A PROJECT REPORT

ON

Design and Fabrication of Multipurpose Agriculture Machine by using

Submitted
in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
by
Chandra Mohan Gangadari 18K91A0320
Omkar Mallethula 18K91A0347
Lavan Reddy Mandadi 18K91A0348
Sathwik Reddy Mandadi 18K91A0349
Under the guidance of

N. Pavani Kumari
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

June 2022

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 TKR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION
Accredited by NBA and NAAC with 'A' Grade
(Sponsored by TKR Educational Society, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH)
Medbowli, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyderabad, Telangana-
500097 Phone:9100377790, e-mail: lnfo@tkrcet.ac.ln
Website: www.tkrcet.ac.ln.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis/ dissertation entitled “Design and Fabrication of

Multipurpose Agriculture machine using Battery” that is being submitted by Sri

Chandra Mohan Gangadari, Omkar Mallethula , Lavan Reddy Mandadi, Sathwik

Reddy Mandadi in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in

Mechanical Engineering to the T.K.R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under their guidance

and supervision. The results embodied in this thesis are original work and have not been

submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

N. Pavani Kumari Dr. G. Gopala Krishna

Assistant Professor Professor

EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL

Dr. D.V. Ravi Shankar

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deepest gratitude to our Sri Teegala Krishna Reddy, Founder and

Chairman of TKR College of Engineering and Technology providing us with an

environment to complete our project successfully.

We express our sincere thanks to our supervisor, N. Pavani Kumari, Assistant

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his constant encouragement and

support throughout our course, especially for the useful suggestions given during the course

of the project period and being instrumental in the completion of our project with his

complete guidance.

We thank our Project coordinator Mr. B. Sayed Shaheed, Assistant Professor,

department of Mechanical Engineering for his help and innovative ideas in making this

project a successful one.

We would also like to thank Dr. G. Gopala Krishna, Professor and Head of

Department of Mechanical Engineering for his unwavering support during the entire course

of the project work who modeled us both technically and morally for achieving greater

success in this project work.

We are very grateful to Dr. D.V. Ravi Shankar, Principal, for his valuable guidance

and blessings.

We also thank our Faculties and Lab Technicians, Department of Mechanical

Engineering for their assistance in completing the fabrication work. Finally, we take this

opportunity to extend our deep appreciation to our family and friends, for all that they meant

to us during the crucial times of the completion of our project.

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 DECLARATION

We, Chandra Mohan Gangadari, Omkar Mallethula , Lavan Reddy Mandadi,

Sathwik Reddy Mandadi hereby solemnly affirm that the major-project report entitled

“Design and Fabrication of Multipurpose Agriculture machine using Battery” , being

submitted by us in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering, to the T.K.R. College of Engineering

& Technology , is a record of bona-fide work carried out by us under the guidance

of N. Pavani Kumari. The work reported in this report in full or in part has not been

submitted to any University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

DATE: SIGNATURE OF STUDENTS

G. Chandra Mohan 18K91A0320

M. Omkar 18K91A0347

M. Lavan Reddy 18K91A0348

M. Sathwik Reddy 18K91A0349

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 ABSTRACT

Agriculture plays an important role in the Indian economy. Agriculture is the cultivation

of animals, plants and fungi used to sustain and enhance human life agriculture was the key

development in the rise of sedentary human civilization. The study of agriculture is known as

agricultural science. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its

development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and

technologies. Modern agronomy, plants breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and

fertilizers, and technological developments have in many cases sharply increased yields from

cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage. Agricultural food

production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues. Mechanized

agriculture is the process of using agriculture machinery to mechanize the work of agriculture,

greatly increasing farm worker productivity in modern times, and powered machinery has

replaced many farm jobs formerly carried out by manual labour or by working animals such as

oxen, horses and mules Mechanized agriculture is a process of using agricultural machinery for

different processes of agriculture.

The aim of the project is to design and develop a multipurpose agricultural vehicle, to

perform different agricultural processes such as ploughing, sowing, weeding, spraying, and

levelling. In this project a rechargeable battery and motor is used to run the vehicle. The power

from battery is also used for seed sowing process which is done automatically. A rotator is

installed for soil preparation process. A sprayer pump is installed for pesticide spraying

operation. The different parts are easily adjustable.

Key words:

Multi-purpose, Sowing, weeding, spraying, levelling, Agriculture, Farmer seed, crop etc.

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 CONTENTS

Title Page No.

Title Page i

Certificate ii

Acknowledgement iii

Declaration iv

Abstract v

Contents vi

List of Figures ix

List of Tables xiii

CHAPTERS

1. INTRODUCTION 1 - 13

1.1. Agriculture is the cultivation 2

1.2. Steps involved in agriculture 2

1.3. Scope and objective 8

1.4. Objective of the project 8

1.5. Proposed work methodology 9

1.6. Plough 9

1.7. Seed tray 9

1.8. Sprinkler 10

1.9. Weeding 10
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 1.10. Working principle 10

1.11. Application of the equipment 11

1.12. Advantages of the equipment 11

1.13. Features of the equipment 12

1.14. Working of the equipment 12

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 14 - 19

3. PROBLEM FORMULATION 20 - 23

3.1. Gaps in Literature 20

3.2. Research Objectives 21

3.3. Research Methodology 21

4. FABRICATION OF PROTOTYPE 24 - 47

4.1. Fabrication model construction 24

4.2. Agriculture 35

4.3. Main features of Indian agriculture 36

4.4. Major challenges faced by Indian agriculture 37

4.5. Farm mechanization 41

4.6. Tractor drawn equipment 42

4.7. Advantages of tractor powered equipment 45

4.8. Disadvantages of tractor 46

4.9. Disadvantages of bullock powered equipment 46

4.10. Advantages of bullock powered equipment 46

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 4.12. Bill of material and cost of estimation 47

5. SCIENTIFIC FARMING 48 - 53

5.1. Scientific farming 48

5.2. Scientific farming method for some of the major crops 48

5.3. Other useful information 52

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 54 - 58

6.1. Results and discussion 54

6.2. Calculations 54

7. CONCLUSIONS 59 – 60

7.1. Scope of future work 60

REFERENCES 61 - 64

PLAGIARISM REPORT

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

1.1 Selection of seeds 2

1.2 Ploughing 2

1.3 Farming ridges and furrows 2

1.4 Fertilizer applications 3

1.5 Seed preparation 3

1.6 Fungicides 3

1.7 Sowing 4

1.8 Irrigation 4

1.9 Germination 5

1.10 Thinning 5

1.11 Hand weeding 6

1.12 Chemical weeding 6

1.13 Vegetative stage 6

1.14 Flowering stage 7

1.15 Pesticides 7

1.16 Pesticide spraying 7

1.17 Pod formation stage 7

1.18 Harvesting 8

1.19 Threshing 8

4.1 Frame cutting pipe 24

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 4.2 Single pipes 24

4.3 Pipes cutting 25

4.4 Welding frame 25

4.5 Table welding frame 25

4.6 12mm shaft bush 26

4.7 Seed hoper 26

4.8 Seed box 26

4.9 Weed motor 27

4.10 Shaft 12mm 27

4.11 Wheel fitting 27

4.12 Wheel clamping 28

4.13 Sprayer tank 28

4.14 Wheels 28

4.15 Roll support bushes 29

4.16 Seed motor roller motor 29

4.17 Wire 29

4.18 Ploughing teeth 30

4.19 Battery 30

4.20 Cylindrical shaft 30

4.21 Joining of pipes (Arc welding) 31

4.22 Cutting surface grinding 31

4.23 Coupling 31

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4.24 Arc welding process 32

4.25 Cutting of arm 32

4.26 Marking of dimensions on motor support plate 32

4.27 View of motor, support plate after marking 33

4.28 Drilling center, hole using drill bit 33

4.29 Drilling four holes using drill bit@ 5mm 33

4.30 Drilling four holes using drill bit @6mm 34

4.31 View of motor support 34

4.32 Reducing screw length to fit exactly into motor 34

4.33 Mahindra yuvo tractor 42

4.34 Cultivator 43

4.35 Disc cultivator 43

4.36 Half cage wheel 43

4.37 Gyravator 43

4.38 Harrow 43

4.39 Seed cum fertilizer drill 43

4.40 Tipping trailer 44

4.41 PTO pump 44

4.42 Bullock draw ploughing 44

4.43 Iron plough 44

4.44 Sowing equipment 44

4.45 Traditional sowing method 44

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4.46 Traditional weeder 45

4.47 Traditional leveller 45

4.48 Bullock draw seed cum fertilizer 45

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

4.1 Global ranking of India in form production &productivity 40

4.2 Level of mechanization 42

4.3 Bill of material & cost of estimation 47

6.1 Types of soils and its resistance values 56

6.2 Level of Mechanization 58

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x
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the culture of mammals, plants and fungi used to sustain and reinforce

human growth farming was the key development in the rise of lazy human culture. The study

of farming is known as land wisdom. The record of agriculture dates back pertaining to 1000

of age, and allure development has happened compelled and delimited by greatly various

climates, sophistications, and electronics. Modern agronomy, plants rearing, agrochemicals

in the way that pesticides and fertilizers, and mechanics growths have in many cases

piercingly raised yields from nurture, but at the same time have led to extensive

environmental damage. Agricultural food result and water administration are more and more

becoming all-encompassing issues. Mechanized farming is the process of utilizing

agriculture equipment to automate whole of agriculture, considerably growing immigrant

worker productivity in up-to-date occasions, and stimulate machinery has dislodged many

farm tasks already carried out by manual labor or by occupied mammals in the way that

oxen, stallions and mule.

The complete past of agriculture holds many models of the use of forms, to a degree

the hoe and the cultivate land. But the continuous unification of machines because the

industrial innovation has admitted cultivation to enhance much less labor-intensive current

automated farming involves the use of tractors, trucks, connect harvesters, countless types

of farm implements, airplanes and helicopters and added boats. Precision farming even uses

calculating in conjunction with subsidiary metaphors and subsidiary navigation to increase

yields. Mechanization was individual of the big determinants being the reason for

urbanization and industrial frugalities. Besides reconstructing result adeptness,

mechanization spurs large result and constantly can improve the feature of farm produce in

another way it can move untrained farm labor and can cause environmental shame

particularly if it is used shortsightedly alternatively holistically.

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1.1 Agriculture Is the Cultivation

Agriculture is the skill and latent wisdom in result and improvement of field crops

accompanying the effective use of soil productivity, water, labor and different determinants

had connection with crop production. It is ultimate main resourcefulness in the globe. About

70% of Indian peoples are either growers or complicated in some land connected actions

1.2 Steps Involved in Agriculture

1.2.1 Seed Selection

Among sorts of crops, an appropriate crop has expected picked for nurture.

Fig 1.1 depicts about selection of seeds for sowing

Fig 1.1 Selection of seeds

1.2.2 Land Preparation

It includes tilling, ploughing, furrows and ridges formation.

Fig 1.2 & Fig 1.3 illustrates ploughing and land preparation for farming.

1.2 Ploughing Fig 1.3 Forming ridges and furrows

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1.2.3 Fertilizer Application

Organic manure is used during ploughing; synthetic manure is applied before sowing

and all along produce stage.

Fig 1.4 shows fertilization of soil using urea and other fertilizers

Fig 1.4 Fertilizer application

1.2.4 Seed Preparation

Seeds are acted accompanying fungicides like carbendazim before sowing.

Fig 1.5 & 1.6 illustrates seed preparation and fungicides used for killing insects and

other diseases.

Fig 1.5 Seed preparation Fig 1.6 Fungicides

1.2.4 Sowing

Seeding or sowing is a creativity of sorting seeds in the soil to have good germination

in the field as shown in Fig. 1.7

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 Fig 1.7 Sowing

1.2.5 Irrigation

Watering the crops for its growth and development.

- Surface irrigation.

- Drip irrigation.

- Sprinkler irrigation.

- Rain dependent irrigation

Fig 1.8 shows irrigation of fields for better nurturing and soil for better yield.

Fig 1.8 Irrigation

1.2.6 Germination

Seed evolves into a two-leaf stage, teeny plant as shown in Fig 1.9

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 Fig 1.9 Germination

1.2.7 Thinning

Alone plant is kept in each pit by plucking the surplus plant. One active harvest

is abandoned and different plant is grabbed to support the complete money of water, manure

and organize for distinct plant as shown in Fig 1.10.

Fig 1.10 Thinning

1.2.8 Weeding

The process of eliminating the undesirable plants engaged to guarantee complete

utilization of money only to the crop.

- Manual destroy (formerly in 3 weeks).

- Before sowing, field has expected ploughed well to erase all weeds.

- After germination miniature weeds extent removed utilizing destroy knife.

- After produce stage weedicides are diffused. Chemical rip out of a place

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 - spraying of weedicides like "pendimethalin" of 1 liter is argue 200 liters of water for

one hectare. Spraying all along destroy will block establishment of weeds all the while next

individual.

Fig 1.11 and Fig 1.12 shows the different types of weeding such as Hand weeding and

chemical weeding

Fig 1.11 Hand weeding Fig 1.12 chemical weeding

1.2.9 Stages in Agriculture

(i) Vegetative stage – maximum progress of plant takes place in this place stage as

shown in Fig 1.13.

Fig 1.13 Vegetative stage

(ii) Flowering stage: plant starts bearing flowers in this place stage.

Fig 1.14 illustrates the flowerings stage of the plant which leads for the crop.

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 Fig 1.14 Flowering stage

(iii) Pesticides spraying: When the crops are diseased along viruses use pesticides.

Fig 1.15 and Fig 1.16 shows different forms of pesticides and spraying.

Fig 1.15 Pesticides Fig 1.16 Pesticide spraying

(iv) Fruit/pod formation stage: At this stage happening of crop or pod takes place.

Fig 1.17 depicts the crop happening stage

Fig 1.17 Pod formation stage

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 (v) Harvesting stage: segregating crop from soil.

Fig 1.18 illustrates the harvesting of the crop by farm workers.

Fig 1.18 Harvesting

(vi)Threshing: isolating of seeds from the plants and this method also used for

collecting hay as shown in Fig 1.19.

Fig 1.19 Threshing

1.3 Scope and Objective

 The children sowing means is modified into natural system.

 The multipurpose agriculture vehicle is outlined for small peasants from now on.

 The project will become an instance for future everything.

1.4 Objective of the Project

 The basic objective search out expands a raises animal that is plain and economical.

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  The decline of cost of the Ploughing finish.

 The life of the Ploughing finish is increase.

1.5 Proposed Work Methodology

Chassis of the Vehicle The choice of material for the automobile is the first and

most influential determinant for automotive design. There is type of fabrics that maybe

secondhand in automotive material and framework. The most influential tests that a material

endure meet are inconsequential, financial influence, security, recyclability, and biological

clock concern. Some of these tests are the result of charter and rule. The material for the

frame and framework is fortify. The main determinants for selecting material particularly

for physique is off-course sort of traits in the way that warm, synthetic and machinelike

opposing that are ease for production and persistence. In the frame only the main upholding

forms to a degree generator of the car, the person who produces crops and ploughing form

are backed. It supports the finish motionless and vital load of the bus.

1.6 Plough

The cultivate land is created by 10 mm bar having four-sided representative sample

where individual end is created methodical of trowel and different end is equipped to a

accepted rod. The cultivate land is created to sustain the fighting of soil. The prevailing rod

is then belonging to a lifter that is to say placed close the command.

1.7 Seed Tray

A container used to store beginning is backed on the superior bed of the framework.

A revolving container like method is fashioned to discharge seeds at established pauses.

This rod is compelled by a 12-volt DC engine that is alternated at lower rpm. The speed of

motor is conditional an Arduino located engine boss that controls the speed of motor.

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1.8 Sprinkler

A 20Ltr tanker is backed on the above bed of framework. A 12V submersible draw

is established inside the bucket. The release of inject is related right shape watering system

for lawn that is established just behind the command. A bendable pipe is used to give the

water/manure.

1.9 Weeding

A grass maybe concept of as any plant increasing blameworthy place at the wrong

opportunity and achievement more harm than good. Weed waste overdone magnitude of

farmer occasion, skilled by to a degree a brake on happening. Weeding is individual of the

most main farm movements in crop result order. Weeding is an main but evenly labor

incentive land whole movement. Weeding gives reason for about 25% of the total labor

necessity (900–1200-man h/ha) all the while a nurture season. The labor necessities for

scrape up deliver on weed vegetation, grass force, opportunity of scrape up and effectiveness

of worker. Delay and carelessness in drawing something with force movement influence the

crop yield until 30 to 60 percent. In India about 4.2 billion rupees are gone done yearly for

ruling weeds in the result of big crops.

1.10 Working Principle

India is a country place culture is main profession and idea then too in India most

of laborers attempt self-murder reason behind this is structure, as in India 10-20% of

peasants are rich but rest of laborers don’t have much beginning to purchase difficult

equipment and machines. So, we have certain to design land instrument that can answer the

fundamental need of cultivation and cost of land vehicle concede possibility be very less as

distinguished to another land bus. The main objective of land bicycle is disciplining,

fertilizer spraying, hoe, source sowing & ploughing. For resolving this purpose, we have

1
planned this type of land instrument • When motor is begun the auger moment drill finish

will stimulated to drill dent for source sowing from that time forward controller press

crowbar for drop a seed from storage before the discovering and sowing movement will be

achieved. The sowing movement maybe done by tractor trailer manual. • Ploughing form is

surely congregate and disguise, this movement is approved apiece battery force.

1.11 Application of The Equipment

1. Ploughing

2. Clod breaking

3. Levelling

4. Sowing

5. Fertilizing

6. Weeding

7. Applying weedicide

1.12 Advantages of The Equipment

 Includes experimental making techniques. Sequence organize source sowing

machine has more benefits than a normal seed machine.

 Involves accuracy forming and fool proofing science. By utilizing this machine, an

alone source can be established in the requested spacing, because the disappearance

of the sources will be reduced. This will lower the decreasing operation all the while

the pregnancy time.

 Suitable for all types of sources to source forming.

 Low cost, it’s rude valued multipurpose land supplies ever buxom.

 Multitasking, two together sowing and fertilizing is done together.

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1.13 Features of The Equipment

 Multipurpose, can act cultivations movements to a degree ploughing, cloud

breaking, sowing, fertilizing, levelling, drawing something with force, and

weedicide application.

 Multitasking, in individual congregation of the supplies it acts sowing, fertilizing

and levelling. In another congregation, it acts weeding and weedicide use.

 Automated, the supplies maybe animal-stimulate or worm stimulate just pulling the

supplies is enough and so forth of the conduct are automatic.

 The Successful exercise of controlled farming accompanying our supplies will bring

about larger yield and better status of crop.

 Applicable for all type of children-to-seed help.

 Sequential organize of children will defeat the disappearance of children and helps

in the best exercise of the field and reduces the irrigating and contents work.

 Number of employees necessary is reduced extravagantly, that in proper sequence

reduces labor charges.

 Variable accompanying ranges and culture specifications

1.14 Working of The Equipment

Generally, education of some crop includes differing steps like children draft, field

readiness, fertilizing, sowing, watering, germination, diminishing and contents, grass

relocation, produce stage, blooming stage, poison spraying, crop or pod composition stage,

gathering and beating. Farmer has to use differing land supplies and labours to watching out

those steps, our purpose is to connect all the individual finishes to form useful supplies that

reduces the overall supplies cost and labour cost and again increases the yield of the crop

by executing the experimental culture pattern. Initially, the cultivate land is affiliated to the

beam utilizing fasteners and tilling of the soil is acted, later all along sowing seed drill is

attributed to the beam in addition to the leveller for levelling of soil for sowing and

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fertilizing, and the source and manure are stocked in the basic children and manure box. The

sources and manure are determined to the subordinate seed box to uphold the level of

sources in television set and the disc finds the children from the beginning storage and

manure storage and drops bureaucracy to the ditch through the source hose. When the

beginning is discontinued at a particular distance before the source covering design covers

soil over the source and afterwards pregnancy of beginning takes place, weeds are likewise

grown engaged. By replacement the children drill by drawing something with force forms

for the unchanging beam composition we can use it for scrape up purposes. Weeding knife

is attached in apt position specific that it uproots the weeds and together weedicide is used

on the field apiece weedicide canister affection.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Many articles have been published related to Investigation of Design and Fabrication

of Multipurpose Agriculture Machine. Few of the most important articles have been referred

and surveyed.

V. K. Tiwari et al [1] In this research paper author have done case study on farm

mechanization in West Bengal as being part of India it gives clear status about availability

and progress in India. This ensured us to take right steps compared to the current steps.

D. A. Mada et al [2] In this research paper author has mentioned importance of

mechanization in agricultural by giving examples. The conclusion from the paper

concentrates on use of single axle multipurpose machines for pre-harvest and post-harvest

machines. We have taken this as base for our research and further production of our

agricultural machine.

Aditya Kawadaskar et al [3] Redesigned and tested the seed sowing machine using

CAD package like PROE. This Paper deals with the various sowing methods used in India

for seed sowing and fertilizer placement. The comparison between the traditional sowing

method and the new proposed machine which can perform a number of simultaneous

operations and has number of advantages. As day by day the labour availability becomes

the great concern for the farmers and labour cost is more, this machine reduces the efforts

and total cost of sowing the seeds and fertilizer placement.

Jinlin Xue [4] discussed about agricultural electric vehicle (AEV) based on

photovoltaics, taking into consideration three aspects, i.e., power supply mode for

agricultural electric vehicle, power of agricultural electric vehicle, and economy analysis.

The power supply mode, whether on-board photovoltaic system or off-board photovoltaic

system, is subjected to the size and the power of the designed agricultural electric vehicle,

but the agricultural electric vehicle's power depends on the area of photovoltaic panels

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which affects the initial investment cost of the photovoltaic system and the agricultural

electric vehicle.

Amol B. Rohokale et al, [5] The main purpose of this paper is to compare between

conventional sowing method and new proposed machine which can perform number of

simultaneous operations. The required row to row spacing, seed rate, seed to seed spacing

and fertilizers placement varies from crop to crop can be achieved by the proposed machine.

This machine reduces the sowing time, human efforts and labour cost

Kyada et, al [6] has designed a manually operated template row planter to improve

planting efficiency and reduce drudgery involved in manual planting method. Seed planting

is also possible for different size of seed at variable depth and space between two seed. The

operating, adjusting and maintaining principles were made simple for effective handling by

unskilled operators.

D.Ramesh et. Al [7] discusses brief information about the various types of innovations

done in seed sowing equipment’s. The basic objective of sowing operation is to put the seed

and fertilizer in rows at desired depth and seed to seed spacing, cover the seeds with soil

and provide proper compaction over the seed. The recommended row to row spacing, seed

rate, seed to seed spacing and depth of seed placement vary from crop to crop and for

different agro-climatic conditions to achieve optimum yields. Seed sowing devices plays a

wide role in agriculture field.

F.A. Adamu et al [8] In this paper authors draws our attention towards the

performance factor of a power tiller. Among those demand for light weight power tiller was

sought out most. Fuel efficiency and field capacity such parameters are also discussed. We

take those points in consideration while designing a sustainable multifunctional agricultural

vehicle.

M.V. Achutha et al [9], In this research paper author has mentioned the four plans for

Design and development. Basic concept is from bicycle on bicycle they have doing

1
operation. And their expected cost is nearby about 24,000/-Rs. Also, they have done the

analysis on Ansys software to check on load condition to avoid the failure problem while

fabrication of the project. They are doing one or two operations on each plan. Here more

manpower is required as they are not using the engine.

Thange R.B et. Al [10] discusses that the available automatic machines are imported

from foreign countries. The imported machines are not only bulk in size but also costing

around rupees one Lakh. In this project an attempt has been made for the design and

fabrication of maintenance free multipurpose agricultural equipment exclusively for small

farmers at cost not exceeding rupees 20000 per unit.

Dr. C.N.Sakhale et. Al [11] has carried out project to develop a multipurpose

equipment. In this equipment a 24cc engine is used for digging operation. And for spraying

a motor with 12V battery is used. Next two operations are manual base which is cultivation

and sowing. This machine performs four farming operations digging, sowing, cultivation,

spraying which is used for small scale farming. By using these attachments, one may

perform various farming operations in less time and economically.

Nitin Kumar Mishra, et al [12], Modern technology to achieve the level of comfort

but cost concern is more. The factor which controls pesticide and fertilizer quantity are

control, pressure and velocity at output, rpm of wheel, rolling resistance of the field,

mechanism and weight on the wheels. Most of the projects are based on slider crank

mechanism, belt and pulley or motor for motion.

Ben McFADZEAN et. Al [13] carried out research on feasibility of hybrid and all-

electric agricultural machines. This project used a three-stage approach to investigate

whether current hybrid and all-electric drivetrains could feasibly replace the diesel engine

in an agricultural tractor. Firstly, a current systems review, gathered information from a

range of industries where alternative powertrains have been successful, to gain an

understanding of the properties and capabilities of available systems.

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 M. Kamaraj et. al [14] says as until now most of implemented ideas for cultivation

were found out of reach or unaffordable for poor farmers or small-scale cultivation. But now

a days Indian government is focusing more on new techniques and technologies to boost up

agricultural activities in cheaper way basically up till now for any type of fast cultivation

techniques farmers had to depend on tractors or any other fuel consumable devices or

vehicles, which by the side increases air pollution, just to speed up the process.

Ms. Trupti A.Shinde et. al [15] have discussed the seed sowing processes and tried to

solve the problem. In seed sowing machine system, they are used battery powered wheels

and dc motor inbuilt in these wheels. When the seeds are empty it detects the level of storage

seed and indicates the alarm. When any obstacle comes in the in-front of machine or divert

path the seed sowing machine can detect this obstacle very easily. In each complete rotation

of rotating wheel there is seeds falls from this seed drum and the seed plantation process can

take place smoothly as well as without wastage of seeds.

Vishakha Bodke et al., [16] This machine is used to spray pesticide. This vehicle uses

single slider crank mechanism. When the vehicle is pushed forward by using handles, front

wheel rotates and the gear mounted at the axle of wheel is start to rotate and its rotation is

then transferred to the pinion through the chain drive.

Shree Harsha B T et al., [17] This project is mainly small version of agriculture

vehicle such tractor, harvester etc. This is easy to run. This vehicle works on solar power

which charges the battery with help of solar photovoltaic cell present on solar panel. This

vehicle uses instruments such as motor, solar panel, batteries which are expensive.

Jacek Caban et. Al [18] has discussed the market of electric field tractors. There are

individual models in offers dedicated to the agriculture made by foreign producers.

However, these offers are presented mainly at agricultural fairs. The article presents the

research on the needs of farms for electric tractors and presents the possibilities of

1
developing electro mobility in this sector of the economy. The data will be used to gauge

attitudes and opinions towards alternative power systems implemented in agriculture.

Dhatchanamoorthy. et al., [19] This is a vehicle which used for multiple purposes of

agricultural field such as ploughing, seed sowing, levelling operation, water spraying

operation, pesticide spraying operation, harvester. This vehicle runs on petrol as a fuel,

engine type is 4 stroke single cylinder. It's a vehicle in which operator(farmer) can easily sit

in it and operate it as a automobile. This is an automobile which is mounted with agricultural

equipment.

PatilNikhil et.al [20] In this research paper author gives statement about agriculture

field. Face some problem such as how to minimize the loses and how to increase

productivity and how to minimize cost. So, they are thinking and using some mechanization

they fabricated of “fabrication of multipurpose agriculture machine” It is performed

(ploughing, digging, seed sowing pesticide pouring soil covering) all of these functions have

perform using a single machine. It is use in farming and agriculture

Sawpnil V. Ghinmine, et. al., [21], Weed management is one of the tedious operations

in vegetable production. Because of exertions costs, time and tedium, manual weeding is

unfavourable. A mechanical weeding actuation system was designed, and a prototype turned

into constructed. This actuator became advanced to mechanically manipulate intra row weed

plants. The mechanical weeding actuator consisted of a belt drive machine powered by using

an integrated engine and a rotating tine weeding mechanism powered by way of engine

energy. Weed manage is one of the most difficult.

Asit Dhawale, et. al., [22], This vehicle works with an engine which can perform

cultivation, spraying and steering. Spraying is the main function which has more efficiency

in this vehicle. The prototype is designed in PRO-E where the different types of components

were used in fabrication this machine.

1
 Sharath T. et.al [23] In this research paper author observed that with increase in

population the farm gets distributed among the family and because of this farmer in India

held averagely only two-acre farms also, economically the farmers are very poor due to

which they are unable to purchased tractor and other costly equipment’s. Hence, they are

thinking that human and animal efforts can be replace by some advance mechanization

which is suitable for small scale farmers. So, they develop digging machine and spraying

machine use motor and next two operation are manual based which is cultivation and

sowing.

Vishal et al. [24], India is an agricultural country cultivating a greater number of

ground nuts, corns, cereals etc., in the village sides of the country. The available automatic

machines are imported from foreign countries. A study has been carried out to develop

multipurpose agriculture equipment for performing major agricultural operations like goods

carrying, spraying pesticides, sowing, seeding, weeding and cutting operations to increase

the efficiency and reduce land preparation and handling cost.

1
 CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM FORMULATION

After the detailed study through the literature reviews, few research gaps are noticed

and these gaps are fulfilled by following research objectives.

3.1 Gaps in Literature

From the study of an exhaustive literature survey, following research gaps have

been identified:

The use of the multi-purpose farming purpose tool noticed in various brochure

reviews, but notable break waits in the article on adaptation in farming machine.

Contributions devote effort to something differing movements conducting in farms,

accompanying main research concerning design, model and fuel second hand remaining

under-depicted.

 We had visualized that skilled are more engine power plants used in the machines

that is more-valuable in presently.

 Using energetic is more economical but the machines that had fictitious till are at

very extreme cost possibly burden for the labourer because the primary arrangement

cost is extreme.

 Weight of the vehicle quite considerable while it will be troublesome to aim

attention at the farm for the various movements.

 While there are various machines that be a part of a multiuse machine skilled are

any that manage create a higher effectiveness therefore, we find the appropriating

good effectiveness is quite questioning.

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3.2 Research Objectives

To fill the research gaps in literature, some of the selected objectives are

followed:

 The purpose concerning this project search out supply ranchers with multiuse

supplies that implements all the controlled ranching requirements and technology to

catch maximum yield and excellent crops by lowering grant and number of labors.

 Multitasking, in individual congregation of the equipment it acts sowing, fertilizing

and levelling. In another congregation it acts destroy and weedicide use.

 Automated, the supplies can be animal stimulate or worm stimulate just attracting of

the supplies is enough and rest of the conduct are automated.

 The Successful implement of experimental production accompanying our supplies

will bring about larger yield and better character of crop.

 Applicable for all type of seed-to-source culture.

 Sequential organize of sources will humiliate the disappearance of seeds and helps

in highest in rank exercise of the field and reduces the trimming and contents work.

 Number of employees required is diminished extravagantly, that in proper sequence

reduces labor charges.

 Variable accompanying ranges and farming requirements.

 Adopted controlled production and Precision making science.

 Our supplies are completely adaptable for smooth congregation and disassembly

3.3 Research Methodology

We have designed a few stages for project development in this process so that the

project can be streamlined in a particular way that the project can be completed at a required

time phase. i.e., Finalizing Mechanisms, Project Design, Parts Procurement, Parts

Fabrication, Project Assembly and Testing.

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3.3.1 Finalizing Mechanisms

A few steps are made during this stage they are Make a list of required hardware

outputs, Examine the mechanism architecture, Select the architecture, Identify Motion

Needs, Start searching for mechanisms & Parts,

Examine Costs and Power Constraints. ...Check part availability, Calculate Sizes and

fabricate the parts.

3.3.2 Project Design

This step is carried out to design the project and get a prototype of it by designing

it. Mechanical Design or Machine Design is one of the important branches of Engineering

Design. To understand what exactly machine design or mechanical design is let us consider

the example of the gearbox of the car. The gear box transmits the motion and the power of

the engine to the wheels of the vehicle. The gearbox comprises group of gears which are

subjected to not only motion but also the load of the vehicle. For the gears to run at desired

speeds and take desired loads it is important that they should be designed.

3.3.3 Parts Procurement and Fabrication

 After the finalization of the design and mechanisms we’ll start procurement of parts

depending upon its functionalities.

 After procuring the parts we’ll start fabricating the parts as per our requirements of

the machine using different methods.

3.3.4 Project Assembly

After fabricating the parts we’ll kick start the assembly process and finish the

machine assembly. Mechanical assembly is a common term in the industrial and

manufacturing context. It is the process used in the line of assembly production. As products

are moved through the chain, parts are added at certain points of the line.

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3.3.5 Testing

Mechanical testing includes testing each part of the machine individually followed

by the complete testing after which the project is ready to be used. After all, we all knew

that quality is the main stage of every product which we work on. So, if the quality of the

product meets its objectives if not, we’ll work on it and test it again.

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 CHAPTER 4

FABRICATION OF PROTOTYPE

The process of collecting and fabricating required materials and arranging them

according to step-by-step process for preparation of this machine is described in this

experimental setup.

4.1 Fabrication Model Construction

Chassis and frame increasing the main frame is the wasted construction of the

children Sower on that all additional elements are backed. The two design determinants

deliberate in the perseverance of the material necessary for the frame are the burden and

substance. In this model, we have second hand temperate gird and bearing a representative

sample of elongated and rounded frame were used to present the necessary stubbornness.

Arc binding is used to bind the framework.

 Fig 4.1 depicts the frames cutting pipes which are used for the fabrication of the

machine.

Fig:4.1 Frame cutting pipes

 Fig 4.2 illustrates the single pipes for the fabrication of the frame.

Fig: 4.2 Single pipes

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 Fig 4.3 illustrates the single pipes for the fabrication of the frame.

Fig: 4.3 Pipes cutting

 Fig 4.4 shows the welded joints of Fig 4.2 & 4.3.

Fig: 4.4 welding frame

 Fig 4.5 shows the welded table for fabrication of the frame.

Fig: 4.5 Table welding frame

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 Fig 4.6 is the 12 mm bush used in the machine.

Fig: 4.6 12mm shaft bush

 Fig 4.7 shows the seed hoper disc used for sowing of the seeds.

Fig: 4.7 Seed hoper

 Fig 4.8 shows the seed box used as a container for sowing

Fig: 4.8 Seed box

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 Fig 4.9 is the 12v motor used in this machine

Fig: 4.9 weed motor

 12 mm shaft is used in this machine as shown in Fig 4.10

Fig:4.10 shaft 12mm

 Two wheels are fitted for working of this machine as shown in Fig 4.11

Fig: 4.11 wheels fitting

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 Wheels are clamped for better motion of the machine as shown in Fig 4.12

Fig: 4.12-wheel clamping

 Sprayer tank has been installed to this machine to allow spraying and store

pesticide in this tank as shown in Fig 4.13

Fig.4.13 sprayer tank

 After clamping the wheels these wheels are fitted to the machine as shown in Fig

4.14

Fig: 4.14 wheels

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 Fig 4.15 depicts the roll support bushes used in the machine

Fig: 4.15 roll support bushes

 A seed motor roller is used in the machine as shown in the Fig 4.16

Fig: 4.16 seed motor roller motor 12 v, 10rpm

 We have used the wire for giving different connection in motor, circuit, transistor,

etc. as shown in Fig 4.17

Figure 4.17 Wire

 For ploughing a ploughing tooth is been fabricated and installed on to the machine

as shown in Fig 4.18

 A 12v 1.5 Ah battery is used in this machine as shown in Fig 4.19

Fig: 4.19 battery 12v 1.5Ah

 A cylindrical shaft surface is grinded for the fabrication of the machine as shown in

Fig 4.20

Fig 4.20 Cylindrical Shaft Surface Grinding

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 Pipes had been joined using arc welding as shown in Fig 4.21

Fig 4.21 Joining of pipes Arc Welding

 Cutting the unwanted surface to get the desired shape as shown in Fig 4.22

Fig 4.22 Cutting Surface Grinding After Joining Process

 A coupling is used in this machine as shown in the Fig 4.23

Fig 4.23 Coupling

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 Arc welding process is used in this fabrication machine as shown in Fig 4.24

Fig 4.24 Arc Welding Process

 It is a plate that bolsters the diesels by means of pressure fittings. They are welded

to basic covering exploiting individual of allure bases as shown in Fig 4.25

Fig 4.25 Cutting of Arm @ 115 Mm

 Drill pieces of 12.5 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm are taking advantage as shown in Fig

4.26

Fig 4.26 Marking of Dimensions on Motor Support Plate

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 Dimensions marked on the plate for supporting motor as shown in Fig 4.27

Fig 4.27 View of Motor Support Plate After Marking

 Drilling hole for the machine using drill bit @ 12.5 mm as shown in Fig 4.28

Fig 4.28 Drilling Centre Hole Using Drill Bit @12.5 Mm

 Using 5mm drilling bits for making 4 holes as shown in Fig 4.29

Fig 4.29 Drilling 4 Holes Using Drill Bit @ 5 Mm

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 Drilling 4 holes using drill bit @ 6mm as shown in Fig 4.30

Fig 4.30 drilling 4 holes using drill bit @ 6 mm if oversize is required

 After making the holes using drill bits @ 12.5, 6, 5 mm the view of the motor

support is shown in Fig 4.31

Fig 4.31 View of Motor Support Plate After Drilling Required Hole

 Cutting screw to reduce its length to fit into motor thread as shown in Fig 4.32

Fig 4.32 Reducing Screw Length to Fit Exactly into Motor Thread

3
4.2 Agriculture

Agriculture has existed the spine of the Indian saving and it will continue to wait so for a

very long time. A son fasting for three days will quarrel, for a week will fight and for a

period or so will dwindle‖. Agriculture is a arm of science. Agriculture is the science and

skill of culture containing nurturing the soil, producing crops and lifting animals raised on

a farm. It is ultimate main energy in the world. Over the age, land practices have existed

completed activity by small-keepers nurturing middle from two points 2 to 3 hectares,

utilizing human labor and traditional finishes in the way that stiff cultivate land, yoke,

leveler, harrow, weapon, tool, substantial weapon etc. These tools are secondhand in land

arrangement, for sowing of sources, rip out of a place and reaping. Modern agricultural

methods and supplies are not secondhand by narrow landholders because these equipment’s

are also high-priced and troublesome to achieve. By adopting scientific gardening systems,

we can catch maximum yield and excellent crops which can sustain a peasant from going

insolvent but the adulthood of peasants still uses the primitive designs of gardening methods

on account of lack of knowledge or lack of grant in applying up-to-date supplies. The use

of hand finishes for land education is still ruling in India cause tractors require possessions

that many Indian ranchers do not have smooth approach to. The need for land mechanization

in India must thus be determined accompanying a deeper understanding of the smallholder

laborer s activities. There is giant break in science enactment and implementation

secondhand accompanying limited and borderline farmers. Sustainable bettering in the

livelihoods of weak producers in underdeveloped countries depends largely on the

acceptance of revised support-saving cutting systems. While most of the unavoidable

elements previously endure, information on the chance and conduct of supplies is wanting

and effective ideas 'tween growers and the land research and development area is failing.

3
4.3 Main Features of Indian Agriculture

(i) Source of occupation:

Agriculture is the main possession. It specifies usage to almost 61% women of the

total society. It provides 25% to the interstate pay.

(ii) Dependence on tornado:

Agriculture in India chiefly depends on the tornado. If the tornado is good, the

result will be more and he if the cyclone is inferior average therefore the crops abandon. As

watering conveniences are completely incompetent farming depends on tornado.

(iii) Labor exhaustive nurture:

Due to the increase in community, the pressure on landholding raised.

Landholdings take disintegrated and subdivided and enhance careless. Machinery and

supplies cannot be secondhand on specific farms.

(iv) Underemployment:

Due to incompetent watering conveniences and changeable precipitation, the

result of farming is less; laborers find work any months in the period. Their competency of

work cannot be correctly applied. In farming, skilled is underemployment in addition to

unrecognizable inaction.

(v) Small size of capital:

Due to large division and decomposition of property, landholding magnitude is

completely narrow. The average height of landholding was 2 to 3 hectares in India while in

Australia it was 1993 hectares and in USA it was 158 hectares.

(vi) Traditional patterns of result:

3
 In India systems of result of crops in addition to supplies are established. It is on

account of want and the ignorance of society. Traditional electronics is the main cause of

reduced result.

(vii) Low Agricultural result:

Agricultural result is depressed in India. India produces 27 QTLs of Wheat per

hectare. France produces 71.2 QTLs per hectare and Britain has 80 QTLs per hectare

average rate of annual output of land labor is 162 greenbacks in India, 973 greenbacks in

Norway and 2408 greenbacks in US.

(viii) Dominance of meat crops:

The 75% of the cultured district is under drink crops like Wheat, Rice and Bajra,

while 25% of the refined extent is under monetary crops. This pattern is produced by late

farming.

4.4 Major Challenges Faced By Indian Agriculture

1. Stagnation in Production of Major Crops:

Production of few of the main food for life crops like edible grain and grain has

existed hibernating for completely few opportunities. This is a position that is worried our

land chemists, planners and policymakers. If this current persists, skilled hopeful a massive

break betwixt the demand of the ever-increasing people and the result.

2. High cost of Farm Inputs:

Over the age rates of farm inputs have raised. Farm inputs contain manure,

poison, pesticides, HYV children, farm labor cost etc. Such an increase puts reduced and

medium land ownership peasants at a loss.

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 3. Soil Exhaustion:

Soil tiredness way the deficit of foods in the soil from cultivation the alike crop

repeatedly repeated. This ordinarily occurs in the rainforest.

4. Depletion of Fresh Ground Water:

Most of the watering in dry fields of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar

Pradesh was completed activity by overdone use of groundwater. Today new groundwater

position in these states is disquieting. In the coming few ages if this type of breeding practice

resumes, these states are making use of face water hunger.

5. Adverse impact of Global Climatic Change:

Among miscellaneous challenges, all-encompassing of or in the atmosphere

change is the current individual. It is thought that on account of temperature change, the

hotness would increase from 2°C to 3°C, there hopeful an increase in ocean's surface, more

severe windstorms, changeable precipitation etc. These changes would unfavorably

influence the result of crops.

6. Impact of Globalization:

You can visualize the effect of worldwide integration on the farm area in

India. All underdeveloped countries have happened impressed by it. The most apparent

effect is the squeeze on producers’ wage and the danger to the being of sophistication in

India. This is on account of the climbing recommendation costs and dropping

manufacturing prices. This indicates the blend of weakened aid and guardianship for

producers.

7. Providing Food Security:

Before the establishment of the green cycle in India, we were not confident in

conditions of our fare seed result. With the presentation of the green strike, result of cooking
3
grains raised extensively and India became self-sustaining. However, all along the last ten

3
of something, the total result has enhanced dirty. On the other hand, we have additional

another 16 to 18 heap peoples over this ending. Although India has enhanced self-sustaining

good it is still to guarantee foodstuff freedom that is helpless upon the approachability,

affordability also pertaining to food profit of the snack convenient. One of the greatest

challenges an architectural finish India is Providing Food Security to allure culture.

8. Farmers Suicide:

Every self-murder has diversified uses but when you have almost 200,000 of

bureaucracy, it forms sense to inquire broad coarse determinants inside that group. The

suicides perform reduced in domains of extreme commercialization of farming and very

extreme farmer debt. Cash crop producers appeared far more exposed to self-murder than

those increasing cuisine crops. Yet the fundamental causes of the situation waited whole.

Commercialization of the surroundings in addition to a large decline in money in farming

was the origin of the decline. Withdrawal of bank credit at a occasion of high

recommendation prices and the crash in farm incomes complicated the questions. Shifting

of lions from meat crop to rich harvest education had allure own risks. Privatization of many

investments has likewise combined the questions. The destruction display or take public the

great 5 States of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and

Chhattisgarh. These states clarified two-third base of all farm suicides all along 2003-08.

Some of the main determinants accountable are deficit, crop disappointment and decay in

financial status. The decline in status, extravagant charges by local services lenders for the

ready producers, never-ending sickness related to previous family or family trait, hook etc.

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  The below table depicts about the production rank and productivity rank for

different crops as the following data has been provided below:

Crop Production rank Productivity rank

Paddy 2nd 30th

Wheat 2nd 22nd

Maize 7th 35th

Total cereals 3rd 36th

Groundnut 2nd 40th

Rapeseeds 3rd 28th

Pulses 1st 44th

Potato 4th 26th

Fruits 2nd (10 per cent -

share)

Vegetables 2nd (9 per cent -

share)

Table 4.1 Global ranking of India in farm production and productivity

The average height of farm land evenly reduced from 2.58 ha to 1.57 ha. Small and

borderline peasants have restricted money, exceptionally in rain-fed domains place only

animal capacity is secondhand happening in low output. Though land result is extreme, per

4
hectare output is much lower than the experience average. There is an essential need to

increase output.

4.5 Farm Mechanization

 Ensure proper field movements to increase productivity, defeat crop misfortunes and

enhance the quality of agro produce.

 Increase land exercise and adeptness.

 Increase in labour output utilizing labour-saving and tedious work lowering

manoeuvres besides, being cost-effective and environmental. Appropriate tool has

existed adopted by laborers for guaranteeing appropriate field operations and

persuasive use of differing crop production inputs employing human, animal and

machinelike capacity beginnings.

 The below table depicts about the level of mechanization using its operation and its

percentage:

4
 Sl. No. Operation Percentage

1. Tillage 40.2

Tractor 15.6

Animal 24.7

2. Sowing with drills and planters 28.9

Tractors 8.3

Animal 20.6

3. Irrigation 37

4. Thresher- Wheat 47.8

Paddy and others 4.4

5. Harvesting 0.56

Reapers 0.37

6. Plant protection 34.2

Table 4.2: Level of Mechanization

4.6 Tractor Drawn Equipment’s

 Tractor is a vehicle primarily used for agriculture needs as shown in Fig 4.33

Fig 4.33 Mahindra YUVO tractor

4
 Cultivator and disc cultivators used for cultivating land are shown in Fig 4.34 and

Fig 4. 35

Fig 4.34 Cultivator Fig 4.35 Disc cultivator

 The following half cage wheel allows tractor to increase the resistance against the

soil and gyrovator for mixing the soil as shown in Fig 4.36 and Fig 4.37

Fig 4.36 Half cage wheel Fig 4.37 Gyrovator

 Harrow and seed cum fertilizer are the attachments used for performing operations

as shown in Fig 4.38 and Fig 4.39

Fig 4.38 Harrow Fig 4.39 seed cum fertilizer drill

 `Tipping trailer used for carrying the load and PTO pump is used for supplying pump

as shown in Fig 4.40 and 4.41

4
 Fig 4.40 Tipping trailer Fig 4.41 PTO Pump

 Traditional draw plouging and Iron plouging are shown in Fig 4.42 and Fig 4.43

Fig 4.42 Bullock draw ploughing Fig 4.43 Iron plough

 Traditional sowing equipment and mechanized sowing equipment are shown in

Fig 4.44 and Fig 4.45

Fig 4.44 Sowing Equipment Fig 4.45 Traditional sowing method

4
  Traditional weeder and traditional leveller are shown in Fig 4.46 and Fig 4.47

Fig 4.46 Traditional weeder Fig 4.47 Traditional leveller

 Mechanized bullock cart used for draw seed aum fertilizing as shown in Fig 4.48

Fig 4.48 Bullock draw seed cum fertilizer

4.7 Advantages of Tractor Powered Equipment

 Time consumption is very less.

 Operation is easy.

 Most suitable for larger fields.

4
4.8 Disadvantages of Tractor

 Costly, High primary cost (6 to 8 lakh), extreme sustenance cost (engine cost) and

aid cost for replacement and repairs of the parts.

 Tractor wheels will devastate furrows. The average pressure of the worm is about 2

tons, when allure burden acts on the soil it contributes to form a dummy, these clods

forestall the root progress. Produce a a lot of clods, therefore dolt large wave has

expected secondhand.

 Tractors are insufficient pliable for differences like edge tilling and corner wrinkle.

 Requires skillful customer. The management of the worm in a land field is relatively

more troublesome than the common method.

• Once the crop is germinated worm has no further use in sophistication process.

4.9 Disadvantages of Bullock Powered Equipment

 Consume more time.

 Difficult to cultivate large areas.

4.10 Advantages of Bullock Powered Equipment

 Low cost.

 Suitable for all types of agricultural operations.

 Flexible to changes; the irregular paths can be created according to the requirements

of the former.

 The seeds and the furrows will not be damaged as seen in tractors.

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4.12 Bill of Material and Cost of Estimation

The following cost had been incurred to us during working on this project and the cost

details are mentioned below in the Table 4.3.

Sr. Name of material Quantity Cost

1. M. S. bar frame 1 3000/-

2. Small wheels 1 1000/-

3. Weed motor 1 2000/-

4. Nut and seed hoper 1 2000/-

7. D.C. Motor 4 3000/-

8. Big wheel 1 800/-

9. Tub and Shafts 01 1500/-

10. Fire flame gas 01 1500/-

11. Supply wire 01 500/-

12. Battery 40 3000/-

13. Pump motor 1 2000/-

Total 20300/-

Table 4.3 Bill of material& cost of estimation

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 CHAPTER 5

SCIENTIFIC FARMING

5.1 Scientific Farming

Agriculture is an art, and when science and technology are combined, Indian farmers will

no longer be impoverished indefinitely. We can acquire maximum yield and good quality

crops by using scientific farming methods, which can keep a farmer from going bankrupt,

but the majority of farmers still utilize archaic farming techniques owing to a lack of

expertise or investment in contemporary equipment.

5.2 Scientific Farming Method For Some Of The Major Crops

1) Black gram seed to seed

 Preparing the land

For a one-foot distance, fine tilled ridges and furrows are generated (30cm).

 Fertilizer-

N.P. K=12.5 + 25 + 12.5 Kg

N.P. K=50 Kg/hectare

 Sowing-

Seeds are being sown from a distance of

30cm*10cm*2cm [Row spacing *Plant spacing *Depth] seed rate = 20KG per

hectare.

 Weeding at the two-leaf stage [7-12 days later].

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2) Lablab [field bean]

 Land preparation—Because Lablab is a legume, it necessitated fine tilling.

 Fertilizer-

Nitrogen =10kg/ha

Phosphorus =50kg/ha

 Sowing- 60cm*30cm*5cm [Row spacing *Plant spacing *Depth] • Two leaf stage

[10 days after]

 Seed rate=25kg/ha

 Weeding during the flowering period (secondary weeding).

 Carbonyl solution [2gm/liter] as a pesticide for 15 days at a time. 1 gm/liter

malathion solution

3) Finger milled [RAGI]

 Ploughing and levelling of the land in preparation for irrigation channels and beds.

 Fertilizer application: 60+30+30 kg N.P.K = 120 kg/ha

 Fertilizer application: 60+30+30 kg N.P.K = 120 kg/ha

 Weeding is completed after 15 days.

4) Cow pea

 Ploughed, 1.5-foot-wide ridges and furrows, and 4*6-foot-wide beds and channels

(for irrigation).

 Fertilizer application: 23 kg urea + 125 kg super phosphate per acre as a base

application.

 45cm*20cm*2cm [Row spacing *Plant spacing *Depth] for sowing [8 to

10kg/hectare] seed rate

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 Fertilizer spraying—after 30 and 45 days, this operation is carried out.

The most common spray fertilizer for this seed is a 2 percent D.A.P solution

sprayed every 30 to 45 days.

 Weed control may be done manually after 15 days or chemically after 3 days of

planting by using 2ml of Basalin solution per liter of water.

 Harvest can be done after 70 days.

5) Sorghum [Jowar]

 Land preparation: apply farmyard manure at a rate of 12.5 tons per hectare.

 Ploughing -Iron plough -once or twice, ridges and furrows-6m long and 45cm

apart, with irrigation canals formed across the furrows.

 Application of fertilizer- (For irrigated crop)

N.P. K=90:45:45(Kg/hectare), i.e., basal application of 130kg/hectare (for

rain fed crop) K=40:20:0 (kg/hectare) N.P. i.e., 60 kg per hectare.

 Seed preparation: Dip the seeds in Carbendazim (2gm/liter solution for 1kg of

seed) to avoid fungal.

 Sowing: 10kg/hectare seed rate 45*10*4cm [Row spacing * Plant spacing *

Depth]

 Weed control: a triazin solution applied with a sprayer at a rate of 500gm/ha.

After 30 days, hand weeding is required.

6) Sunflower

 Land preparation: levelling, ploughing, ridge and furrow creation, deep

ploughing

 Before planting, a basal application of N:(P2 O5): K (nitrogen: superphosphate:

potassium) fertilizer of 60:30:30kg per hectare will be applied.

5
  Sowing: 6kg/hectare seed rate 60*30*5cm [Row spacing * Plant spacing *

Depth]

 Irrigation: after seeding, 3 days later, 20 days later, during early bud

development, twice throughout flowering and maturity

 Germination takes 5 days, and thinning takes 10 days after seeding.

 Weed control – Flutolanil:

Apply 2 liters per acre 30 days after sowing.

weeding by hand using a hoe or spade

 Harvesting: Harvesting can be done by hand or by using a mechanical threshing

machine.

 After harvesting, yields can reach 1800kg/ha.

7) Maize

 Land preparation includes manure application and ploughing, fine tilling, and

the formation of ridges and furrows.

 45cm*20cm*5cm [Row spacing *Plant spacing *Depth] for sowing

 Fertilizer: 200:100:80 kg NPK per acre = 380 kg per hectare

 Maize threshing (hulling).

8) Mungbean [green gram]

 Land preparation: fine tilling, one-foot-wide ridges and furrows

 Fertilizer application:

20 kg urea per acre N.P. K=25:50:25 kg/ha • Seeding: 30 kg seed per

hectare [Row spacing *Plant spacing *Depth] (30*10*2cm)

 Weed control –

Weeding by hand takes place on the 15th and 30th days following seeding.

9) Ground nut

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  Preparing the land

3 to 4 ploughings with an iron plough, plus 12.5 tons of form yard manure

ton/ha.

 N.P. K=25:50:75kg/ha Fertilizer application

 Rhizobium 1250gm/hectare is used in seed preparation, together with

Tritordeum 4gm/1kg of seed, to reduce disease in the plant.

 Sowing-

[Row spacing *Plant spacing *Depth] 30*10*4cm 100kg/ha seed rate

 Weeding-

Weeding is carried out at a 40-day interval following seeding.

1 liter of chlorine per hectare

3 liters per acre of pendimethalin

Pendimethalin (3.3ml per liter) kills weeds for up to one month.

 Harvesting yield: 1000 kg per acre.

5.3 Other Useful Information

1) Weed control

 Weeding should be done 25 or 30 days after sowing.

 Manual weeding Manual weeding requires 8 to 10 workers for 1 hectare of

manual weeding per day.

 You can use one herbicide per hectare per day.

Chemical weed control mixes 1 liter of herbicide such as "Pendymetallin"

with 200 liters of water and 1 hectare. Spraying during weeding can prevent weeds

from growing the following month.

2) Seed treatment fungicide

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3) When using fertilizer, apply 10 tons of fertilizer and cultivate the soil with a plow,

cultivator, or motor home.

4) Watering: once every 10 days, at all early stages of the plant.

5) Chemical fertilizer

 This 50% applies during sowing and before irrigation.

 25% of this fertilizer is given after 50 days of sowing.

 12.5% 75 days after sowing.

 The remaining 12.5% is given 100 days after sowing.

6) The view of modern agriculture is changing. Farmers used to see only

final crop yields, but now they are looking at all seeds, branches and plants. In

other words, "Agriculture used to be farm level management, but now agriculture

is farm level management."

7) Today`s agricultural workers are in short supply, shortage, and inadequate.

Therefore, it is necessary to use mechanized cultivation techniques.

5
 CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6.1 Results and Discussions

Conveniently, our versatile farm tools can be used for cultivation, fertilization,

sowing, levelling and weeding. With all the parts connected, the equipment can be

rearranged at any stage of agriculture and easily assembled with fasteners to the required

length and specifications of the application in the field.

Our team successfully combined many ideas from different disciplines of mechanical

engineering and agricultural knowledge to improve yields and reduce labor costs and costs.

The overall idea of a multipurpose device is a new, patented concept that can be successfully

implemented in real-world situations.

6.2 Calculations

 Calculation of the chain drive:

The requirement of the chain drive mechanism is for the motion of the prototype in

forward direction. Hence the necessary calculations are shown down below:

1. By trade off w.r.t space and breaking load select roll on chain SR957

2. Diameter of the drive sprocket, D2 = 424.50 mm

3. Velocity of the chain, V = 8.44 m/s

 Design of shaft:

Diameter of the shaft = 12mm

Length of the shaft = 620mm

We selected chain drive for power transmission.

Material used is mild steel

For mild steel, the following data referred from the data book

Ultimate tensile stress, Sut = 740 N/mm2

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 Yield stress, Syt = 250 N/mm2

 Shear stress calculation:

Ts = 0.75 * (0.18*Sut)

Ts = 0.75 * (0.14) * 740

Ts = 99.9 N/mm2

Ts = 0.75 * (0.3*Syt)

= 0.75 *0.3*600

Ts = 126 N/mm2

Ts = 99.9 N/mm2 (for safer design we have selected minimum value of shear stress)

 Shaft diameter calculation:

D3 =16/π*t {(kb*µb) +

(kt*µt)} Where,

t = permissible shear stress

Mb =Bending moment

Mt = twisting moment

Kb= Shock factor

Kt= Endurance factor

Kb = 1.5 and Kt = 1

Mb = 265650

Mt = 159166.67

D3 = 16/π*99.9 {(1.5*265650)2 + (1*159166.67)2}

D = 11.20 mm

We took D = 12, as per the calculation shown above

 Calculation of draft force (ploughing):

Force exerted on the opener is D = Ko*w*d

5
D – Draft force, Kgf

5
 Ko – Specific soil resistance – 2.05 kg/cm2

Take Ko – 3 times higher as a factor of safety

W – width of the opener, cm

D – depth of the opener, cm

D = 3*0.25*6*48

D = 144 Kgf

Take factor of safety -3 (assumed)

3*144 = 440 kgf = 4300N is the total draft

 Types of soil and its resistances value are formatted in the Table 6.1

Soil Type Soil Resistance, kg/cm2

Light 0.12

Medium 0.15

Heavy 0.20

Very Heavy 0.25

Table 6.1: Types of soils and its resistance values

 Power transmitted by the shaft:

Torque of the motor = 2.5kg cm (1kg cm = 0.01 kgm)

T= 2.5*0.01 kgm

T = 0.025 kgm

By the formula,

P = 2πNT/4500 (In CGS system)

= 2*3.14*10*0.025/4500

= 0.003 Hp

 Angular speed of the shaft:

5
 Rpm of the motor is 10

We know that, angular speed of the shaft is measured by using the formula,

ω = 2πN/60

ω = 2*3.14*10/60

ω = 1.04 rad/sec

 Sprayer calculation of sprayer nozzle:

From the sprayer tank is planned on the machine where in it is allowed into the spray

nozzle then it is sprayed in the field area.

The amount of shower that can be determined utilizing the accompanying equation:

Nozzle yield (Litre/min) x 10,000

Sprayer width (m) x machine speed (m/min)

Nozzle yield in moment = 0.36 litres (average)

Spray width =1m

Machine speed = 100m/min

Application rate = 0.36 x 10,000/100

= 36L/hr

 Seed Dropping calculation:

As per the output rpm of the prototype with the application of chain drive mechanism

gives us an rpm of 372.

And in terms of speed = 12km/hr

Our seed dropping rate is having an average of 24. So, for calculation average number of

seeds dropped we had mentioned a table for 4 rotations

Suppose, date for 4 rotations the average seed dropped will be calculated as follows in

the Table 6.2.

5
 Rotation Seed per rotation

Rotation I 23

Rotation II 25

Rotation III 26

Rotation IV 22

Table 6.2: Level of Mechanization

 Design of the Hopper:

Hopper is the container used in the machine to store the seed that is shaped in a

trapezoidal that is having a less opening in the bottom and the huge opening in the top.

Volume of the container = 11754 cm²

 Battery life calculation

As per the consideration the battery and motor, we get a concluded battery time of

3.54 hours per charge.

 Power developed by the operator

Considering mass as 100 kg

Power developed = 25 Watt

5
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSIONS

Development of multipurpose agricultural vehicles for carrying out important

agricultural tasks such as commodity transportation, sowing, spraying, weeding, levelling

and mutual cultivation

 Mass of the machine had been reduced nearly to 70 % compared to machine

available in the market.

 Battery is used for the operation of the machine where mostly 90% of the machines

use diesel engines.

 Agricultural machinery such as cultivators, ladders, sprayers, goods transport

container plough,

 As it is easy to assemble and can be assembled by one person, the equipment cost is

83% cheaper than that of a tractor. And 40% compared to the tiller (Indian price).

 This machine is preferred mostly by many farmers due to its flexibility used in many

operations seamlessly.

 Using a 12 mm shaft helped in drawing more draft force thereby rate of ploughing

increases.

5
7.1 Scope of Future Work

By maximizing the strength and quality of the tools, you can use the multipurpose

agricultural tools for the rest of your life. By providing hydraulic pressure, gear placement,

and some small adjustments, the equipment can also be created as tractor-driven equipment.

 Spraying efficiency can be enhanced by using more nozzles thereby increasing the

width of the spraying area.

 Draft force of the plough can be improved my fabricated it with proper thickness

and providing equivalent power to the vehicles.

 Proper off-road wheels can be arranged to the machine to make it work in

irrespective of its soil types.

 Seed box can be arranged in a larger size such that the quality of the seed doesn’t

affect.

 More operations can be arranged if the power within the machine doesn’t affect the

machine’s efficiency.

6
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