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    Pointers To Review in Science 8 Quarter 3: The Smallest Particle of An Element That Has All The Properties of The Element

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    Eunice Reyes
    1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in atomic structure and the periodic table, including early atomic models proposed by scientists like Rutherford, Bohr, Schrodinger, and Heisenberg. 2. It discusses subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons and their properties. It also explains the development of the periodic table and periodic trends in properties like atomic radius. 3. The last part summarizes metallic and nonmetallic properties as well as other periodic table concepts such as ion formation, atomic radius trends, and representative elements.

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    Pointers To Review in Science 8 Quarter 3: The Smallest Particle of An Element That Has All The Properties of The Element

    Uploaded by

    Eunice Reyes
    78 views2 pages
    1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in atomic structure and the periodic table, including early atomic models proposed by scientists like Rutherford, Bohr, Schrodinger, and Heisenberg. 2. It discusses subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons and their properties. It also explains the development of the periodic table and periodic trends in properties like atomic radius. 3. The last part summarizes metallic and nonmetallic properties as well as other periodic table concepts such as ion formation, atomic radius trends, and representative elements.

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    1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in atomic structure and the periodic table, including early atomic models proposed by scientists like Rutherford, Bohr, Schrodinger, and Heisenberg. 2. It discusses subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons and their properties. It also explains the development of the periodic table and periodic trends in properties like atomic radius. 3. The last part summarizes metallic and nonmetallic properties as well as other periodic table concepts such as ion formation, atomic radius trends, and representative elements.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    78 views2 pages

    Pointers To Review in Science 8 Quarter 3: The Smallest Particle of An Element That Has All The Properties of The Element

    Uploaded by

    Eunice Reyes
    1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in atomic structure and the periodic table, including early atomic models proposed by scientists like Rutherford, Bohr, Schrodinger, and Heisenberg. 2. It discusses subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons and their properties. It also explains the development of the periodic table and periodic trends in properties like atomic radius. 3. The last part summarizes metallic and nonmetallic properties as well as other periodic table concepts such as ion formation, atomic radius trends, and representative elements.

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    POINTERS TO REVIEW IN SCIENCE 8 Ernest Rutherford

    Quarter 3  proposed nuclear model


     conducted an experiment that aimed a beam of
    Atom positively charged particles at a thin sheet of gold
     simplest form of matter foil and referred to as the alpha particle
     the smallest particle of an element that has scattering experiment
    all the properties of the element Alpha particle scattering experiment:
    volume (observed)
     amount of space occupied by matter • Most alpha particles were undeflected.
    mass • Some are deflected at smaller angles.
     measure of the amount of matter the object has • Few alpha particles deflected almost back
    The particles of matter towards the source.
     Solid, liquid and gas Niels Bohr
    Properties of Solid  proposed that electrons move around the nucleus
    • Definite shape in certain paths, or energy levels (just like in the
    • Definite volume solar system where planets move around the sun)
    • Closely packed together in a fixed position called planetary model
    • Vibrate and held together Erwin Schröedinger and Werner Heisenberg
    • Difficult to compress  proposed that electrons do not move in definite
    Properties of Liquid paths around the nucleus, but are be found in
    • No definite shape regions around the nucleus called electron
    • Definite volume Isotopes
    • Particles are free to move  Atoms having the same number of protons but
    • Compress a little bit different number of neutrons
    • Lower density and Flow easily
    Properties of Gas Subatomic Particles
    • No definite shape  Protons - found at the center of the atom
    • No definite volume (positively charged)
    • Particles are far from each other  Neutrons - found at the center of the atom (no
    • High compressibility charge)
    • Occupy the entire space available  Electrons - outermost regions of the atom
    • Very low density and flow easily (negatively charged)

    Changes in States of Matter Atomic number = represents the number of Protons


    • Melting – solid to liquid and electrons
    • Freezing – liquid to solid Proton and neutron - the sub-atomic parts found in
    • Evaporation – liquid to gas the nucleus of an atom
    • Condensation – gas to liquid Properties of the three subatomic particles
    • Deposition – gas to solid
    • Sublimation – solid to gas

    Atomic History
    John Dalton - Dalton's theory
    J. J. Thomson
     plum-pudding (or raisin bread) atomic model
    Electron is the lightest subatomic particle
     discovered that atoms have negatively-charged
    Neutrons is the heaviest subatomic particle
    particles, which he called electrons
    Protons and Neutrons makes up most of the mass of
     he used the negative pole of a magnet - the
    the atom
    cathode rays repelled away from the magnet
     lanthanides and actinides series or special series
    of elements
    Three major groups of elements in a periodic table
     metals, nonmetals, metalloids

    Metalloids (Semimetals, Semiconductors)


    Base = element’s symbol.  B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
    Left subscript = atomic number = number of protons.  (properties of both metals & nonmetals)
    Right superscript = mass number wherein the number
    of neutrons may be derived. Physical properties of metals
    negative charge ion = (anion) has more electrons  lusters, malleability, ductility, and
    than protons. conductivity
    positive charge ion (cation) = fewer number of  vary in reactivity, most reactive metals will react
    electrons than protons. even with cold water while the least will not react
    net charge of an ion = number of protons (p+) - even with acid
    number of electrons (e-) Reactivity.
    The development of the Periodic table  The ease and speed with which a metal reacts
    Johann Dobereiner with another substance
     In 1817, a German chemist who formed the triads Corrosion
    of elements with similar properties like the triad  The gradual wearing away of a metal due to
    of calcium, barium and strontium interaction with other substances
    John Newlands Metallic property
     In 1863, an English chemist proposed the Law of  relates to how easy it is for an atom to lose an
    Octaves electron
     similar properties of eight element are arranged Nonmetallic property
    in order of increasing atomic masses  relates to how easy it is for an atom to gain an
    Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev electron
     In 1869, both came up with periodic tables that Metals tend to lose electrons while nonmetals tend
    showed how elements should be grouped to gain electrons
    Henry Moseley
     In 1914, an English physicist observed that the Ionic Radius
    order of the X-ray frequencies emitted by  size of an atom when it is an ion
    elements follows the ordering of the elements by Atomic Radius
    atomic number  size of an atom
    • developed the modern periodic law which states  (distance from nucleus to outermost e -)
    that the properties of elements vary periodically
    with atomic number Atomic Radius Trend
    The Periodic Table Group Trend
     scientific model could be used to predict the  As you go down a column, atomic radius increases
    properties of an element  As you go down, e- are filled into orbitals that are
     The horizontal rows of the periodic table is called farther away from the nucleus (attraction not as
    periods strong)
     The vertical columns are called families (or Periodic Trend –
    groups)  As you go across a period (L to R), atomic radius
     Elements in the same families have similar decreases
    physical and chemical properties  As you go L to R, e- are put into the same orbital,
    Representative elements or main groups but more p+ and e- total (more attraction = smaller
     Elements from the taller columns which are the size)
    Groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18 are called of the
    periodic table.
    Groups 3-12: Transition Metals
     S and p blocks
    Inner transition elements

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