Muscular system part 1

• Define muscle tissue and its main features.

• Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles, with examples of each.
• Describe skeletal/striated muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth/visceral muscles. with examples of each.
• Describe the connective tissue coverings of the muscles.
• Define the “origin” and “insertion” of a muscle.

• Differentiate between agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator muscles:

• Discuss different ways of naming the muscles, with examples.
 Muscular system part 2,3: Muscles, function, and nerve supply:

Muscles Function/action nerve supply Clinical application. picture

1- Head
Face (The muscles of facial express a wide Seventh Cranial Nerve VII
expression) eyes, nose, mouth. variety of emotions (Facial nerve).

Muscles of the orbital cavity -Lateral Rectus: -Sixth cranial Nerve (Abducent
look out laterally nerve) to Lateral Rectus (LR6)

-superior oblique: -Fourth cranial nerve

down/out (Trochlear nerve) to superior
oblique (SO4)

-Third cranial nerve

(Oculomotor nerve) to all
remaining muscles

Muscles of Mastication Mandibular division of

(Facilitate movements of the 1-Masseter trigeminal (V. aka 5th) nerve.
mandible for the mechanical break- (V3. Aka third division of the
down of food) (Strongest muscle): 5 nerve).
th

Elevates mandible
in closing mouth.
2-Temporalis:
Elevates and
retracts the
mandible
3-Medial
pterygoid: Elevates
mandible, unilateral
contraction move
mandible to the
opposite side

4-Lateral
pterygoid:
Protracts mandible

2- Neck
anterior
The suprahyoid muscles. Elevate the hyoid CN-V3: Anterior belly
bone, floor of the Digastric muscle and
- Digastric muscle mouth, and tongue mylohyoid muscle
- Stylohyoid muscle during swallowing.
- Mylohyoid muscle CN-VII: posterior belly
Digastric muscle and
stylohyoid muscle

Infrahyoid muscles. Depress the hyoid mostly by Ansa cervicalis

Strap” muscles because of their bone and some (superior C1, inferior 2 AND
ribbon like appearance move the larynx 3).
during swallowing
1. Omohyoid Muscle, and speech
2. Sternohyoid Muscle and
3. Sternothyroid Muscle
(attach to thyroid cartilage
and sternum)

Posterior or side? These muscles help to move the head in different directions
1. (Semispinalis capitis acting alone, rotate Spinal part of accessory
2. Splenius capitis) just names. the head laterally nerve (CN 11)
3. Sternocleidomastoid: (opposite side), both
divides the neck into two muscles working
triangular areas: the anterior together extend
and the posterior triangles. head and flex neck.

3- Trunk: The muscles of the trunk can be divided into three functional groups
Vertebral muscles (back muscles): The erector spinae First cervical nerve (C1) to the
It is formed of 3 muscles and its muscle extends the fifth lumbar nerve (L5)
fibers run more vertically throughout vertebral column. 
the
lumbar, thoracic and cervical regions.

Erector spinae:
– Iliocostalis
– Longissimus
– Spinalis

Abdominal wall muscles:

• As a group, the muscles forms anterolateral abdominal wall to contain and protect the abdominal viscera.
• Bilateral contraction causes abdominal compression enabling forced exhalation, force required for defecation, urination, and childbirth.
• Unilateral contraction causes lateral flexion and rotate the vertebral column at the intervertebral joints.
External oblique 1.Compress Lower six thoracic nerves.
abdominal T6-T12.
contents;

2.Both muscles flex

trunk anteriorly;

3.Each muscle
laterally bends
trunk on same
side;

4.Rotate the trunk

to opposite side

Internal oblique 1. Compress Lower six thoracic and

abdominal Lumber-1 nerves.
contents; T6-L1
2. Both
muscles flex
trunk
anteriorly;
3. Each
muscle
laterally
bends trunk
on same
side;
4. Rotate the
trunk to the
same side
Transversus abdominis 1. Compress Lower six thoracic nerves.
abdominal T6-T12
contents

Rectus abdominis 1. Compress Lower seven thoracic nerves.

abdominal T5-T12
contents;
2. Flex
vertebral
column
anteriorly;
3. Tense
abdominal
wall

Respiratory muscles
Diaphragm : prime mover of phrenic nerve & intercostal
inspiration nerves

Musculo-tendineous
dome between the
thoracic and
abdominal cavities.
It has openings for
passage of the
1. Inferior
vena cava
(T8),
2. Esophagus
(T10),
3. Aorta
lymphatic
vessels and
nerves.
(T12),
External Intercostal elevates the ribs Nerve supply to both muscles
during inspiration. - Intercostal nerves
(increases antero-
posterior diameter
of thorax)

C- Internal Intercostal: depress and pull in

the ribs, expelling
air during forceful
expiration.
(decreases antero-
posterior diameter
of thorax)

Upper limb:
Muscles Function/action nerve supply Clinical application picture
Muscles Connecting Upper Limb to Thoracic Wall: There are several muscles on the anterior surface of the thoracic cage
that attach the upper limb to the thoracic cage.
Pectoralis Major: 1.flexion, Pectoral nerves
2.adduction and form brachial
3.medial rotation of plexus
the humerus
Serratus Anterior Important in Long thoracic
horizontal arm nerve
movements such as
punching and pushing
and called as boxer’s
muscle.

Muscles Connecting Upper Limb to Vertebral Column: There are several muscles on the back that attach the upper limb to the vertebral column.
Trapezius together rotate scapula Spinal part of
upward; accessory nerve
stabilizes scapula.

1.Superior fibers:
elevate scapula

2.Middle fibers:
retract scapula

3.Inferior fibers:
depress scapula
Latissimus dorsi 1.Extends shoulder, Thoracodorsal
2.adducts shoulder nerve
and
3.medially rotates the
arm

Muscle compartments: The limb muscles are organized into compartments separated by intramuscular septa.
Each compartment contains one main nerve supply to the compartment and contains same action type of muscles with its blood supply

Anterior Coraco- 1. Flexor of the Musculo-cutaneous

compart brachialis arm at the Nerve
UPPER shoulder joint
LIMB
(ARM) Biceps brachii 1. Flexor of the
forearm at the
elbow joint
and
2. supinator of
the forearm;
3. flexor of the
arm at the
shoulder joint
Brachialis 1. Powerful
flexor of the
forearm at the
 elbow joint

Posterior compart UPPER 1. Extension of Radial nerve

LIMB (ARM) the forearm at
the elbow
Triceps brachii joint.
2. Long head can
extend and
adduct arm at
the shoulder
joint
UPPER Superficial • flexes wrist • Median
LIMB muscles: and nerve
(FORE Flexor metacarpo-
ARM) digitorum phalangeal and
Anterior superficialis proximal inter-
compart (FDS): phalangeal
ment joints of
(Flexors medial 4
of wrist fingers (index,
and middle, ring
fingers) and little
finger)
 Deep muscles:. • Flexes distal • Median and
Flexor digitorum interphalangea Ulnar nerves
profundus l joints of the
(FDP): index, middle,
ring, and little
fingers.
It can also flex
metacarpophalangeal
joints of the same
fingers and the wrist
joint.

UPPER LIMB (FOREARM): (Movements at superior Radio-ulnar Joints):

1. Supinator,
2. biceps brachii
Actions: : Supination
3. Pronator quadratus,
4. pronator teres
Actions: : Pronation:
Nerve supply to SUPINATOR is Radial nerve  to Biceps brachii is Musculo-cutaneous and for others is Median nerve.
UPPER 1.Extensor Extension of wrist Nerve supply to
LIMB carpi radialis ALL posterior
(FOREA longus, group muscles:
RM) 2.Extensor Radial nerve
Posterior carpi ulnaris
Compart
ment of 3.Extensor Extension of digits.
forearm: digitorum
(Extensor
s of the
wrist and
fingers)
UPPER Four The lumbricals assist medial two by
LIMB lumbricals: flexion ulnar and lateral
(Hand at metacarpophalange two by median
muscles) al joint. nerve

They abduct the index

finger and middle one two me
finger, and adduct the three four u
ring and little fingers

Three Palmer adduction of fingers ulnar nerve

interossei: for both

Four dorsal abduction of fingers

interossei from middle finger
axis

UPPER LIMB (Thumb muscles): pollicis means thumb !

1- Flexor pollicis longus Flexion Median nerve
(FPL) and F. P. brevis

2- Extensor pollicis longus Extension Radial nerve

(EPL) and E. P. brevis

3- Abductor pollicis longus Abduction APL-Radial nerve,

(APL) and A. P. brevis APB-Median nerve

4- Adductor pollicis Adduction Ulnar nerve

5- Opponens pollicis. Opposition Median nerve

 lower limbs:

Muscles Function/action nerve supply Clinical picture

application
Gluteal region): All gluteal muscles originate from the posterior surface of the ilium of the hipbone and insert onto the femur.
1. Gluteus Maximus: extends and Inferior
laterally rotate Gluteal
hip joint. nerve
2. Gluteus Medius and Minimus: abducts hip Superior
joint Gluteal
nerve
3. Ilio-psoas muscle: Flex the thigh at ILIACUS-
the hip joint;  femoral
Flex trunk on nerve, 
the hip as in PSOAS-
sitting up from branches
the supine from
position. lumber
plexus

Thigh (Three compartments):

1. Anterior compartment muscles: flexion at hip femoral
1.Sartorius, joint and nerve
2.Ilio-psoas (psoas major and extension at
iliacus), knee joint
3.quadriceps femoris (vastus
medialis, vastus intermedius and
vastus lateralis plus rectus femoris

2. Posterior compartment mainly sciatic nerve

muscles: extension at the
1. Biceps femoris, hip joint and
2. Semitendinosus, flexion at the
3. Semimembranosus and knee joint.
4. Adductor Magnus
(hamstring posterior part).
3. Medial compartment muscles: adduction at hip obturator
1. Adductor longus joint nerve
2. Adductor brevis
3. Adductor Magnus
(adductor anterior part).

Leg (Three compartments):

1. Anterior compartment: -Dorsiflexion at Deep
1. Tibialis anterior (TA) ankle joint. fibularis
2. Extensor hallucis longus -Extension of nerve
(EHL) big toe, lateral
3. Extensor digitorum longus toes
(EDL) -Inversion of
4. Fibularis tertius (FT) foot, FT can
also do
eversion.
2. Lateral compartment: -Plantar flexion Superficial
1.Fibularis longus (FL): at ankle joint. fibularis
2.Fibularis brevis (FB) -Eversion of nerve
foot
3- Posterior Superficial All do plantar- Nerve
compartment group: flexion at ankle supply to
1.Gastrocnemius joint and both
2.Plantaris flexion at knee groups:
3.Soleus joint. tibial nerve

Deep group: plantar-flexion

1.Flexor hallucis at ankle joint,
longus big toe, digits
2.Flexor and inversion of
digitorum foot.
longus
3.Tibialis
posterior