FAULT
FAULT
FAULT
●Introduction
●The Per Unit System
●Per Unit Impedance
●Changing Per Unit Values
●Consistent Per Unit Quantities of Power System
●Advantages of Per Unit Quantities
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FAULT / SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
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The Per Unit System
Per Unit Value
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 =
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
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The Per Unit System
Per Unit Value
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The Per Unit System
𝑷𝑼 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
𝑷𝑼 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 =
𝑷𝑼 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
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The Per Unit System
Establishing Base Values
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The Per Unit System
Establishing Base Values
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 =
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
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The Per Unit System
Establishing Base Values
𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟏Ø 𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟑Ø
𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 =
𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝟏Ø) 𝟑 𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑳𝑳
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The Per Unit System
Establishing Base Values
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒌𝑽𝑳𝑳
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒌𝑽𝟏Ø =
𝟑
• Base MVA is the same base value for Apparent, Active and Reactive Power.
• Base Z is the same base value for Impedance, Resistance and Reactance.
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Per Unit Impedance
Generators
}
1. Armature Resistance, Ra
Positive
2. Direct-axis Reactances, Xd”, Xd’ and Xd Sequence
Impedance
3. Quadrature-axis Reactances, Xq”, Xq’ and Xq
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Per Unit Impedance
Transmission and Distribution Lines
𝒁Ω
𝒁 𝒑𝒖 =
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑹Ω
𝑹 𝒑𝒖 =
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑿𝑳 Ω
𝑿𝑳 𝒑𝒖 =
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑿𝑪 Ω
𝑿𝑪 𝒑𝒖 =
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
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Changing Per Unit Values
If the MVAbase is not equal to MVAactual (Transformer Capacity).
𝟐
%𝒁𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒌𝑽𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝒁 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒑𝒖 = 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝑽𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
𝟐
%𝑹𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒌𝑽𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑹 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒑𝒖 = 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝑽𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
𝟐
%𝑿𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒌𝑽𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑿 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒑𝒖 = 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝑽𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
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The Per Unit System
Transformers
• The ohmic values of resistance and leakage reactance of a
transformer depends on whether they are measured on the high- or
low-tension side of the transformer.
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Consistent Per Unit Quantities
of Power System
Procedure:
● Declare Base Voltage for any one of the Power System components
● Compute the Base Voltages for the rest of the Power System
Note: Define each subsystem with unique Base Voltage based on separation due to
magnetic coupling.
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Consistent Per Unit Quantities
of Power System
2. Compute Base Impedance and Base Current
● Using the Declared Base Power and Base Voltages, compute the
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Selection of base quantities
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Consistent Per Unit Quantities
Utility Utility
69kV 69kV
15 MVA
67/13.8kV
%Z=8.0
X/R=18.60
R=0.063 Ω/mile
X=0.118 Ω/mile
For the distribution s ystem s hown, use
Length=1.5 miles
10 MVA as the s ystem base power a nd
67 kV as the base volta ge in the circ uit R=0.299 Ω/mile
of the utility. R=0.184 Ω/mile
X=0.264 Ω/mile
X=0.252 Ω/mile
Length=2 miles
Length=2 miles
R=0.299 Ω/mile
X=0.264 Ω/mile
Length=1.5 miles
R=0.299 Ω/mile
X=0.264 Ω/mile
Length=6 miles
R=0.380 Ω/mile
R=0.556 Ω/mile X=0.486 Ω/mile
X=0.306 Ω/mile Length=4 miles
Length=3 miles
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Advantages of Per-Unit Quantities
● The computation for electric systems in per-unit simplifies the work
greatly. The advantages of Per Unit Quantities are:
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Advantages of Per-Unit Quantities
5. Per unit representation yields more meaningful and easily
correlated data.
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Fault Definition
A fault in an electrical power system is the unintentional and
undesirable creation of a conducting path (a short circuit) or a
blockage of current (an open circuit). The short-circuit fault is
typically the most common and is usually implied when most
people use the term “fault.” The causes of faults include lightning,
wind damage, trees falling across lines, vehicles colliding with
towers or poles, birds shorting out lines, aircraft colliding with
lines, vandalism, small animals entering switchgear, and line breaks
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Consequences of short-circuits
- Disconnection of cables
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Consequences of short-circuits
The consequences are variable depending on the type and the duration of the
fault, the point in the installation where the fault occurs and the short-circuit
power. Consequences include:
➢ Damage to insulation
➢ Welding of conductors
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Consequences of short-circuits
❑ On other circuits in the network or in near-by networks
➢ Voltage dips during the time required to clear the fault, ranging from a few
milliseconds to a few hundred milliseconds
➢ Shutdown of a part of the network, the extent of that part depending on the
design of the network and the discrimination or coordination levels offered
by the protection devices
➢ etc.
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Types Fault
or voltages.
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Types Fault
SHUNT FAULTS
The voltage to ground of phase “a” at the fault point “F” before the fault
occurred is “VF”, and it is usually selected as 1.0∠0° pu. However, it is
possible to have a “VF” value that is not 1.0∠0° pu.
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Possible Short Circuits
• A short circuit of all three phases, one to the other • A short circuit from one phase to another phase
• A ground fault of two phases to ground • A ground fault from one phase to ground
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Types of Fault
SERIES FAULTS
In general, the series (longitudinal) faults are due to an unbalanced
series impedance condition of the lines. One or two broken lines, or an
impedance inserted in one or two lines, may be considered as series
faults. In practice, a series fault is encountered
Example: When line (or circuits) are controlled by circuit breakers (or by fuses) or any
device that does not open all three phases; one or two phases of the line (or the circuit) may be
open while the other phases or phase is closed.
1. One Line Open (OLO) Fault
2. Two Lines Open (TLO) Fault
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Possible Short Circuits
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Zero Sequence Networks
It is important to note that the zero-sequence system, in a
sense, is not a three-phase system but a single-phase system.
This is because the zero-sequence currents and voltages are
equal in magnitude and in phase at any point in all the phases
of the system. However, the zero-sequence currents can only
exist in a circuit if there is a complete path for their flow.
Therefore, if there is no complete path for zero-sequence
currents in a circuit, the zero-sequence impedance is infinite.
In a zero sequence network drawing, this infinite impedance is
indicated by an open circuit.
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Zero Sequence Networks
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Zero Sequence Networks
Figure shows zero-sequence network equivalents of
three-phase transformer banks made of three identical
single-phase transformers with two windings.
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Zero Sequence Networks
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End of Presentation
Thank You…!
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