Chapter Ii
Chapter Ii
Chapter Ii
5 local
Image is an essential factor in the development of the nursing profession. It may have
an impact on nursing workload, resource allocation to nursing, salaries available to
nurses, recruitment of students, and public trust and funding for research. This paper
determined the self- image of Filipino nurses in Region I, Philippines. Mixed-methods
convergent parallel research design was employed. The quantitative data has
undergone statistical analysis (i.e., Mean) while the qualitative data were transcribed,
coded, and themes were subsequently developed. The quantitative part determined the
extent of self-image of nurses using the Porter Nursing Image Scale. A convenience
sample of 1,125 nurses currently employed in Region 1 Philippines was employed to
determine their self-image. On the qualitative section, 23 purposively sampled nurses
from three employment settings (i.e., hospital, public health, and academe) were
interviewed using semi-structured questions. The quantitative aspect revealed that the
overall self-image of nurses is extremely positive. Out of the 22 characteristics that
described the self-image of nurses, the nurses highly rated themselves in 19 items and
it is interpreted as extremely positive image. The five qualities that were found to be the
image most commonly manifested are respectful, compassionate, responsible,
nurturing, and professional. Nurses, however, rated themselves lower in being
powerful, bold and follower which is interpreted as positive image. In the qualitative
aspect, nurses gave additional descriptions of their image. These include being spiritual,
self-fulfilled, and modern-day hero. The findings have implications on policy
development and implementation, nursing ethics, and recruitment and retention.
6ISC Web Administrator. (2018). The Self-image of Filipino Nurses | 6th International Scholars
Carmela L. Domocmat
5 national
Faculty members strongly perceived nursing education programme to be of good quality
in this study. Majority of these nursing instructors had sufficient years of both clinical
and teaching experience. No significant difference was found in all the quality criteria of
nursing education programme with regards to the profile of instructors; clinical
experience and job category. However, teaching experience revealed a significant
difference in the quality of nursing education programme in the area of
mission/vision/goals/objectives, curriculum and instruction, administration of nursing
education, faculty development programme, physical structure and equipment, student
services, admission of students and quality assurance system.
Appiah, S. (2020). Quality of nursing education programme in the Philippines: faculty members
The Philippines recently adopted the K to 12 Program in basic education. Under this
program, students can choose their track and strand relative to their interests or career
choices when they reach senior high school. However, issues surfaced when the K to
12 graduates were admitted to the college courses not aligned with the strand they have
completed. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the difference in the
academic self-regulated learning and performance of the STEM (Science and
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) and non-STEM graduates in senior high
school among freshmen nursing students in a city-subsidized college in the Philippines.
The Academic Self-Regulation Learning Scale and grades of students in the first
semester were used and analyzed in this study. Results showed that there was a
significant difference in the academic self-regulated learning and academic performance
of freshmen nursing students when grouped according to their senior high school
strand. The STEM graduates had a significantly higher academic self-regulated learning
and academic performance than the non-STEM completers. Unfortunately, no
significant relationship was established between academic self-regulated learning and
academic performance. Students who are graduates of the STEM strand from senior
high school appear to be better prepared to take up the nursing course. Colleges of
nursing may consider the academic strand of students in senior high school when
admitting students in the nursing program.
Malaga, X. G., & Michael, R. (2021, January 25). Does Senior High School Strand Matter in
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348742430_Does_Senior_High_School_Strand_Matter
_in_Nursing_Students’_Academic_Self-Regulation_and_Academic_Performance
Brush, B. L. (2010). The Potent Lever of Toil: Nursing Development and Exportation in the
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.181222
The Republic Act 10912, otherwise known as the Continuing Professional Development
(CPD) Act of 2016, was passed into law to promote and upgrade the practice of
healthcare professions in the Philippines. Since the establishment of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community (AEC), CPD has been
considered an area of development through which Filipino professionals are trained to
become globally competitive. The Philippine government upholds several agreements
made among ASEAN member-states, including recognizing professionals in every
ASEAN country, facilitating the mobility of professions within the region, exchanging
expertise on standards and qualifications, promoting best practices, and providing
valuable opportunities for the training and capacity building. This policy analysis paper
evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of the new law in terms of enhancing the
capability of professionals through CPD programs. To name a few, the advantages
include improving professional competencies, acquiring and refining the necessary
knowledge and skills for career advancement, achieving personal and professional
growth, and becoming globally competitive while the disadvantages include high cost
and expense, inaccessibility and unavailability of CPD programs, additional requirement
despite the work overload, lack of support, time constraints among family and loved
ones, and limitations of rest and relaxation. Policy directives in addressing these salient
issues in the implementation of the law are also recommended. The CPD is indeed a
critical factor in ensuring that Filipino healthcare professionals are empowered and
globally competitive. In return, their societal contributions will benefit the country’s
welfare and economic growth, continued development toward AEC and globalization,
and community engagement within the ASEAN region through mobility.
Crispino, K. T., & Christopher, I. (2021). Enhancing Healthcare Professional Practice in the
Philippines toward ASEAN Integration through the Continuing Professional Development Law.
Our Philippine nurses are in high demand globally due to our standardized and unified
BSN curriculum. Sadly, this globalized demand is driving the academe to come up with
new programs that also fit the modern age and needs. This poses a threat to the image
of Philippine nursing abroad, in relation to our economic status as a third–world country.
In addition, this also exacerbates the quality of the nursing and health service in our
own country.
When one looks into the current state of nursing schools in our country, one could see
the trend that there is a continuous increase in the number of newly opened nursing
schools. From 175 in the early 1990s, it has ballooned to a current 450 registered
schools and colleges of nursing. This mushrooming of new schools is attributed to the
high demand and high–paying jobs that nurses have in developed countries like the
United States and the United Kingdom. Yet when one examines the quality of the
program schools and colleges offer, a feeling of shock and bewilderment comes. For
instance, out of 2,392 faculty surveyed in 2003, only 1,157 [58%] are BSN with MA
units; 539 [22.53%] have MAN and 198 [8.28%] have MAs in other fields.
This alone shows that a majority of nursing faculty still lack advanced education and
training. Alas, this is also reflected in their salaries, because in spite of having a high
demand for clinical instructors, most faculty members [64%] are paid P15,000 and
below. Half of them are paid less than P10,000 a month. These two factors affect
nursing education as new schools open without qualified deans and faculty members.
Less than 1% of the deans of colleges of nursing have doctorate degrees, and due to
the influx of nursing students, hospitals accept more than the required affiliate nursing
students. Sadly, this translates to a high patient–to–nurse ratio of one patient to two
nursing students in the 1990s, to one patient to 15 nursing students. How then could
nursing students afford a quality experience in their practice when there are too many of
them attending to one patient? Even the patient might feel exasperated by the sheer
crowd of nurses attending to him or her.
Another appalling statistic is the decrease in the number of passers in the nursing board
examination; from 54% in 2001, it has steadily declined to 46% the following year, and
in 2003 it was 43%. Although in the more recently concluded exam, the number of
successful board examinees increased, this is not an entirely reliable statistic because
of the fact that there are many doctors who took up nursing as a second course; which
also translates into the loss of qualified doctors who could serve in different community
and regional hospitals in our country.
These are, as the cliché goes, “the tip of the iceberg” on the state of nursing education
in the Philippines. We have much to work for, as nursing professionals and auxiliary
staff, to improve the quality of nursing education. There is much misinformation that
goes about nowadays, as more students and professionals take up nursing as a second
course. When logistics and economics become the primary motivation, then service and
focus on patient care lose out. The challenge then is how to balance these things, so
that we could further improve the quality of the educators in the different programs, and
also reinstate the sense of service that the profession is all about, which is just a start in
our long journey to overhaul nursing education in our country.
5 international
A shortage of nurses has been reported worldwide and about 9 million new nurses will
be needed to improve workforce in the profession globally by the year 2030. The
sustainability of professional nurses depends on the ability to recruit and retain the
upcoming generation in the professionals. This study assessed the perception of
nursing profession as a career choice among secondary school students in Nigeria.
This cross-sectional study involved 231 students selected through multi stage sampling
in four senior secondary schools in Kwara State, Nigeria. Data was collected using a
self-structured questionnaire and analyzed with (SPSS) version 21. Majority of the
respondents are within 16-19 years of age. A larger proportion of the students
previewed, volunteered that the nursing profession is a noble one with humanitarian
responsibilities. However, only about46% of the students are willing to choose nursing
as a career. High wages, personal desires, parental choice, media image, peer
influence, work demand and role modelling, including nursing uniform, were identified
as prospective driving forces for the choice of nursing as a career path for the students
who opted for the profession. This study revealed a positive perception of the nursing
profession engendered with its attractiveness and desirability as a career among
students. However, the sustainability of recruiting young people into the profession
depends on more advocacy, career counselling and positive imaging especially through
the mass media.
https://www.academia.edu/42998188/Students_Perception_and_Choice_of_Nursing_Pr
ofession_as_a_Career_in_Kwara_State_Nigeria
The study found that, compared with ten years ago, more students defined nurses as
knowledgeable and professional. They reported they did not currently wish to enter the
nursing profession, but that they would do so if the wages were high. Impact This study
aims to determine the change in young individuals’ opinions about the nursing
profession in Turkey over a ten‐year period. Due to poor work conditions in the nursing
profession, most of the students did not want to be nurses, but their opinions might
change if nurses’ salaries were satisfactory. Academicians and nurses play an
important role in introducing the nursing profession to students when they choose their
career and informing high school teachers, who advise these students.
Selda Mert, Tuğba Altuntaş Yildiz, Seher GÖNEN ŞENTÜRK, & Ender Durualp. (2020,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340647294_Senior_High_School_Students’_Opinions
_on_the_Nursing_Profession_A_Ten-Year_Comparative_Study
The study demonstrated a negative public image of the nursing profession, only, one-
third of participants preferred to get nursing care by Saudis, and the nursing profession
was not viewed as a respected job by majority. Awareness about the nursing profession
was poor, as half of participants scored below 50% out of 100. The study highlighted a
number of barriers to pursue a nursing career including; working in a gender-mixed
environment, delayed marriage of females, and poor social life. These findings are
crucial to implementing focused intervention strategies in the future to improve the
public perception of the nursing profession in the KSA.
Elmorshedy, H., AlAmrani, A., Hassan, M. H. A., Fayed, A., & Albrecht, S. A. (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-00442-w
The way in which others perceive us and what we think for ourselves, create our identity
in society. Nursing as a profession has been characterized in the past with low social
prestige. Nursing in recent years has made significant efforts to detach itself from the
image of the past and it appears that succeeds. It seems, however, in Greece more
things need to be done. For example, nurses should work harder to communicate their
professionalism to the public. Nurses can achieve that first, by speaking to civic and
community groups about what nursing is and does, second by increasing their presence
in media (tv or radio) debates and third by making better use of strategic positions, such
as case manager, nurse educator or clinical nurse specialist and use their
professionalism to show the public what their work really entails. Finally, each nurse
needs to explore how his or her actions or inactions affect our image. The time for
Greek nurses to redefine their image is now. By working together, we can help
ourselves and the public see the nursing profession clearly.
Bakalis, N. A., Mastrogianni, E., Melista, E., & Kiekkas, P. (2015). The Image and Profile of the
Nursing Profession in Greece: Attitudes of High School Students, Nursing Students and
https://doi.org/10.15344/2394-4978/2015/125
The results of this study are important in terms of providing information that can lead us to a new
direction in addressing the issue of recruitment of nursing students. This study showed that
students are at least aware of most issues related to the profession, but they do not want to
choose a career path in nursing due to the image that they have from the public. The factors that
were considered in this study should be taken into consideration, if we are to increase the ratio of
nurse in Kazakhstan. There was a general positive perception of nursing as a career, since most
respondents believed that nurses played an important role in the prevention of diseases in
society. In addition, nurses were regarded as respected and valued by society.
Nursing Practice.
https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/266032/Nurlybayeva_Makbal.pdf?
sequence=2&isAllowed=y
There were fewer students who knew the duties of nurses. There were significantly
fewer students who wanted to be nurses and many who wanted to be nurses in both
groups said it was “because they love nursing.” Compared with ten years ago, more
students said they wanted to be nurses because their parents wanted them to be
nurses, but fewer students said they wanted to be nurses because they love people.
There were more students who did not want to be nurses “because it is tiring and entails
irregular work hours.” However, more students said that they would like to go into
nursing if the salary were satisfactory. The study found that, compared with ten years
ago, more students defined nurses as knowledgeable and professional. They reported
they did not currently wish to enter the nursing profession, but that they would do so if
the wages were high. Impact This study aims to determine the change in young
individuals’ opinions about the nursing profession in Turkey over a ten‐year period. Due
to poor work conditions in the nursing profession, most of the students did not want to
be nurses, but their opinions might change if nurses’ salaries were satisfactory.
Academicians and nurses play an important role in introducing the nursing profession to
students when they choose their career and informing high school teachers, who advise
these students.
Selda Mert, Tuğba Altuntaş Yildiz, Seher GÖNEN ŞENTÜRK, & Ender Durualp. (2020,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340647294_Senior_High_School_Students’_Opinions
_on_the_Nursing_Profession_A_Ten-Year_Comparative_Study
When choosing a profession, there are many factors that influence a person’s decision,
including the profession's image, personal future plans, and the prospect of life-long
success. In reference to the nursing profession, this decision is extremely important.
This study aims, therefore, to determine the reasons why vocational high school
students choose the nursing profession by examining their image perceptions and the
future plans related to this choice. Overall, it was determined that the majority of the
participating students chose nursing for the purpose of easily securing a job, that the
students held a negative perception of the profession and that the students had a dream
profession other than that of nursing.
Esengül Elibol, & Arzu. (2013). Reasons nursing students choose the nursing profession and
https://npt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/npt/article/view/187?
fbclid=IwAR02MdpN2xfukkBEyYY_26TMfu9Qz6zI72WVrLrGBBs5K0sar8i3rc4mSjw
In a general way, it can be asserted that Nursing is a deeply unknown and invisible
profession, because society still does not acknowledge its competence, autonomy and
independence. Consequently, certain duality predominates between the self-image of
those who exercise the Nursing Profession and its external image. For that reason, it is
considered fundamental that the Nursing professionals reflect on what they are and on
what they want to be and to convey. In addition, it is crucial that they proclaim their
competences so that the population is aware of all that they can offer because,
otherwise, society will hardly identify their essence. On the other hand, it can be
asserted that there is certain inconsistency between the high levels of training attained,
and the real recognition and status of the profession. Consequently, so that the image
of the Nursing Profession is more in accordance with reality, professional progress must
continue. To such end, encouraging the strengthening of autonomy, identity, status, the
appropriation of the knowledge corpus, and the struggle to defend unionization must be
the urgent commitment to achieve greater social recognition. Consequently, it is
important to devise different proposals aiming at strengthening all the dimensions that
need improvement so as to enhance positioning and to allow that the image of Nursing
in society is adjusted to reality. Therefore, it is fundamental that the Nursing
professionals reflect on what they have conquered and on the situation in which they
are, so as to adequately define what they are and what they want to be, projecting it to
society to give visibility to their essence.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep11020043
In conclusion, the study found that the factor with the greatest influence on the female
Saudi nursing students’ preference for nursing education was nursing image. On the
other hand, parents’ image of nursing was identified as the factor with the least
influence. In addition, more than half of the students intended to leave the nursing
profession. Regarding the reasons for students’ intent to leave, more than half of those
who intended to leave did not have an interest in the nursing profession. Family
disagreement and society image were also identified as common reasons to leave
nursing. Thus, it is recommended to use the mass media to enhance the image of the
nursing profession in society, such as presenting role models to talk to the students in
order to encourage them and motivate them to engage in the working life of a nurse.
Educators should be aware of factors that could help increase nursing student
enrolment in Saudi Arabia and may aid in improving the perception of the nursing
profession in Saudi culture. This could be achieved by providing secondary school
authorities with adequate and useful information with which to enhance nursing image
and assist students with making the decision to enter nursing education, arouse more
enthusiasm and motivation amongst nursing students, and have a positive impact on
retention in the nursing profession. Additionally, a further study to identify factors
affecting the same group of students’ preferences for nursing education and intent to
leave from both gender from different nursing colleges in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
is recommended. Moreover, further longitudinal research is recommended to identify
factors affecting the same group of students’ preferences for nursing education and
intent to leave during their third and fourth year of study.
Kandil, F., El Seesy, Naglaa, & Banakhar, M. (2021). Factors Affecting Students’ Preference for
Nursing Education and their Intent to Leave: A Cross-sectional Study. The Open Nursing
Journal, 15(1). https://opennursingjournal.com/VOLUME/15/PAGE/1/?
fbclid=IwAR02MdpN2xfukkBEyYY_26TMfu9Qz6zI72WVrLrGBBs5K0sar8i3rc4mSjw
The importance of having a positive image in the nursing profession was still lacking of
evidence regarding nursing students whose educated in the theory and practice to
provide good treatment and care and providing good service according to social
expectations. This study is the descriptive research aimed to 1) explore image of
professional nurses as perceived by nursing students, 2) compare the actual and the
ideal images of professional nurses as perceived by nursing students according to year
of studying, and 3) compare the actual and the ideal images of professional nurses as
perceived by nursing students between different year.
Kitsanaporn Tipkanjanaraykha, Anuchit Junlabat, Aekkarach Kiawjai, Viracha Phuseankla,
Wannakarn, Surat Chuysom, Orathai Pimpa, & Atchara Buabthong. (2020). ภาพลักษณ์ของ
ี ตามการรับรู ้ของนักศก
พยาบาลวิชาชพ ึ ษาพยาบาล. Journal of Public Health Nursing, 34(1), 48–
62. https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/phn/article/view/244548?
fbclid=IwAR16tzAdztuXehUBeQyHqLHd4hxIKb_pKs7qOomhs-5_WLX1Sn5D5FtKCZ0