ×𝛉𝛉
L = Length of bar between the two holding screws. (mm.)

J = Polar second moment of area ( mm4 )

G = Modulus of rigidity. Mpa. (N/mm2 )

T = Torque (N.mm)

1
 Weight (Kg) Torque (N.mm) Theta (Degree) Theta (Rad.)
0.55 0.523 1 0.017453
1.5 1.426 3 0.052359
2.52 2.39 5 0.087266
4.06 3.86 8 0.139626

RELATION BETWEEN THETA AND TORQUE

0.16
y = 0.0365x - 0.0006
0.14 R² = 0.9997
0.12
0.1
Theta (Rad.)

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Torque (N.mm)

𝜋𝜋
𝑌𝑌2 − 𝑌𝑌1 (5−3) ×
Slope = = 180
= 0.035838. → Or from relation line equation.
𝑋𝑋2 − 𝑋𝑋1 2.39−1.416

𝐓𝐓 ×𝐋𝐋 𝛉𝛉 𝐋𝐋
∵ 𝛉𝛉 = ∴ = = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝐉𝐉 ×𝐆𝐆 𝐓𝐓 𝐉𝐉 ×𝐆𝐆

Known that: L = 800 mm., D = 10 mm.

𝛑𝛑 𝟒𝟒 𝛑𝛑
𝐃𝐃 = ∴ 𝐉𝐉 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝟒𝟒
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝐋𝐋 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
∴ 𝐆𝐆 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌.
𝐉𝐉 × 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

2
Deflection of bars:
objective: To get the modulus of elasticity for different type of materials.

Factors affecting the beam deflection:

1- The modulus of elasticity E of beam material.
2- Bar length.
3- Bar Diameter.

Deflection formula:
1 𝐖𝐖 ×𝐋𝐋𝟑𝟑
𝐲𝐲 = where: y = Deflection at midpoint. (mm. )
48 𝐄𝐄 ×𝐈𝐈

W = Load. (N.)

E = Modulus of elasticity. Mpa. (N/mm2 )

I = Second moment of area. ( mm4 )

L = Distance between supports. (mm.)

3
 Load (N) y (mm)
5.39 2.53
10.466 3.53
15 5.6
18.33 6.7
25.265 7

RELATION BETWEEN Y (DEFLECTION) AND LOAD

9
8
7
6
y (mm.)

5
4
y = 0.247x + 1.3946
3
R² = 0.9032
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Load (N.)

Relation line equation: y = 0.247x + 1.3946

∴ Slope = 0.247.
1 𝐖𝐖 ×𝐋𝐋𝟑𝟑 𝐲𝐲 1 𝐋𝐋𝟑𝟑
∵ 𝐲𝐲 = ∴ = = Slope
48 𝐄𝐄 ×𝐈𝐈 𝐰𝐰 48 𝐄𝐄 ×𝐈𝐈

Known that: L = 860 mm., D = 10 mm.

π 4 π
∵I= D = 104 = 490.8738 mm4
64 64
3 3
1 L 1 860
∴E= × = × = 109291.7325 MPa.
48 I × Slope 48 490.8738 × 0.247

4
Mass moment of inertia:
objective: To determine the mass moment of inertia for unsymmetrical shape of
machine parts like connecting rod about the axis of rotation.

Theoretical background:
𝐉𝐉𝟏𝟏
• 𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐� → (1)
𝐖𝐖 . 𝐚𝐚
𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 × 𝐖𝐖 . 𝐚𝐚
• 𝐉𝐉𝟏𝟏 = → (2)
𝟒𝟒 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐
𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏 × 𝐖𝐖 . 𝐚𝐚 𝐖𝐖 . 𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐
• 𝐉𝐉 = − → (3)
𝟒𝟒 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 𝐠𝐠
𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 × 𝐖𝐖 . 𝐚𝐚 𝐖𝐖 . 𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝐓𝐓𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 × 𝐖𝐖 . (𝐋𝐋−𝐚𝐚) 𝐖𝐖 . (𝐋𝐋− 𝐚𝐚)𝟐𝟐
• − = − → (4)
𝟒𝟒 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 𝐠𝐠 𝟒𝟒 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 𝐠𝐠
𝐠𝐠 . 𝐓𝐓𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 𝐋𝐋
• 𝐚𝐚 = 𝐋𝐋 → (5)
𝐠𝐠 . �𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 +𝐓𝐓𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 � − 𝟖𝟖 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 𝐋𝐋

Where: 𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏 and 𝐓𝐓𝟐𝟐 = Periods of small oscilations for both sides.
𝐉𝐉𝟏𝟏 = Mass moment of inertia about suspension point.

𝐉𝐉 = Mass moment of inertia about the center of gravity of connecting rod.

𝐖𝐖 = Weight (N.) of connecting rod.

𝐚𝐚 = Length from first point of suspension to center of gravity.

5
Known that:
Weight (W) of connecting rod = 16.9 N
Length (L) between A and B = 0.75 m
Time of 50 oscillation
Time of 50 oscillation
suspended at point A
suspended at point B (second)
(second)
1 2 3 1 2 3
47 46 46 41.5 41 42

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒+𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒+𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
1st: • 𝐓𝐓𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 = = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺.
𝟑𝟑
𝐓𝐓𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
∴ 𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺.
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟓𝟓+𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒+𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
• 𝐓𝐓𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 = = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺.
𝟑𝟑
𝐓𝐓𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
∴ 𝐓𝐓𝟐𝟐 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺.
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

Therefore, by substituting in equation 5:

𝐠𝐠 . 𝐓𝐓𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 𝐋𝐋 (𝟗𝟗.𝟖𝟖 × 𝟎𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟐 )−(𝟒𝟒 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎𝟎.𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕)
𝐚𝐚 = 𝐋𝐋 = × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝐠𝐠 . �𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 +𝐓𝐓𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 � − 𝟖𝟖 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 𝐋𝐋 (𝟗𝟗.𝟖𝟖 × (𝟎𝟎.𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟐 +𝟎𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟐 ) )−( 𝟖𝟖 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎𝟎.𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕)

∴ 𝐚𝐚 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦.

Therefore, by substituting in equation 3:

𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 × 𝐖𝐖 . 𝐚𝐚 𝐖𝐖 . 𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎.𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟗𝟗 × 𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟗𝟗 × 𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐
𝐉𝐉 = − = −
𝟒𝟒 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 𝐠𝐠 𝟒𝟒 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 𝟗𝟗.𝟖𝟖

∴ 𝐉𝐉 = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 . 𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐 . (Negative as the reference is the hanging point.)

6
Buckling of Columns:
objective: To verify the Euler buckling equation for Aluminium columns of
various lengths subjected to different end conditions.

Factors affecting the column buckling:

1- The modulus of elasticity E of column material.
2- The slenderness ratio of the column (L/K) where:
• L = The length of the column.
• K = The radius of gyration.
3- The type of column end fixation: As shown in the figure above.

Euler-columns formula:
𝐧𝐧 × 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 × 𝐄𝐄 × 𝐈𝐈
𝐏𝐏𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 = where:
𝐋𝐋𝟐𝟐
𝐏𝐏𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 = Critical load which causes column buckling.
n = End-condition constant depending on fixation type.
E = Modulus of elasticity.
I = Moment of inertia.
L = Length of column after applying the load.

7
Known that: E = 70 GPa (using aluminium rod), D = 4 mm.

Type of fixation L (mm) 𝐏𝐏𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 (N)

Fixed-Fixed 490 41.2
Hinged-hinged 494 30.9
Fixed hinged 492 32.9
Fixed-free 495 42.4

𝛑𝛑 𝛑𝛑 𝐏𝐏𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 ×𝐋𝐋𝟐𝟐
1st: ∵ 𝐈𝐈 = 𝐃𝐃𝟒𝟒 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝟒𝟒 ∴ 𝐧𝐧 =
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 × 𝐄𝐄 × 𝐈𝐈
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟐𝟐 ×𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐
• Fixed-Fixed: ∴ 𝐧𝐧 = = 1.139
𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 × 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 ×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑.𝟗𝟗 ×𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐
• Hinged-Hinged: ∴ 𝐧𝐧 =
𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 × 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 ×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
= 0.868
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑.𝟗𝟗 ×𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐
• Fixed-Hinged: ∴ 𝐧𝐧 = = 0.917
𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 × 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 ×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟒𝟒 ×𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐
• Fixed-Free: ∴ 𝐧𝐧 = = 1.196
𝛑𝛑𝟐𝟐 × 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 ×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

n is different from the standard given values and a great error occurred at fixed free
fixation as it is usually equaling to 0.25.

Buckling Test
1.5
1.14 1.2 1.2 1.20
1
0.87 0.92
1

0.5
0.25

0
Fixed-Fixed Hinged-hinged Fixed-hinged Fixed-free

Experimntal Theoritcal

8
Thick -walled cylinder subjected to internal pressure:
objective: There are some applications require the use of thick cylinder due to high
internal pressure such as guns and armed force machine. The applied stresses
should be studied carefully to avoid any dangerous damage due to extremely high
pressure inside the cylinder. The object of experiment is to explain the applied
stress on thick cylinder by measuring the strains and by the analytical equations.

Stress strain relations:

𝐄𝐄(𝛆𝛆𝐭𝐭 +𝛍𝛍 𝛆𝛆𝐫𝐫 )
• 𝛔𝛔𝐭𝐭 = → Tangential stress.
(𝟏𝟏−𝛍𝛍𝟐𝟐 )

𝐄𝐄(𝛆𝛆𝐫𝐫 +𝛍𝛍 𝛆𝛆𝐭𝐭 )

• 𝛔𝛔𝐫𝐫 = → Radial stress.
(𝟏𝟏−𝛍𝛍𝟐𝟐 )
Known that: E = 70 GPa (using aluminium alloy), μ = 0.33.
- From the experimental test we got:

Pressure Radius Experimental1 Experimental2

(Mpa) (mm.) (εt *10^-6) (εr *10^-6)
1 36 12 -4
2 36 14 -6
3 36 15 -18
4 36 21 -20
5 36 31 -23
6 36 39 -26

9
 - By substitution in Stress strain relations and solving, we got the following
results:

(Mpa) (Mpa)
0.8389 -0.0031
0.9442 -0.1084
0.7117 -1.0251
1.1311 -1.0267
1.8389 -1.0031
2.3896 -1.0314

Stress strain relations (Theoretical):

𝐫𝐫 𝟐𝟐
�𝟏𝟏+� 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐 ��
𝐫𝐫
• 𝛔𝛔𝐭𝐭 = 𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐢 𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐢 𝟐𝟐 ( ) → Tangential stress.
𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐨 𝟐𝟐 −𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐢 𝟐𝟐

𝐫𝐫 𝟐𝟐
�𝟏𝟏−� 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐 ��
𝐫𝐫
• 𝛔𝛔𝐫𝐫 = 𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐢 𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐢 𝟐𝟐 ( ) → Radial stress.
𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐨 𝟐𝟐 −𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐢 𝟐𝟐

- By substitution in Stress strain theoretical relations and solving, we got the

following results:

(Mpa) (Mpa)
0.3459 -0.2164
0.6919 -0.4328
1.0379 -0.6492
1.3839 -0.8656
1.7298 -1.0820
2.0758 -1.2984

10
 Experimental Theoretical

Pressure Radius Experimental1 Experimental2 σt σr σt σr

(Mpa) (mm.) (εt *10^-6) (εr *10^-6) (Mpa) (Mpa) (Mpa) (Mpa)

1 36 12 -4 0.8389 -0.0031 0.3459 -0.2164

2 36 14 -6 0.9442 -0.1084 0.6919 -0.4328
3 36 15 -18 0.7117 -1.0251 1.0379 -0.6492
4 36 21 -20 1.1311 -1.0267 1.3839 -0.8656
5 36 31 -23 1.8389 -1.0031 1.7298 -1.0820
6 36 39 -26 2.3896 -1.0314 2.0758 -1.2984

11
Thin -walled cylinder subjected to internal pressure:
objective: This experiment is measured the strain in thin cylinder, subjected to
internal pressure, using 6 strain gauge fixed at different orientations on its surface.
The measured values are compared with those calculated analytically.

Stress and strain relations:

𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏
• 𝛔𝛔𝐭𝐭 =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏
• 𝛔𝛔𝐋𝐋 =
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

Known that: E = 70 GPa (aluminium alloy), μ = 0.33, D = 82.5 mm., t = 3.18 mm.
- From the experimental test we got:

P (Mpa) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

ɛ3 *10^-6 24 122 180 235 290 365

12
- By substitution in Stress strain relations and solving, we got the following
results:

Pressure 𝛔𝛔𝐭𝐭 𝛔𝛔𝐋𝐋 𝜺𝜺𝒕𝒕 𝜺𝜺𝑳𝑳

(Mpa) * 10^-5
0.5 5.9858 2.9929 0.000071 1.4537
1 11.9716 5.9858 0.0001 2.9074
1.5 17.9575 8.9787 0.00024 4.3611
2 23.9433 11.9716 0.00028 5.8148
2.5 29.9292 14.9646 0.00035 7.2685
3 35.9150 17.9575 0.00042 8.7222

- By substitution in the following equation and solving, we got the following

results:
• 𝜺𝜺𝒊𝒊 = 𝜺𝜺𝒍𝒍 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 𝜶𝜶𝒊𝒊 + 𝜺𝜺𝒕𝒕 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐 𝜶𝜶𝒊𝒊 at 𝜶𝜶𝒊𝒊 = 𝜶𝜶𝟑𝟑 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 (To get 𝜀𝜀3 )

Pressure 𝜺𝜺𝟑𝟑
(Mpa) *10^-6
Experimental Theoretical

0.5 24 28.75
1 122 57.5
1.5 180 86.26
2 235 115
2.5 290 143.76
3 365 172.52

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