PRACTICAL 1
1.mkdir Mike
== create new folder in linux
2.cat >abc.txt
== concatenate file and print on the standard output
3.sort abc.txt
== sort lines of text
4.ls -l
== lists the file inside the folder
5.sudo useradd Mayank
== create new user
6.sudo chown Mayank abc.txt
== change owner of file
7.sudo groupadd Mygroup
== create new groupe account of name Mygroup
8.sudo chgrp mahesh abc.txt
9.sudo chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r abc.txt
10.ps
11.ps aux
== a:prints running processes from all user
u:shows user columns
x:prints processes those have not been executed
12.ps aux --sort -pid
== prints running processes in 'process id' wiser sorting
13.ps aux --sort pid
14.grep -i "unix" new.txt
== highlights the entered word
15.grep -c "unix" new.txt
== counts the number of lines
16.grep -o "unix" new.txt
== prints word entered
17.cd FAMT
== to change the current working directory in various operating systems
18.cd ..
== this command is used to move to the parent directory of current directory
PRACTICAL 2
Q1.A Display OS Version,Release no, kernel version
== cat /etc/ os-release
uname -r
grep '^VERSION' /etc/os-release
egrep '^(VERSION|NAME)=' /etc/os-release
Q1.B Display top 10 processes in ascending order
== ps aux --sort -pid|head -11
Q1.C display processes with highest memory usage
== ps aux |head -1; ps aux |sort -rnk 4|head -5
Q1.D Display current log in user and log name
== w
PRACTICAL 3
1. ls -a :list all files including hidden file starting with '.'.
2. ls -d :list directories - with ' */'.
3. ls -l :list with long format - show permissions.
4. ls -F :Append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries.
5. ls -lh :This command will show you the file sizes in human readable format.
6. ls -r :list in reverse order.
7. ls -i :list file's inode(index) number.
8. ls -ltr :View Reverse Output Order by Date.
9. ls -t :sort by time & date.
10.ls -n :It is used to print group ID and owner ID instead of their names.
11.ls -m :A list of entries separated by commas should fill the width.
12.ls -g :This allows you to exclude the owner and group information columns.
13.ls -q :Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the
character `?';.
14.ls -Q :Place double quotations around the entry names
PRACTICAL 4
Q1. Create a child process in linux using the fork system call from child process
obtain process id of both child
and parents by using get pid and get ppid system call.
==
#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
int main()
{
int pid;
pid = fork();
if(pid==0)
{
printf("\n After Fork");
printf("\n The new child process is created by fork system call
%d \n",getpid());
}
else
{
printf("\n Before fork");
printf("\n The parent process id is: %d",getppid());
printf("\n parent process executed successfully");
}
return 0;
Q2. Explore wait and wait pid before termination of process
==
#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/wait.h>
int main()
{
pid_t cpid;
if(fork==0)
{
exit(0);
}
else
{
cpid = wait(NULL);
}
printf("\n parent pid: %d \n ",getpid());
printf("\n child pid: %d", cpid);
return 0;
}