Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan, Isabela

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Second Semester
S.Y 2022-2023

Crim PE 2- Arnis and Disarming Techniques

UNIT I.
MODULE I. ARNIS

Introduction
Arnis is the national martial art sport of Philippines. It is also known as Eskrima and Kali. This sport
actually emphasizes weapon based fighting which is done using knives, bladed weapons, sticks and
various improvised weapons. It also includes hand to hand combat, grappling and weapon disarming
methods.
Arnis is a deadly form of Original Filipino self-defense, which basically uses the garote; usually rattan
sticks as the main weapon and as extension of the hands to maximize reach and power. The bare hand
(which is usually the left) is used as necessary support to the right hand in the absence of another stick
or dagger. In other cases or styles, two sticks or swords are used. Otherwise empty hands may also be
used as effectively as when there are weapons.
However, the stick is said to travel ten times faster than the empty hand.
At will the Arnis fighter may paralyze or kill an opponent. Other forms of the Arnis System include
"Espade Y Daga" (sword & dagger) "Daga Y Daga" (dagger & dagger) "Mano Mano" (bare-hand-
fighting. "Doble Baston" (double sticks), "Sikaran" (Kickfighting)", etc
Unlike other martial arts ARNIS has no age limit. It can be practiced by a ten-year old or a ten-decade
old person with the same efficiency. Constantly practiced, ARNIS knows "no Downhill".
Contrary to misperceptions Arnis is a very intelligent form of exercise and self-defense. It is never
violent, and it is actually bloodless.

Objectives
a. To know the history and origins of Arnis.
b. To familiarize the terms relative to Arnis.
c. To know the concepts in the study of Arnis.
d. To know Republic Act 9850.
e. To learn how to apply the basics in Arnis, Eskrima and Kali.

Learning contents
a. History of arnis
b. Definition of terms
c. Basic concept
d. RA 9850
e. Application of basic Arnis

Discussion proper
A. HISTORY OF ARNIS
Arnis: The Philippines' National Sport and Martial Art
Arnis enjoys the status of the de jure national sport of the Philippines. It is a martial art characterized by

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the use of “swinging and twirling movements, accompanied by striking, thrusting and parrying
techniques for defense and offense.” Having been handed down from generation to generation for
centuries, the discipline hones the skill, speed, accuracy and agility of its practitioners.

History
Arnis was developed by the indigenous populations of the Philippines, who used an assorted range of
weaponry for combat and self-defense. Encompassing both simple impact and edged weapons, arnis
traditionally involved rattan, swords, daggers and spears.

In 1521, equipped with nothing more than bladed weapons and their fearsome arnis abilities, Filipino
islanders defeated Ferdinand Magellan’s armored, musket-bearing Spanish conquistador forces when
they tried to invade.
When the Spanish eventually returned and successfully conquered parts of the Philippines, the
traditions of arnis were preserved, despite its prohibition, in the forms of ritual dance, performance and
mock battles. While earlier Filipino martial arts were influenced by Spanish colonization, the modern
forms have been affected by the country’s contact with both the United States and Japan after gaining
independence in 1898. Just over a century later, in 2009, the government of the Philippines declared
arnis to be the martial art and national sport of the Philippines.

Culture and traditions

Arnis is otherwise known as eskrima, kali and garrote, and by even more names in different Filipino
regional languages. Although Spanish influence had a pacifying effect on Filipino martial culture, the
original warrior ethos has persisted and remains on the fringes of the art. Arnis “death-matches” were
outlawed as late as 1945 yet, as Mark V. Wiley explains in Filipino Martial Culture, they still take place
in private today.

The Philippine government’s declaration of arnis as the national sport has codified a clear martial
culture. This should begin to develop an accessible story of Filipino cultural heritage that the outside
world can grasp, like Japan did during the Edo period (1603-1868) and as post-cultural revolution China
has done with Wushu.

How it works
Like all martial arts, arnis is primarily defensive, encompassing hand-to-hand combat, grappling and
disarming techniques. However, the fighting style also includes the use of bladed weapons and sticks,
in addition to improvised weapons. A baton-like cane is the primary melee tool employed and the
weapon used in officiated arnis competitions.

Competitive Arnis generally takes one of two forms: the performance-based anyo model or the

combative leban. Anyo competitions are judged on the basis of the overall choreography of the
performances, including the gracefulness, strength and force employed. Meanwhile, the leban form
tests participants’ agility and reactions, as competitions are judged based on the number of strikes
inflicted. Although most leban competitions exclude body contact, such as grappling, blocks and
disarming an opponent using the hands or feet, there are some exceptions where full contact is
permitted.

Arnis in popular culture: Hollywood

Close-quartered, fast-paced fights look great on screen and no martial style involves quite the
combative speed of arnis—no wonder it’s so popular with Hollywood directors. The Bourne
Identity (2002) features a kali/jeet kune do hybrid fight style when Jason Bourne encounters Jarda, the
only other living agent of the terminated ‘Treadstone’ program. Vin Diesel and Jason Statham also

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engage in eskrima-inspired combat, using metal pipes and wrenches instead of sticks, in the final fight
scene of Furious 7 (2015).

In Kick-Ass (2010), the eponymous character fights crime with arnis canes, while his vigilante partner,
Hit-Girl, uses Filipino balisong knives. Meanwhile, Liam Neeson uses a combination of arnis,  wing
chun and silat to rescue his daughter from her French captors in Taken (2008). James Bond too
subdues a knife-wielding assassin using Filipino martial arts in Quantum of Solace, the 2008
installment of the James Bond franchise.

B. DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following are definition of terms relative to Arnis:
a. Arnis, also known as kali or eskrima, refers to a category of Filipino martial arts that
emphasizes the use of weapons – whether it be fighting sticks, blades or improvised weapons.
In arnis, the weapons are used as an extension of the body. Thus, some body movement
techniques are basic to the sport.
b. In Modern Arnis, Anyo is the application of all styles learned throughout one's training, and is
performed with a specific weapon (i.e. cane, dagger, hands) to show the flow of that form. Anyo
requires certain proficiency of beat, tempo, timing, agility, and most of all, diwang panlaban
(fighting spirit).
c. Sinawali (weaving) is a Filipino martial arts (FMA) term referring to a structured double stick
pattern. These drills can be done solo or with a partner, and are common to many styles.
d. What is Kali fighting style? Filipino Kali is the art of stick fighting using hard bamboo sticks to
strike and defend. Filipino Kali teaches weapons fighting before bare hand-to-hand combat.
Kali is an ancient term used to signify the martial arts in the region of the Philippines. Kali is
also used in India where Kali is the name of an Indian God.

C. BASIC CONCEPT IN ARNIS

Arnis, also known as kali or eskrima, refers to a category of Filipino martial arts that emphasizes the
use of weapons – whether it be fighting sticks, blades or improvised weapons. In arnis, the weapons
are used as an extension of the body. Thus, some body movement techniques are basic to the sport.
Arnis (also called Kali or Eskrima) is a generic term for the deadly martial arts of the Philippines. It
contains both barehand and weaponary arts - everything that has got to do with fighting. The barehand
combat include boxing, wrestling, grappling, pressure points and locks.
Similarly, how does Arnis work? Like all martial arts, arnis is primarily defensive, encompassing hand-
to-hand combat, grappling and disarming techniques. Although most leban competitions exclude body
contact, such as grappling, blocks and disarming an opponent using the hands or feet, there  are some
exceptions where full contact is permitted.
There are two main types of Arnis practiced as a sport. The most common system used internationally
is that of the WEKAF (World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation), established 1989. The
earlier Arnis Philippines (ARPI) system, established in 1986, was most prominently used during the
2005 Southeast Asian Games.
Remy Amador Presas (December 19, 1936 – August 28, 2001) was the founder of Modern Arnis, a
popular Filipino martial art. Born in the Philippines, he moved to the United States in 1974, where he
taught his art via seminars and camps.
arnis and other martial arts are known as forms of self-defense. They are not used to bully or intimidate
innocent and weak people. With regular training, an arnisador refines his skills and techniques.
No punching, kicking, or takedowns permitted. No contact to the back. The format of arnis stick fighting
is continuous. Referee stops and restarts the fight if one or both competitors fall on the ground, one or
both weapons fall on the ground, or one competitor grabs the handle and takes away the opponent's
weapon.

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Arnis, also known as Eskrima and Kali, is the national sport and martial art of the Philippines. It is also
known as Estoque (Spanish for rapier), Estocada (Spanish for thrust or stab) and Garrote (Spanish for
club).
There are principles in Arnis that must be remembered. These are: Character, sincerity, discipline, self-
control, etiquette and student's loyalty to his tutor. a) Character - a ruffian has no place in Arnis let
alone in sports. Refinement in character is important.

D. RA 9850
REPUBLIC ACT No. 9850

AN ACT DECLARING ARNIS AS THE NATIONAL MARTIAL ART AND SPORT OF THE PHILIPPINES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

Section 1. It is the policy of the State to inculcate patriotism, nationalism and appreciation of the role of
national heroes and symbols in the historical development of the country. Furthermore, the State must
give priority to education, science and technology, arts and culture, and sports to foster patriotism and
nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.

Section 2. Definition of Arnis. - Arnis, also known as Eskrima, Kali, Garrote and other names in various
regional languages, such as Pananandata in Tagalog; Pagkalikali, Ibanag; Kabaraon and Kalirongan,
Pangasinan; Kaliradman, Bisaya; and Didja, Ilokano, is an indigenous Filipino martial art and sport
characterized by the use of swinging and twirling movements, accompanied by striking, thrusting and
parrying techniques for defense and offense. This is usually done with the use of one (1) or two (2)
sticks or any similar implements or with bare hands and feet also used for striking, blocking, locking and
grappling, with the use of the same principle as that with the canes.

Section 3. Arnis is hereby declared as the Philippine National Martial Art and Sport. The official
adoption of arnis as the national martial art and sport shall be promulgated by inscribing the symbol of
arnis in the official seal of the Philippine Sports Commission and by making it as the first sport
competition to be played by participating teams on the first day in the annual Palarong Pambansa. The
Philippine Sports Commission shall be the lead agency to implement the provisions of this Act.

Section 4. The Department of Education, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, and the
Philippine Sports Commission shall promulgate the necessary rules and regulations to carry out the
provisions of this Act.

Section 5. Any provision of law, decree, executive order, rule or regulation in conflict or inconsistent
with the provisions and/or purposes of this Act is hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.

Section 6. This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its complete publication in the Official Gazette
or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation.

E. APPLICATION OF BASIC ARNIS

Arnis Fighting Techniques – A Detailed Guide
One of the challenges every aspiring stick fighting practitioner face when learning Arnis Fighting
Techniques is getting a complete understanding of the art – its essentials and principles, and
effectiveness.
Many think of it as some ancient art that is no longer relevant in an age of guns, germs, and steel.
Besides, who uses a stick to defend himself these days?

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The stick is only a mere extension of the arm in Filipino stick fighting and the techniques are just as
effective with the bare hands as they are with the stick.

APO-Balintawak Self-Defense System.

A good understanding of these basic principles will help you get started on your journey towards
becoming a master stick fighter. It will answer that one question that echoes in every aspiring Filipino
Stick Fighter – What is Filipino Stick Fighting and how can it help me transform into a martial arts
master?

Arnis Fighting Origins, Important Terms, and Universal Principles

Eskrima has its roots in the Philippines.
Also called Arnis, or Kali, Eskrima is a Filipino weaponry system. There are many styles of Eskrima, but
these styles follow universal essential principles in striking, defending, disarming body movement, etc.
Eskrima is very practical and effective against self-defence situations – especially if the attacker has a
weapon.
Filipino martial arts is different from other martial arts in that it trains in the weapon first before
proceeding to the bare hands. Becoming proficient in weapons training, the student finds it easy to
learn the bare hand's techniques since the basic skills are already built-in to him.

What is an Eskrimador?
When you first made your research on Filipino Stick fighting, you may have heard of the term
“eskrimador.” An Eskrimador is an individual who practices Eskrima. Both these terms originated from
the Spanish influence in the Philippines. In Spanish, “Eskrima” means “fencing,” and “Eskrimador”
means a “fencer.”
If you read the Philippine history books, you'd see how the Filipino warrior and eskrimador  Lapu-
Lapu defeated
Ferdinand Magellan in mortal combat.
In other words, eskrimadors are badass. And once you've begun your training on Filipino stick fighting
and learned enough to defend yourself on the streets, you too will be an eskrimador; a fighter, warrior
of the art.

Arnis Fighting Weapon

An “olise” or a stick is the primary weapon in Filipino Stick Fighting or Eskrima. It's made of a tough,
fibrous vine called a “rattan”. Its length must be similar to the armpit's distance to the fingertips. It is
supported by about 2-3 inches of the exposed butt-end.
Since it's very light, it can be moved rapidly at different angles of attack, defense, and motion. Since it's
made of rattan, it's almost unbreakable.
The secondary weapons include the machete or blade and the knife. In practice, we handle the stick as
though we're holding a blade; always holding and striking with the bladed side.
As we've mentioned earlier, the stick is only the extension of the arm in Eskrima and the techniques
applies to the empty hands as well. Thus, your limbs become a human weapon you can use to attack
or defend against a potential assailant.
And you may not be holding a stick. You may be holding an axe, a roll of a magazine, and any object
extending from your arms. It's all the same. They can be your weapons too.
Filipino Arnis Fighting weaponry is awesome, isn't it?

Eskrima weaponry
Role of the Weapon in Training in Arnis Fighting
Many Chinese and Japanese martial artists try to teach a trainee to fight with no weapons, then,
progress to just fighting with weapons in the next stages of training. Consequently, very few individuals

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in such arts are capable of using their weapons training during sparring.
The Filipino Martial Arts are subject to highlight the exercise of weapons first then secondly, the
exercise of the empty-hand. Thus, Eskrimadors are more skilled during weapons sparring than other
martial artists.
The Filipino arnis fighting incorporates sticks, swords, daggers, empty hands, and even secondary
weapons in its self-defence system. The fast and elusive sticks of Filipino Martial arts is feared by all.
The constant motion, fluctuating angles, reversals, elliptical motions, and convergence of weapon and
bare hands make the arnisador a formidable opponent.
Training begins at the basic level and gradually proceeds to the more advanced levels as the
practitioner improves his skill. While practitioners only use practice weapons during training, each
pushes himself to train as though they are dealing with real weapons.
Thus, Kali martial arts training is fast – compelling each practitioner to sharpen his skills and reflexes so
that he will be ready for actual combat. Bare hands training is also emphasized since the weapons are
only the extension of the hands.
You can learn all these formidable stick fighting techniques by training seriously in an arnis fighting
school.

The Role of Drills in Training in Arnis Fighting

Filipino Martial Arts training is straightforward and direct. There are no flowery or fancy but useless
moves. Attacks are done in a simple and efficient manner. The attacks are classified into different
angles. The type of weapon – whether stick, bladed or bare hands makes little difference because the
principles of attack and defence are the same.
This type of training increases the practitioner's speed and reflexes, making him more capable of
defending himself in times of adversity. Defending and countering the different angles of attack is a
universal part of the training.

Through two-man drills is how a student is trained, under the management of a more practiced
Eskrimador. The most important and fundamental drill, known as “1 to 12,” entails alternate defense
and the block against the basic stick blows. At the start of the training, the strikes are performed in a
particular pre-arranged order.
Two various roles are played, that of junior and senior Eskrimadors. The senior Eskrimador will try to
train the junior with the correct ways to move through utilizing light redirecting motions and coaching.
Simultaneously, the senior is going be improving his style.
Firstly, the strikes are delivered in an identified order, 1 to 12, but afterwards, this order is going to be
randomized and varied.
If both trainees are rather more advanced, a few additional styles will be further added. Firstly, the
junior won't be able to protect himself against these techniques. However, his skill will improve sooner
or later. In the end, the strikes won't necessarily be executed with the stick; all four limbs may be
utilized.
Left-hand strikes can be done to trigger a finger nudge towards the eyes, a chop or a punch to the
gullet or a hook to the torso. In practice, this will correspond to a light touch or slap. Due to the
remarkable speed wherein the exercise is performed, the student swiftly discovers not to blink the
timing, speed, distancing, and eyes.

What Training is Like?

When I first started out as a trainee of Balintawak Stick Fighting, I was impressed but intimidated by the
training at the same time. The strikes were very fast and coming in different directions. The junior
students were using all of their limbs to strike at each other not just the stick.
For apparent reasons, the triceps are hit rather than the temple during training. This is regarded as an
equivalent to striking the head. The groin is hit instead of the lower abdomen, and instead of hitting the

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knees, we hit the lower leg or thigh.

The Basic Arnis Fighting Training

The 12 Pairs of Balintawak Eskrima
In Balintawak Eskrima, there are 12 attack angles and 12 corresponding defenses. Every angle of
striking stands for the target spots of a body. This kind of approach is widespread to Filipino arts.
 Angles number 1 and 2 are lateral strikes from head's top to neck's base
 Angles 3 and 4 are lateral strikes from shoulders to hips. The primary targets are the elbows,
the hands, and the shoulders
 Angle 5 is a midline push from below upward
 Angles 6 and 7 are lateral strikes to the armpits or chest
 Angles 8 and 9 are lateral strikes from hips to feet. The target spots are the shins, ankles,
knees, or feet
 Angles 10 and 11 are lateral strikes to the neck or eyes
 Angle 12 is a midline strike from above downwards

These strikes can be executed with a stick's end, the feet or left hand.

The fundamental training for the 12 angles is performed with a stick against a stick. This offers the
foundation for all succeeding Balintawak Eskrima methods, whether executed with a stick, a knife, or
perhaps unarmed.
Filipino Eskrima practitioners practicing eskrima

Vision
Look at your enemy's eyes always. If you're a skilled fighter, you look at the eyes of your opponent. If
not, look at the upper body. Some fighters rather keep their look focused on the opponent's lead elbow,
especially if that limb holds a weapon.
The elbow and possibly the shoulder are slow in motion and present a clue to the hand's movement.
Don't blink. It could cost you your life in an actual fight and simply being hit in the arnis fighting training.
Look with two eyes.
In Balintawak Stick Fighting, we train under dim light. One can barely see the stick and weapon. This
training is designed to develop one's vision.

Arnis Fighting Timing and Rhythm

You should know when to perform your technique. This is imperative, but hard to teach. An opportunity
occasionally presents itself very briefly. Utilize the well-placed pauses and proper rhythm. The rhythm
should be in sync with the moves of your opponent; however, this is delicate and hard to learn.
Don't hurry through your styles; you'll lose power and balance. Sometimes, a quick movement is less
efficient than a slower one might be. Some styles depend on a slight pause for their appropriate move.
However, being slower isn't efficient at all.
In Balintawak Stick Fighting, we never sacrifice speed for power. Power is the result of speed. And we
never sacrifice timing for speed. Timing and precision are the most important factors to consider.

Mental States
Pay strong attention to your enemy and your environment, but move with no forethought or thinking.

Principles of Speed
At numerous demonstrations, professional martial artists of different groups and styles have been
provided with a stick and a helmet and spar with each other. To this point, nobody, including some
black belts, has been able to perform to their maximum potential.
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This isn't mentioned to demean these black belts' abilities, but to show that a strike in Filipino stick
fighting like the Balintawak style is extremely fast. A great amount of practice is what it takes to protect
oneself against a stick used in this way – before one could even notice the stick being moved and
hitting.
It takes some practice and technique to block a fast blow.
Make blows more deceptive and faster by omitting all wind-ups and unnecessary movements. To
maximize the blow speed during the fighting, snap the wrist. Much of the power is generated in this way
as well. The use of the elbow and shoulder joints are best at a distance.
Proper torque makes the most power for finishing blows from the shoulder and hip joints.

Economy of Movements
Economical movements are a necessity. Seek the shortest trajectory all the time. This can be
compared with the more extended circular trajectories for strikes and blocks found in some other arts.
In stepping, don't perform 270-degree turns just like ones found in a few other martial arts.
Cross-stepping, as observed in other techniques, isn't practiced.
Check out this video of my master Andrew P. Obon doing a corridas drill to see the principle of
economy of movement:

Relaxation
Stay relaxed and loose, to make each motion explosive. For speed, utilize muscular explosion. The
relaxation principle is a section of a swift motion. A relaxed arm will speed up faster.
Arnis Fighting Principles of blocking, throwing and striking with power
Numerous body dynamics principles are utilized to build superior power. The most imperative perhaps
is the twisting for power principle. All arm movements, whether executed with the rear front leg, are
performed with a powerful body twist.
This, in fact, provides strikes in the lead hand almost as much control as strikes in the rear hand.
Another significant component in obtaining power is using gravity by dropping your weight. This can be
increased when stepping through or allowing the blow to drop into the body before planting the stepping
foot.
Further power can be created in strikes by slanting into a blow. Finally, many strikes create extra power
by snapping or twisting the wrist.

Distance and Range

It may not be obvious to the inexperienced martial artist, but controlling the space between you and
your enemy might be the most significant factor towards achieving victory in a fight. Additionally, at
various ranges, several dynamics come into play, and different techniques are essential.
During the engagement, you might encounter different distinct ranges, especially in an explosive
exchange. The following classification scheme resembles several others in regular use, and should
effective in actual execution. Distance is arranged from long-distance to medium, to close range, with
five categories.
 1st – outside range – initial distance. At this point, no contact is made with a weapon or foot
and you have to close the distance first. You keep your head farther than the ideal range and
utilize long-range defence styles. This is temporarily assumed as a safe position. If you move
any closer than this, you must control the offensive.
 2nd – long-distance range. This range will enable you to successfully strike your enemy with a
long weapon or a leg, without stepping. You must never remain within this range and do not
engage in the attack first.
 3rd – punching range. This range will enable you to hit your enemy with close kicks, hand, or a
knife.
 4th – in the – fighting range – a little closer. At this point, you can utilize hook punches, elbows,
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 disarms, uppercuts, arms leverage kind takedowns, off- sweeps, balancing, restraining,
trapping and turning techniques.
 5th – grappling range – the closest. You may utilize judo and wrestling kind groundwork and
take-downs. This is the ideal range of the Jiu-jitsu exponent or the wrestler.
Even though the ground is generally more suited to grappling styles, it is best to use  in- fighting
styles on the ground and not get trapped in wrestling holds. We have techniques against grapplers too.
There is a common misconception that Filipino Stick Fighting lacks grappling and is therefore
vulnerable to grappling techniques. As we've seen in the 5th range, the eskrimador does not allow
himself to be grappled and uses in-fighting techniques to his advantage.
You might think you've read enough to make up your mind about kali stick fighting.
Keep reading a little bit more… But the fun isn't over. There's more to discover.

Positioning Yourself
Use proper footwork so that the weapons are set up in the proper distances for defence or attack. Use
the body motion to position the weapons at the right angles for a successful attack. Apply body motion
to evade the attacker's weapons.
Thus, excellent footwork is necessary. If your footwork is very slow, the evasion or attack would also be
slow, and power won't be generated at the optimum level.
When positioning yourself in proportion to the opponent, you should control your distance. If you control
the distance, you can control the fight. Remember that different styles and techniques are appropriate
for various ranges.

(SAQ) Self-Assessment Questionnaires

ACTIVITY 1: Search at least ten (10) personalities who became successful in the Art of Arnis. (20
points)
ACTIVITY 2: What is the advantage of Arnis compared to other Martial Arts? (20 points)

Summary
This module discusses the origins of Arnis. Due to the widespread practice of Arnis, the Philippine
Government made it as the NATIONAL MARTIAL ART AND SPORT OF THE PHILIPPINES through
Republic Act 9850.

References
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/arnis-the-philippines-national-sport-and-martial-art/
https://findanyanswer.com/what-is-basic-concept-of-arnis
https://askinglot.com/open-detail/31947
https://stickfightingsport.com/arnis-fighting/
https://www.topendsports.com/sport/list/arnis.htm#:~:text=Arnis%20is%20the%20national
%20martial,grappling%20and%20weapon%20disarming%20methods.
http://sport.freepage.de/cgi-bin/feets/freepage_ext/339483x434877d/rewrite/lapunti/lap2.html

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