Table of Contents

S:NO Title Page no.

Abstract
Introduction
Collection of existing aircrafts data
Comparative Graphs
Preliminary estimation
Weight estimation
Propulsion type
 List of graphs

S.NO Contents Pg.no

Abstract:

The vision of this project is to design a medium-range business jet

with the desired specifications of the aircraft design project. For this, we have
collected the pre-existing data patterns of various aircraft to design our own
imaginative aircraft with feasible specifications, similar to aircraft. This project
promotes the innovative and creative part of the mind.

For better understanding, during this design process, the existing

theoretical formulas, basic concepts, and ideas are analyzed to help in this
design process. This project is just a basic design with the use of basic formulas.
However, designs based on these formulas have been found to meet the feasible
specifications with minimal variations. This design process includes some of the
basic estimations such as weight, engine, and finally the three-view diagram of
the aircraft design.
Introduction:

The Aircraft design process is a complicated process and time-

demanding task with a number of factors and details that need to be verified in
order to achieve the optimal intended end product. As the name suggests,
aircraft design requires experience and practice, not just a book. However, the
theory and experimentation are interconnected, so we read the available books
on a design before embarking on a detailed design process.

Aircraft design is the innovative process of creating an aircraft that

meets certain specifications and requirements, on paper or on a computer
screen. Aircraft design is said to have started in the time of Leonardo Da Vinci,
Sir George Cayley, and the Wright brothers. So, the design process is a
boundless process. Although there are many modern configured aircraft today
and many more to come, the design process will never stop until the human
desires for efficiency, comfort, convenience, and luxury are satisfied.
Aircraft
Image

McDonnell
Aircraft Airbus A220- Tupolev Tu -
Airbus A318 Douglas MD- Boeing 717
Name 300 154
90
Propulsion Turbo Fan Turbo Fan Turbo Fan Turbofan Turbo Fan
Type
Pratt &Whitney
Engine Rolls Royce Kuznetsov
Pure power CFM56 IAE V2200
type BR700 NK-144
PW1500G
Length 27.5  31.45 46.5 37.8 48
(m)
Wingspan  35.1 34.1 32.87 28.47 37.55
(m)
Passengers 120-150 (160 100 – 130 130-150 100-120 110-135
(PAX) max)
Thrust 93.4-103.6 96-106 111.2 84.2-95.3 90
(KN)
Range 6,667  5,740 3,787 3,815 6,667
(km)
Maximum
speed 840 871 938.4 822 913
(kmph)

MTOW 65,000 68,000 70,760 50,000 1,00,000

(Kg)

Service 41,000 41,000 42,000 37,000 39,700

ceiling(ft)

Wing area 112 122.4 112.3 93 201.5

(m2)

Payload 16,964 13,300 18,960 12,021 20,000

(kg)

Aircraft
Image

Aircraft Bombardier Embraer Fokker Convair 990 Embraer

Name CS300 195 100 Coronado E195 E2

Propulsion
Turbo Fan Turbo Fan Turbo Fan Turbo Fan Turbo Fan
Type
Rolls
Pratt General Pratt &
Engine GE 34-8E- Royce
&Whitney Electric Whitney
type 10 RB.183
PW1000G CJ805 PW1715G
Tay
Length (m) 38.7 38.65 35.53 42.6 41.51
Wing span
35.1 28.72 28.08 36.6 35.2
(m)
Passengers 120-150 118-124 107-120 120-150 100-124
(PAX)
Thrust
93.4-103.6 89 67.2 71.4 96.5
(KN)

Range (km) 6,112 4,260 3,170 6,115 4,917

Maximum
speed 840 871 845 1000 876
(kmph)
MTOW
65,000 50,770 44,450 1,14,759 62,000
(Kg)
Service
41,000 41,000 35,000 41,000 41,000
ceiling(ft)
Wing area
112 92.53 93.5 209 103
(m2)
Payload
16,964 13,917 11,240 11,991 16,150
(Kg)
Aircraft
Image
Aircraft Vickers Airbus A319 Boeing Bombardier
Comac C919
Name Vc10 NEO 737-700 CS100

Propulsion
Turbo Fan Turbo Fan Turbofan Turbo Fan Turbo Fan
Type

Rolls- CFM Pratt

Engine
Royce CFM 56-5B CFM 56 International &Whitney
Type
Conway LEAP PW1000G
Length (m) 48.66 33.84 33.63 38.9 34.9
Wingspan
44.55 35.8 35.79 35.8 35.1
(m)
Passengers
150 140 140 158 110-135
(PAX)

Thrust
100 107 89-120 137.9 84.1-103.6
(KN)

Range (km) 9,408 6,950 5,438 4,075 5,741

Maximum
speed 930 833 838 1,012.5 870
(kmph)
MTOW
1,51,898 75,500 85,100 72,500 60,781
(Kg)
Service
43,000 41,000 41,000 39,800 41,000
ceiling(ft)
Wing area
264.9 122.4 124.60 129.15 112
(m2)
Payload
18,052 16,057 15,545 20,400 15,100
(Kg)

Aircraft
Image
 Tupolev Sukhoi
Aircraft Embraer Irkut MC Yakovlev
Tu-204- SuperJet
Name 190 21-200 Yak-42
300 100
Propulsio
Turbo Fan Turbo Fan Turbo Fan Turbo Fan Turbo Fan
n Type

Pratt
Engine Aviadvigate GE 34-8E- Power Jet Lotarev D-
&Whitney
Type l PS-90A 10 SaM146 36
PW1400G

Length
40.2 36.2 29.94 36.8 36.38
(m)
Wingspan
42 28.7 27.8 35.9 34.88
(m)
Passenger
140 - 150 100 90-110 130-165 100-120
s (PAX)
Thrust
130 89 71.6 120 63.75
(KN)
Range
5,800 4,537 4,578 6,400 4,000
(km)
Maximum
speed 900 871 828-870 870 810
(kmph)
MTOW
1,03,000 50,300 49,450 72,560 57,500
(Kg)
Service
39,700 41,000 41,000 41,000 31,500
ceiling(ft)
Wing area
184 92.53 83.80 112 150
(m2)
Payload
16,329 13,063 12,245 18,900 13,500
(Kg)

Graph 1:Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and Length(y-axis)

 60
Range vs Length 
50

40
Length(m)

30

20

10

0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Range(km)

Graph 2: Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and Height (y-axis)

Range vs Height
16

14

12

10
Range (km)

0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Height (m)
Graph 3: Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and MTOW (y-axis)

Range vs MTOW
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
MTOW (kg)

80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Range(km)

Graph 4: Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and Wingspan (y-axis)

50 Range vs Wingspan
45
40
35
Wingspan(m)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Range(km)
Graph 5: Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and Wingarea (y-axis)

Range vs Wing area

300

250

200
Wing span(m2)

150

100

50

0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Range(km)

Graph 6: Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and Thrust (y-axis)

Range vs Thrust
160
140
120
100
Thrust (KN)

80
60
40
20
0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Range (km)

Graph 7: Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and Max. speed (y-axis)
 Range vs Maximum speed
1200

1000
Maximum speed (kmph)

800

600

400

200

0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Range(km)

Graph 8: Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and Payload (y-axis)

Range vs Payload
25,000

20,000
Payload(kg)

15,000

10,000

5,000

0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Range (km)

Graph 9: Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and Aspect ratio (y-axis)
 Range vs Aspect ratio
14

12

10
Aspect ratio

0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Range(km)

Graph 10: Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and Service ceiling (y-
axis)

Range vs service ceiling

50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
Service ceiling

30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Range (km)
Graph 11: Represents the plot between Range (x-axis) and Rate of climb(y-axis)

Range vs Rate of climb

4000
3500
3000
2500
Range

2000
1500
1000
500
0
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Rate of climb (ft/m)

Reference aircraft – Bombardier CS – 100:

Preliminary Estimations:

SPECIFICATIONS:
LENGTH(m) 37.45
WINGSPAN(m) 31.29
MAX SPEED (Kmph) 870.00
MTOW (kg) 55,000
WING AREA(m2) 109.3
THRUST (KN) 108.8
PAYLOAD (Kg) 15,000
SERVICE CEILING 42,000
ASPECT RATIO 9
HEIGHT(m) 12
RATE OF CLIMB 1800
Constant values:
 MISSION SEGMENTS: (Wi/Wi-1)
TAKEOFF 0.970
CLIMB 0.985
LANDING 0.995

Mission profile:

CAD model design:

Fig 1: Represents the CAD model of the back view of BOMBARDIER CS 100
aircraft in yz-plane.
Fig 2: Represents the CAD model of sideview of the BOMBARDIER CS 100
aircraft in xz-plane.

Fig 3: Represents the CAD model of front view of the BOMBARDIER CS 100
aircraft in zy-plane.
 Weight Estimation:
The total weight of the aircraft is the design takeoff gross weight as the aircraft
begins its mission for which it was designed. The design takeoff gross weight
can be classified into crew weight, payload or passenger weight, fuel weight,
and the empty weight (which includes the structure, engines, landing gear, fixed
equipment avionics, and anything else that is not considered as a part of the
crew, payload or fuel weights). From the following equations the design takeoff
weight, the crew, and the payload weights are calculated. The only unknowns
are the fuel weight and empty weight. The following iterative equation is used
to calculate.

Take-off weight buildup:

Wo = Wcrew + Wpayload + Wfuel + Wempty

Wempty = Weight of structures, engine, landing gear, fixed equipment avionics.
Wcrew=Cockpit crew weight.
Wpay=weight of baggage.
Wfuel and Wempty are to be calculated.

Wo = (Wcrew + Wpayload)/(1-(Wempty/W0) +(Wfuel/W0))

Calculations:
Take - off:
W1/w0 = 0.97 (constant)
W1 = 55000*0.97
W1 = 53,350
Climb:
W2/w1 = 0.985 (constant)
W2 = 53350*0.985

W2 = 52,549.75

Cruise:

To calculate we will use Range formula:

Range (R) =(V/C) * [L/D] * ln{w3/W2}

(W3/W2) = e^ {- (R) * (C)/(V) *[L/D]}

Range (R) = 6000 (m) = 19685*10^3(ft)

C = 0.5 / hr = 1.38*10^-4 ft/s

V = (Mach Num *sonic speed) = 0.7*1,062 = 743 ft/s

[L/D] = [L/D]max *0.866

= 19 *0.866

= 16.454

(W3/W2) = e ^ -((19685 *10^3* 1.38 *10 ^-4)/ (*16.454))

= e ^ (-0.25110)

(W3/W2) = 0.76254

W3 = 40071.298

Loiter:

To calculate we will use Endurance formula:

Endurance (E) = {1/(C) *[L/D] * ln{w4/W3}

(W4/W3) = e^ {- (E) * (C)/ [L/D]}

 = e^ [-1200*(1.11*10^-4)/ (0.866*19)]

= e ^ (-0.01011)

(W4/W3) = 0.989

W4 = 39630.5146

Decent:

(W5/W4) = 0.993 (from table values)

W5 = 39353.10101

(W6/W5) = 0.995 (from table values)

W6 = 39156.33551

Landing(W6/W0):

(W6/W0) =[(W6/W5) *(W5/W4) *(W4/W3) *(W3/W2) *(W2/W1)

*(W1/W0)]

= (0.97*0.985*0.76254*0.993*0.995*0.989)

= 0.71193

Fuel fraction (Wf/W0):

= ((1 + Ref) *(1 -) W6/W0))

(REF value is extra fuel percentage to be carried out which is

0.05)

(Wf/W0) = 1 + 0.05* (1 – 0.927)

(Wf/W0) = 0.0765

Empty weight fraction (We/W0):

(We/W0) = [ A*(W0) ^-C]

 (A, C values are constant for a general aviation 2 Engine aircraft
values are 1.04 and 0.1 respectively).

(We/W0) = [ 1.04*(55000) ^-0.1]

(We/W0) =0.349

Design gross weight(W0):

(W0) = [(Wcrew +Wpay)/(1-(We/W0) -(Wf/W0)]

Wcrew = (Num of crew members *Weight) = (2*97.5)

Wcrew = 197.

Wpay = Wpax+ Wbags+ Wcargo

Wpay = 15000

(W0) = [(Wcrew +Wpay)/(1-(We/W0) -(Wf/W0)]

(W0) = [(15000+197)/ (1-0.07665-0.349)]

(W0) = 26475.6kg

W0 = 45076.17 kg

Wf= 6921.233kg

We = 23154.94kg
 Selection of Airfoil:

After the design gross weight is estimated, a suitable airfoil for the required
specifications and capable of generating enough lift to efficiently overcome the
weights must be selected. A study of the existing aerodynamic surfaces is done
before proceeding with the selection. NACA offers a wide range of airfoils such
as the 4 to the 6 series.

From the existing data on airfoils, we have selected the following:

Root section: NACA 23015 having CLmax= 1.58
Tip section: NACA 21215 having CLmax= 1.87

Average maximum lift coefficient = 1.72

 Selection of wing and control surfaces:

From preliminary estimations:

Aspect ratio = 9
Wing span = 31.29 m
Length =37.45 m
Tapper ratio=0.45
Surface area(s) = 109.13 m2
Wing-loading(W/S) = 412.4 kg/m2
V stall = 61.9 m/s
Weight W0 = 45076.17

Wing dimensions:
Aspect ratio = b^2/s
b= 31.29m
Considering Taper ratio(λ) as 0.45

Root chord length (Cr) = 2s/((λ+1) *b)

Cr= 2*109.3/ (1.45*31.29)
Cr= 4.98m
Tip chord length (Ct)= Cr* λ
= 4.98*0.45
= 2.24

Mean aerodynamic chord (y) = ((b*(1+2 λ)) / (6 *(1+ λ))

y= 6.7m

The thickness of the wing at the root (NACA 23015) =4.98*0.12

=0 .5 m
The thickness of the wing at the tip (NACA 2212) =
2.24*0.12 = 0.268 m

Fuselage calculations:

Fuselage length = 75% of wing-span

= 31.29*0.75
= 23.46m
Nose length = 20% of fuselage length
= 23.46*0.2
=4.69m
Fuselage height = 15% of fuselage length
= 23.46*0.15
=3.51m

Tail calculations:
Tail length = 40% of fuselage length
= 23.46*0.4
=9.3 m
Horizontal stabilizer area = 22% of wing area
= 109.13*0.22
= 24m
Aspect ratio = (bh^2/sh)
= (9.3)2/24
=3.6
Taper ratio (λ) = 0.4

Horizontal stabilizer root chord length = 2sh/((λ+1) *bh)

= 28*24/ (0.4+1) *9.3
=3.68m
Horizontal stabilizer tip chord length
= λ * horizontal root chord
=0.4*3.68
= 1.47m
Tail span = sqrt (AR*Sh) = 9.2m

Vertical stabilizer:

Area of vertical stabilizer = 33% of horizontal stabilizer

= 7.92m
Aspect ratio = b^2/s = 1.27
Taper ratio (λ) = 0.4
Vertical stabilizer tail spam = sqrt (AR*VA)
 = sqrt (1.27*7.92) = 3.17m
Vertical stabilizer root chord length = 2Sv / ((λ+1) * bv)
= 2.64m
Vertical stabilizer tip chord length
= λ * Vertical stabilizer chord root length
= 1.05m
Control surfaces :

Aileron area = 15% Of Wing area

= 0.15*109.14
=16.371m

Elevator area = 40% Of Horizontal stabilizer AREA

=0.40*24
= 9.6m

Rudder area = 35%Of Vertical stabilizer AREA

=0.35*7.92
=2.722m

Lift and drag calculation:

Lift Estimation:

Lift at Take-off:

L = (ρ*V2*S*CLmax)/2
ρ = Density at sea level = 1.226 Kg/m3
S = wing area = 345m2
CLmax= 1.8
V stall =[{(2*(W/S))/(ρ*CLmax)}]1/2
V stall = [{2*724.6}/{1.226*1.8}]1/2
V stall = 25.62m/s
V = 0.6*1.2*V stall
V=0.6*1.2*25.62
V= 18.44 m/s
L = (1.226*(18.44) 2 * 345 *1.8)/2
L = 129441.61 N

Lift at Cruise:

L = 1/2 * ρ * V cruise2 * S * CL max

ρ = 1.226 Kg/m3
S= wing area = 345 m2
CLmax = Maximum coefficient of lift = 1.4
V cruise = 205.5m/s
L = 1/2 * 1.226 * (205.5)2 * 345 * 1.4
L = 12509575.35 N

Lift at Landing:

L = 1/2 * ρ * V2 * s * CLmax
ρ = Density at sea level = 1.226 Kg/m3
S = wing area = 345 m2
CLmax = Maximum coefficient of lift @ α = 12.5º
CLmax = 2.2
V stall =[((2*(W/S))/(ρ*CLmax))]1/2
V stall = [(2*724.6)/ (1.226*2.2)]1/2
V stall = 23.17m/s
V = 0.6*1.2*V stall
V =0.6*1.2*23.17
V = 16.68m/s
L = 1/2 * 1.226 * (16.68)2 * 345 * 2.2
L=129447.70 N

DRAG ESTIMATION:

Drag at Take-Off:

D = 1/2 * ρ * V2 * S * CD
CD = [{CD.0 + (ф CLmax2)/(πe(AR))}]
ρ = Density at sea level = 1.225 Kg/m3
S= wing area = 109.13 m2
CLmax = Maximum coefficient of lift @ α = 14.5º
CLmax = 1.8
V stall =[{(2*(W/S))/(ρ*CLmax)}]1/2
V stall = [{2*412.4}/ {1.226*1.8}]1/2
Vstall = 19.34 m/s
V = 0.6*1.2*Vstall
V =0.6*1.2*25.62
V = 13.92 m/s
CD.0 = 0.003
Oswald’s Efficiency “e = 0.8”
ф = 0.99
Aspect Ratio AR = 9
CD = [{CD.0 + (фCLmax2)/(πe(AR))}]
CD = [{0.003 + (0.99*1.82)/(π*0.8*9)}]
CD = 0.142

D = 1/2 * 1.225* (870)2 * 109.3 * 0.142*0.27

D = 1942.749 N

Drag at Cruise:

D = 1/2 * ρ * V2 * s * CD
CD = [{CD.0 + (ф CLmax2)/(πe(AR))}]
S = wing area = 109.3 m2
CLmax = Maximum coefficient of lift
CLmax = 1.4
V cruise = 3222.2 m/s
CD.0 = 0.003
Oswald’s Efficiency “e = 0.8”
ф = 0.99
Aspect Ratio AR = 9
CD = [{CD.0 + (ф CLmax2)/(πe(AR))}]
CD = [{0.003 + (0.99*1.42)/(π*0.8*9)}]
CD = 0.0859
D = 1/2 * 1.225 * (3222.2)2 * 109.3 *0.0859
D = 597068.83 N

Drag at Landing:

D = 1/2 * ρ * V2 * S * CD
CD = [{CD.0 + (ф CLmax2)/(πe(AR))}]
ρ = Density at sea level = 1.225 Kg/m3
S = wing area = 109.3 m2
CLmax = Maximum coefficient of lift @ “α = 12.5º”
CLmax= 2.2
V stall =[{(2*(W/S))/(ρ*CLmax)}]1/2
V stall = [{2*412.4}/(1.225*2.2)]1/2
Vstall = 17.56 m/s
V = 0.6*1.2*Vstall
V =0.6*1.2*17.56
V = 12.6 m/s, CD0 = 0.003
Oswald’s Efficiency “e = 0.8”
ф = 0.99
Aspect Ratio AR = 9
CD = [{CD.0 + (ф CLmax2)/(πe(AR))}]
CD = [{0.003 + (0.99*2.2^2)/(π*0.8*9)}]
CD = 0.224
D = 1/2*1.226*(16.68)2*345*0.224
D = 13180.12 N

Power calculation:

For calculating the power required and power plant selection, take off distance
need to be calculated for the specific aircraft.

Total take off distance = ground roll + airborne distance

Sg= 1.21(W/S)/ (1.225) Cl*(T/W)
= 1.21*412.4/ (1.225*1.72) (T/W)
= 236.8(T/W)

Total landing distance = Ground roll + Approach distance + Flare distance

( For commercial aircrafts flare height is equals to 3m and approach angle is 30 )
Sa = 50-hf/tan30
 = (50-3/9.81)
= 244.8m

Flight path radius for flare height

V (at flare height) =1.15*Vstall
R=V2/0.2g
=1954.9m

Sf=R*sin 30 (flare distance)

=755.3m

For our specifications, the total landing distance should not exceed 1200m
Sg+Sa+Sf= 1500
Sg=1152.9
T/W=0.188

At certain velocity, power required is

Preq=(T/W) *V*W
= 0.188*45076.17*9.81*47.66
= 3958025 watts
Preq= 3.958 MW.
 Powerplant selection:
For our power plant selection, we have seen various types of Turbofan engines.
As these turbofan engines are more efficient for commercial airplanes compared
to jet engines. These Turbofan engines have a higher bypass ratio compared to
any other engines, this high bypass ratio determines the fuel consumption and
thrust produced for a specific amount.
For this reason, most commercial and business aircraft manufacturers tend
to select turbofans with a high bypass ratio. So, for our Aircraft Design, we
have chosen Pratt & Whitney PW1100G, which has the following
specifications.

Pratt & Whitney PW1100G:

Specifications:
Thrust 130kN
Weight 2,857.6 kg
T/W 4.8
Length 3.401m
Bypass ratio 12.5:1
Fan diameter 0.81m(20 blades)
Max fan speed 3281 RPM