Pipe Fittings

Pipe fittings
Process Auxiliaries and utilities

3170516
OPEN ELECTIVE COURSE
Kaushik Nath
Department of Chemical Engineering
G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology
What are pipe fittings?
 Pipe Fittings are defined as the piping components that help in pipe
routing for directional changes, size changes, and branch
connections.
 Piping Elbows, Piping Reducers, Tee Connections, Olet

Connections, Caps, Crosses, etc are pipe fittings and widely used in
both the piping and plumbing industry.
 Different pipe fittings serve different functions as per layout or

process requirements.
 Pipe fittings are manufactured as separate items and procured

separately. Pipe fittings are connected to piping using various end
connections.
 Pipe fittings play an important role in the proper functioning of pipes
and tubes in various applications. In this article, we will study the
overview of different types of pipe fittings used in the piping, pipeline,
and plumbing industry.
Features
SS pipe fittings
Pipe fittings types
Depending on the use of pipe fitting, they can be classified as follows:
Pipe fitting types to extend or terminate pipe runs
 Couplings
 Adapters
 Unions
 Caps
 Plugs
Pipe Fittings for Direction Change
 Elbows
 Bends
 Tee-Connection
 Cross
Pipe fitting types to connect two or more pipes
 Tees
 Cross
 Side-inlet Elbows
 Wyes
Pipe fittings for size change
 Reducers
 Bushings
 Couplings
 Reducing Tee
 Pipe fittings for flow control
Valves
Elbows
Elbow fittings may be cast, forged or hot-or

clod-formed from short pieces of pipe or
made by welding together pieces of miter-
cut pipe.
Flow in bends and elbow fittings are more
turbulent than in straight pipe, thus
increasing erosion and corrosion.
This can be countered by selecting a
component with greater radius of curvature,
thicker wall or smoother interior contour, but
this is seldom economical in miter elbow.
Reducing elbow fittings permit change of
direction and concentric size reduction in the
same fitting.
Elbows
Street Elbows
Reducers
Reducers
Reducers may be cast, forged, or hot or cold formed from short pieces of
pipe. End connections may be concentric or eccentric, that is, tangent to
the same plane at one point on their circumference.
Flanged fittings are used when pipe is likely to be dismantled for frequent cleaning.
They are also used in areas where welding is not permitted. Cast fittings are
usually flanged.
Unions
Unions
Unions
Pipe Union is a special type of pipe fitting that unites two pipes and
can be easily detached without any deformation to the pipes. They
provide a positive seal and easy assembly as well as disassembly. In
pipe fitting applications,
They are widely used mainly for small bore piping and plumbing
industries. Pipe unions are made of Carbon steel, Stainless steel,
Cast iron, Copper, Nickel, Aluminum, Plastic, Alloy materials
depending on temperature, and service requirements.
A pipe union has three parts; A male end, A nut, and a female end.
The female end has threads on the inside whereas threads are
outside on the male end part. The nut provides the necessary
pressure and seals the joint.
Couplings
Caps and plugs
Cross and Wyes
A piping cross is also popular as a four-way pipe fitting as it

consists of one inlet and three outlet connections or vice versa.
They are not that popular in the oil and gas industries and seldom
used. They are used in fire sprinkler systems. In piping crosses,
four piping connections meet at one common point.
Wyes
Wye pipe fittings are also called lateral connections. the name
wye came because it resembles the letter “Y”. Such type of pipe
fittings are used in drainage systems and have a branch line at 45
degrees to keep the flow of water smooth. This kind of pipe fitting
has a low frictional loss and very low turbulence.
Cross and Wyes
Conduits, pipes, pipelines
Pipe olet connections
Piping Olet is a self-reinforced branch connection used to connect small pipe
branches from larger size main pipes. This is an alternative to a pipe to pipe
branching. They are specially designed by a company called Bonney Forge. In
places where the reducing tee is not available, piping olets are widely used.
Weldolet: It’s a 900 branch connection and available for 2″ and more sizes.
Weldolet pipe fittings are suitable for high temperature and pressure classes
and widely used in the piping industry. Weldolets are available in two sizes; full
size and reducing size. However, Reducing size is the most widely used
weldolet.
Sockolet: Sockolets are also 900 branch connections but they are used to
connect small-bore socket-welded piping to larger size Butt-welded Piping
Header. Similar to weldolet, they too, come in full size and reducing size
constructions.
Thredolet: Threadolets are 900 pipe fitting suitable to connect small-bore

threaded fittings to Buttwelding Piping Connections.
Pipe olet connections
Fittings
Piping Fitting selection criteria
Various factors need to be considered for selecting proper pipe fittings. Few of them
are listed below for reference:
Materials of construction: Pipe fitting material must be compatible with the service
and temperature. Normally the material selected is the same as pipe material.
End Connection types: The buyer must be aware of the end connection types
before purchasing any pipe fitting.
Type of pipe fitting: Pipe fittings are also identified by the type of fitting like
threaded or slip, male or female. So, it’s the buyer’s responsibility to choose the
correct pipe fitting type.
Pipe Fitting Size: The size of the fitting must be known prior to the selection of the
fitting. Normally, the OD or ID of the connecting pipe decides the pipe fitting size.
Schedule or Thickness: Pipe fittings are also available at various thickness ranges
similar to a pipe. So, before pipe fitting selection, the thickness must be ensured.
Pressure Rating: The internal pressure is also an important factor for proper pipe
fitting selection.
Pipe Fitting Standards and codes: Various codes and standards are available for
pipe fittings. The buyer should select the correct one before placing the order. For
example, ASTM, ASME, DIN, BSP, MSS, ISO, etc. are certain standards assigned to
pipe fittings and those standards govern their design and use.
Pipe fitting standards
Pipe Fittings are dictated by the following codes and standards:
ASME B16.9
ASME B16.28
ASME B16.11
ASME B16.1
ASME B16.3
ASME B16.4
ASME B16.5
ASME B16.14
ASME B16.15
ASME B16.25
ASME B16.36
Pipe fitting materials
Various materials from which pipe fittings are manufactured are:
 Carbon Steel: A-105; A-234; A-216

 Stainless Steel: A-182; A-403; A-351
 Low Alloy Steel: A-182; A-234; A-217
 LTCS: A-350; A-420; A-352
 Nickel and Nickel Alloys
 Chrome-molybdenum
 Aluminum
 Titanium  Fiberglass / Composite
 Bronze  Iron (Gray / Cast/ Ductile)
 Brass  Elastomer
 Neoprene
 Nylon
 Polyamide
 Polyethylene (PE)
 Polypropylene (PP)
 PTFE
 PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
Applications of pipe fittings
Pipe fittings are highly popular and widely used in the following industries:
 Refinery/Chemical/Petrochemical
 Municipal
 Power
 Oil and Gas
 Food, Beverage, and Dairy
 Process Instrumentation
 Pulp and Paper
 Semiconductor
 Steel
 Marine & dredging
 Irrigation
 Residential
 Sanitation
 Road & highway construction
 Ventilation etc.

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Pipe Fittings

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Pipe fittings

Process Auxiliaries and utilities

 Piping Elbows, Piping Reducers, Tee Connections, Olet

 Different pipe fittings serve different functions as per layout or

 Pipe fittings are manufactured as separate items and procured

Elbow fittings may be cast, forged or hot-or

A piping cross is also popular as a four-way pipe fitting as it

Thredolet: Threadolets are 900 pipe fitting suitable to connect small-bore

 Carbon Steel: A-105; A-234; A-216

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