Biology Cell Notes

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MRS GRENH

 
1. Respiration: A chemical reaction taking place in all cells, releasing energy in a useable
form, ATP. Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6+6O2 -->CO2 + H20+ATP
 
1. Growth: All living thing grow by the process of cell division.

1. Movement: All living things can move towards or away from stimuli.
 
1. Reproduction: All living things produce offspring. Reproduction can occur sexually or
asexually.
 
1. Sensitivity: All organisms respond to changes in their external environment.
 
2. Excretion: All Organisms excrete the toxic, waste products, of metabolic reaction.
 
1. Nutrition: All Living things require nutrients such as minerals.
 
1. Homeostasis: All Living things maintain constant internal conditions over time.
 
Levels of organisation
1. Organelles e.g., Nucleus and mitochondria
2. Cells
3. Tissues: formed from similar or identical cells working together to preform a specific
task.
4. Organs: Composed of similar tissues working together.
5. Organ System: e.g., Nervous system, Circulatory System, Digestive system
6. Organism: Like a human being
 
Animal Cells
 Nucleus: Centre of the cell, contains genetic material DNA. Controls the cell
 Cytoplasm: Solvent in which chemical reactions occur. Its main constituent is water
 Ribosomes: The sight of protein synthesis
 Mitochondria: The sight of respiration releasing chemical energy
 Cell Membrane: Outer layer of the cell which controls what leaves and enters the cell
 
Plant Cells
 Same things as in the Animal cells with a couple extra.
 Cell Wall: Made from cellulose, provides structural integrity for the cell.
 Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis contains green pigments called chlorophyll.
 Permanent Vacuole: A solute stored inside, and it causes turgidity.
 
Stem Cells
 Stem Cell: A cell that can duplicate itself and make more specialised cells
 In our body stem cells produce new specialised cells to replace the ones that die or
get used up
 Stem cell scientists are researching how embryonic cells make decision to make
specific cells. How they work in the body and how they could be used to treat
disease.
 You can obtain stem cells from an embryo or from tissues in your body
 Scientists can treat the outermost layer of cells using stem cells
 The cells are fed proteins and sugars when grown in a lab
 A blastocyst is a very early-stage embryo. They can be created in a lab during fertility
treatment
 The embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any specialised cells.
 Neural stem cells can only differentiate into other specialised brain cells.
Enzymes
 Enzymes are proteins and are biological catalysts. which speed up the rate of
reaction and do not get used up.
 Extracellular Enzymes: Speeds up the rates of reactions outside of the cells.
 Intracellular Enzymes: Speeds up the rate of reactions inside of cells.
 Enzymes lock onto their substrates, and every enzyme has on specific substrate
which it can do and so you must have the right key for the right lock.
 The active site is a chemical sensor which helps the enzyme to recognise it's
substrate.
 Enzymes creates a space where reactions are more likely to occur.
 The higher the temperature the higher the rate of reaction as more energy allows for
more collisions with the enzyme and substrate and causes more reactions to
happen. So, it would continue to rise till 37 degrees and then it would plummet.
 If the temperature is too high this will cause the enzyme to become denatured, and
this means the active site changes shape and won't work. This is irreversible once it
is denatured you can't fix it.
 Enzymes optimum PH and Temperature varies but when it is at its optimum
temp/PH it is working at is best.
 An example of this is the enzyme Trypsin which its substrate is Casein which is the
white bit in milk. Amino acids are created from this reaction
 This means when the reaction is done then the milk will go transparent.
 Another example is amylase and starch, when the starch has been all digested iodine
will not change the colour of it when dropped in so this means we can tell what it is.
When the reaction is done the starch will turn into glucose.

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