Molecular Biology of The Gene: Powerpoint Lectures

CAMPBELL BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS,
NINTH EDITION, GLOBAL EDITION

PowerPoint Lectures
Chapter 10
Molecular Biology of the Gene
TAYLOR
SIMON
DICKEY
HOGAN
REECE
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
Introduction
• Polio is caused by a highly contagious virus..
• Until a 2013 outbreak occurred in Syria, polio was
thought to have been all but eradicated in the
country..
• Combating any virus requires a detailed
understanding of nucleic acid—DNA and RNA—
and how it serves as the molecule of heredity.

Figure 10.0_1

Figure 10.0_2
Chapter 10: Big Ideas
The Structure of the DNA Replication

Genetic Material
The Flow of Genetic The Genetics of Viruses

Information from DNA and Bacteria
to RNA to Protein
THE STRUCTURE OF
THE GENETIC MATERIAL

10.1 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Experiments
showed that DNA is the genetic material
• Early in the 20th century, the molecular basis for
inheritance was a mystery.
• In 1928, Frederick Griffith was surprised to find
that when he killed pathogenic bacteria, then
mixed the bacterial remains with living harmless
bacteria,
• some living bacterial cells became pathogenic and
• all of the descendants of the transformed bacteria
inherited the newly acquired ability to cause
disease.

10.1 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Experiments
showed that DNA is the genetic material
• By carefully choosing their model organism,
Hershey and Chase were able to show that certain
phages (bacterial viruses) reprogram host cells to
produce more phages by injecting their DNA.
Checkpoint question What structural feature of
viruses like phage T2 made them ideally suited for
the Hershey-Chase experiment?

Figure 10.1a
Head
DNA
Tail
Tail fiber
Colorized TEM 200,000×

Figure 10.1a_1
Head
Tail
Tail fiber

Figure 10.1b
Phage Radioactive Empty

protein The radioactivity
protein shell
is in the liquid.
Bacterium Phage
DNA
Nonradioactive
DNA
Centrifuge
Pellet
Batch 1: Radioactive protein in yellow
Nonradioactive
protein
Radioactive
DNA
Centrifuge
The radioactivity
Pellet is in the pellet.
Batch 2: Radioactive DNA in green

Figure 10.1b_1
Phage Radioactive Empty

protein protein shell
Bacterium Phage
DNA
Nonradioactive
DNA
Nonradioactive
protein
Radioactive
DNA

Figure 10.1b_2
Empty
The radioactivity
protein shell
is in the liquid.
Phage
DNA
Centrifuge
Pellet
Centrifuge
The radioactivity
Pellet is in the pellet.

Figure 10.1c
1 A phage attaches 2 The phage injects 3 The phage DNA directs

itself to a bacterial its DNA into the the host cell to make
cell. bacterium. more phage DNA and
proteins; new phages
assemble. 4 The cell lyses and
releases the new
phages.

Figure 10.1c_1
1 A phage attaches 2 The phage injects

itself to a bacterial its DNA into the
cell. bacterium.

Figure 10.1c_2
3 The phage DNA directs

the host cell to make
more phage DNA and
proteins; new phages
assemble. 4 The cell lyses and
releases the new
phages.

Animation: Hershey-Chase Experiment

Animation: Phage T2 Reproductive Cycle

10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of
nucleotides
• DNA and RNA are nucleic acids consisting of long
chains (polymers) of chemical units (monomers)
called nucleotides.
• One of the two strands of DNA is a DNA
polynucleotide, a nucleotide polymer (chain).

nucleotides
• A nucleotide is composed of a
• nitrogenous base,
• five-carbon sugar, and
• phosphate group.
• The nucleotides are joined to one another by a
sugar-phosphate backbone.
• Each type of DNA nucleotide has a different
nitrogen-containing base: adenine (A), cytosine
(C), thymine (T), and guanine (G).

nucleotides
• The full name for DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid,
with nucleic referring to DNA’s location in the
nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
• RNA (ribonucleic acid) is unlike DNA in that it
• uses the sugar ribose (instead of deoxyribose in
DNA) and
• has a nitrogenous base uracil (U) instead of
thymine.
Checkpoint question Compare and contrast DNA
and RNA polynucleotides.

Figure 10.2a
A T
C G
T A
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
C G
A T Phosphate
G C group
G A A
Nitrogenous
Covalent base Nitrogenous base
A T
bond (can be A, G, C, or T)
G C Sugar
T A joining
T A C nucleotides C
C G
T A
DNA Thymine (T)
A DNA double T nucleotide T
helix Phosphate
group
G G
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
DNA nucleotide
G G
Two representations
of a DNA polynucleotide
Figure 10.2a_1
A T
C G
T A
C G
A T
G C
A T
G C
T A
T A
C G
T A
A DNA double
helix
Figure 10.2a_2
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
Phosphate
group
A A
Nitrogenous
Covalent base
bond Sugar
joining
C nucleotides C
DNA
T nucleotide T
G G
G G
Two representations
of a DNA polynucleotide
Figure 10.2a_3
Nitrogenous base
(can be A, G, C, or T)
Thymine (T)
Phosphate
group
Sugar
(deoxyribose)

DNA nucleotide
Figure 10.2b
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines Purines

Figure 10.2b_1
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Pyrimidines

Figure 10.2b_2
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Purines

Figure 10.2c
Nitrogenous base
(can be A, G, C, or U)
Phosphate
group
Uracil (U)
Sugar
(ribose)
Figure 10.2d
Adenine
Guanine
Phosphate
Ribose
Uracil
Cytosine
Figure 10.UN02
Sugar- Nitrogenous base

A T
phosphate
backbone G
C G
T A Phosphate
A group
C G Sugar
T A
Nucleotide
G C
C
G
DNA RNA
A T
T C C
G C
Nitrogenous G G
T A
T A
bases A A
G T U
C G
T A Sugar Deoxy-
Ribose
ribose
DNA Polynucleotide

Animation: DNA and RNA Structure

10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix
• After the 1952 Hershey-Chase experiment
convinced most biologists that DNA was the
material that stored genetic information, a race
was on to determine how the structure of this
molecule could account for its role in heredity.
• Researchers focused on discovering the three-
dimensional shape of DNA.

• Watson and Crick worked out the three-
dimensional structure of DNA: two polynucleotide
strands wrapped around each other in a double
helix.
• Hydrogen bonds between bases hold the strands
together.
• Each base pairs with a complementary partner: A
with T, G with C.

• In 1962, the Nobel Prize was awarded to James D.
Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins.
• Rosalind Franklin probably would have received the
prize as well but for her death from cancer in 1958.
• Nobel Prizes are never awarded posthumously.
• The Watson-Crick model gave new meaning to the
words genes and chromosomes. The genetic
information in a chromosome is encoded in the
nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Checkpoint question In DNA, which type of bonds
form between (a) adjacent nucleotides and (b)
complementary bases?

Figure 10.3a

Figure 10.3a_1

Figure 10.3a_2

Figure 10.3b

Figure 10.3c
Twist

Figure 10.3d
C G
C G
Hydrogen bond
G C
G C G C
Base pair
T A
A T T A
C G
A T
A T
T A
C G
G C
C G C G
A T
A T
T A
Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model

Figure 10.3d_1
C G
C G
G C
G C
Base pair
T A
A T
C G
A T
T A
C G
G C
C G
A T
A T
T A
Ribbon model
Figure 10.3d_2
Hydrogen bond
G C
T A
A T
C G
Partial chemical structure

Figure 10.3d_3
Computer model
Animation: DNA Double Helix

DNA REPLICATION

10.4 DNA replication depends on specific
base pairing
• DNA replication starts with the separation of DNA
strands.
• Enzymes then use each strand as a template to
assemble new nucleotides into a complementary
strand.

10.4 DNA replication depends on specific
base pairing
• DNA replication follows a semiconservative
model.
• The two DNA strands separate.
• Each strand then becomes a template for the
assembly of a complementary strand from a supply
of free nucleotides.
• Each new DNA helix has one old strand with one
new strand.
Checkpoint question How does complementary
base pairing make possible the replication of
DNA?
Figure 10.4a_1
A T
C G
G C
A T
T A
A parental molecule
of DNA

Figure 10.4a_2
A T A T T
C G C G G
G C G C
A T A T
T A T Free T A
nucleotides
A parental molecule The parental strands separate
of DNA and serve as templates

Figure 10.4a_3
A T A T T A T A T
C G C G G C G C G
G C G C G C G C
A T A T A T A T
T A T Free T A T A T A
nucleotides
A parental molecule The parental strands separate Two identical daughter
of DNA and serve as templates molecules of DNA are formed

Figure 10.4b
A T
Parental DNA
molecule
Daughter
strand Parental
strand
Daughter DNA
molecules
Animation: DNA Replication Overview

10.5 DNA replication proceeds in two
directions at many sites simultaneously
• Using the enzyme DNA polymerase, the cell
synthesizes one daughter strand as a continuous
piece.
• The other strand is synthesized as a series of short
pieces, which are then connected by the enzyme
DNA ligase.

Figure 10.5a
Parental
DNA
molecule Origin of Parental strand
replication Daughter strand
“Bubble”
Two
daughter
DNA
molecules
Figure 10.5b
5′ end 3′ end
P 5′ HO
4′ 2′
3′ A T 3′
1′ 1′
2′ 4′
5′
P P
C G
P P
G C
P P
T A
OH P
3′ end 5′ end
Figure 10.5c
3′
DNA polymerase
This daughter
molecule 5′
strand is
Parental DNA synthesized
5′ continuously
3′
Replication fork This daughter
strand is
3′ synthesized
5′ in pieces
DNA ligase
5′ connects
3′
the pieces
Overall direction of replication

Animation: Origins of Replication

Animation: Leading Strand

Animation: Lagging Strand

Animation: DNA Replication Review

THE FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION
FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN

10.6 Genes control phenotypic traits through
the expression of proteins
• The DNA of a gene—a linear sequence of many
nucleotides—is transcribed into RNA, which is
translated into a polypeptide.
• Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the
direction of DNA.
• Translation is the synthesis of proteins under the
direction of RNA.

10.6 Genes control phenotypic traits through
the expression of proteins
• Currently, a gene is defined as a region of DNA
that can be expressed to produce a functional
product that is either a polypeptide or an RNA
molecule.
Checkpoint question In a eukaryotic cell, where do
the processes of transcription and translation
occur, and which molecule is produced in each
process?

Figure 10.6a_1
DNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM

Figure 10.6a_2
DNA
Transcription
RNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM

Figure 10.6a_3
DNA
Transcription
RNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Translation
Protein

Figure 10.6b

10.7 Genetic information written in codons is
translated into amino acid sequences
• The sequence of nucleotides in DNA provides a

code for constructing a protein.
• Translation requires the conversion of the nucleic
acid language to the polypeptide language.
• During translation, there is a change in language
from the nucleotide sequence of the RNA to the
amino acid sequence of the polypeptide.

10.7 Genetic information written in codons is
translated into amino acid sequences
• Experiments have verified that the flow of

information from gene to protein is based on a
triplet code: The genetic instructions for the amino
acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are written in
DNA and RNA as a series of nonoverlapping three-
base “words” called codons.
Checkpoint question Translate the RNA sequence
AUGCAUGUAUAA into the corresponding amino
acid sequence.

Figure 10.7
DNA
molecule
Gene 1
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNA
A A A C C G G C A A A A
Transcription
RNA U U U G G C C G U U U U
Translation Codon
Polypeptide
Amino acid
Figure 10.7_1
DNA
A A A C C G G C A A A A
Transcription
RNA U U U G G C C G U U U U
Translation Codon
Polypeptide
Amino acid

10.8 The genetic code dictates how codons
are translated into amino acids
• The genetic code is the set of rules that dictates
the amino acid translations of each of the mRNA
nucleotide triplets.
• Nearly all organisms use an identical genetic code
to convert the mRNA codons transcribed from a
gene to the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
Checkpoint question Translate the RNA sequence
CCAUUUACG into the corresponding amino acid
sequence.

Figure 10.8a
U C AGU C A G
G UC
A
C A
U
G G U G
U
C
A A C C
A
G
U
C A G
U
A G U C
C
U
U START
G G
A
G HERE U
A G U C
C
U
A C G
A
G
A
A C C
U
C C A A
U
G
A
U G A
C
U
G
C G
UG
AC UG A C U
Key
- Start codon
- Stop codon

Figure 10.8b_1
Strand to be transcribed
T A C T T C A A A A T C
A T G A A G T T T T A G

Figure 10.8b_2
DNA
Transcription
RNA
A U G A A G U U U U A G

Figure 10.8b_3
DNA
Transcription
RNA
A U G A A G U U U U A G
Start Stop
Translation codon codon
Polypeptide Met Lys Phe

Figure 10.8c

10.9 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT:
Transcription produces genetic messages in
the form of RNA
• In the nucleus, the DNA helix unzips, and RNA
nucleotides line up and RNA polymerase joins
them along one strand of the DNA, following the
base-pairing rules.
• A specific nucleotide sequence called a promoter
acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase and
determines where transcription starts.

10.9 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT:
Transcription produces genetic messages in
the form of RNA
• RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides until it
reaches a sequence of DNA bases called the
terminator, which signals the end of the gene.
Checkpoint question How does RNA polymerase
recognize the start and end of the gene?

Figure 10.9_1
Initiation Direction of
RNA synthesis begins after RNA polymerase RNA transcription
attaches to the promoter.
Unused strand
RNA polymerase of DNA
Terminator
DNA
DNA
of gene Newly formed
Promoter RNA Template strand
of DNA

Figure 10.9_2
Unused strand
Terminator
DNA
DNA
of DNA
Elongation Direction of transcription
During elongation, the newly formed
RNA strand grows. Free RNA
nucleotide
DNA strands
T C C A A
reunite
A GG T T
DNA strands
separate
Newly made RNA

Figure 10.9_3
Unused strand
Terminator
DNA
DNA
of DNA
Elongation Direction of transcription
During elongation, the newly formed
RNA strand grows. Free RNA
nucleotide
DNA strands
T C C A A
reunite
A GG T T
DNA strands
separate
Newly made RNA
Termination
RNA synthesis ends when RNA
polymerase reaches the Terminator DNA
terminator DNA sequence. Completed RNA
RNA polymerase
detaches
Animation: Transcription

10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before
leaving the nucleus as mRNA
• The kind of RNA that encodes amino acid
sequences is called messenger RNA (mRNA)
because it conveys genetic messages from DNA to
the translation machinery of the cell.

10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before
leaving the nucleus as mRNA
• Before leaving the nucleus as mRNA, eukaryotic
transcripts undergo RNA splicing, in which
• introns (noncoding segments of RNA) are spliced
out,
• exons (the parts of a gene that are expressed) are
spliced together, and
• a cap and tail are added to the ends of the mRNA.
Checkpoint question Explain why most eukaryotic
genes are longer than the mRNA that leaves the
nucleus.

Figure 10.10
Intron Exon
Exon Intron Exon
DNA
Transcription
Addition of cap and tail
Cap
RNA
transcript Introns removed Tail
with cap
and tail
Exons spliced together
mRNA
Coding sequence
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM

10.11 Transfer RNA molecules serve as
interpreters during translation
• Translation takes place in the cytoplasm.
• A ribosome attaches to the mRNA and translates its
message into a specific polypeptide, aided by
transfer RNAs (tRNAs).
• Each tRNA is a folded molecule bearing a base
triplet called an anticodon on one end and a
specific amino acid attachment site at the other
end.

Figure 10.11a
Amino acid
3′ attachment
Amino acid A site
C
attachment C
site A 5′
C G
G C
C G
U G
Chemically
U A modified
A U base
U C A U
* C A C AG U A G *
A C U C
G *
C G U G U* C G A G G
* * C A G G
U *
*GA
G C
G C
U A
* G
* A RNA polynucleotide
A C Hydrogen bonds chain
* U
A G
A
Anticodon
A flattened view of the RNA
nucleotides that make up a Anticodon
tRNA, with specially modified
bases marked with asterisks A tRNA molecule, showing its A simplified
folded polynucleotide strand representation
and the hydrogen bonds that of a tRNA, showing
hold it in shape its overall shape

Figure 10.11a_1
Amino acid
attachment site
RNA polynucleotide
Hydrogen bonds chain
Anticodon
A tRNA molecule, showing its A simplified
folded polynucleotide strand representation
and the hydrogen bonds that of a tRNA, showing
hold it in shape its overall shape
Figure 10.11b
tRNA Enzyme
Amino
acid

10.12 Ribosomes build polypeptides
• Ribosomes
• are made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
and
• have binding sites for tRNAs and mRNA.
Checkpoint question How does a ribosome
facilitate protein synthesis?

Figure 10.12
Growing tRNA binding sites
tRNA polypeptide Exit tunnel
molecules
Ribosome
Large P A
subunit site site
Small
subunit
mRNA binding site
Growing The next amino

polypeptide acid to be added
exits via to the polypeptide
the tunnel
mRNA tRNA
Codons

Figure 10.12_1
Growing
polypeptide
tRNA
molecules
Ribosome
Large
subunit
Small
subunit
mRNA
Figure 10.12_2
tRNA binding sites

Exit tunnel
Ribosome
Large P A
subunit site site
Small
subunit
mRNA binding site

Figure 10.12_3
Growing The next amino

polypeptide acid to be added
exits via to the polypeptide
the tunnel
mRNA tRNA
Codons

10.13 An initiation codon marks the start of
an mRNA message
• Translation can be divided into the same three
phases as transcription:
1. initiation,
2. elongation, and
3. termination.

Figure 10.13a
Start of genetic message
Cap
End
Tail

10.13 An initiation codon marks the start of
an mRNA message
• Initiation brings together
• mRNA,
• a tRNA bearing the first amino acid, and
• the two subunits of a ribosome.
• Initiation occurs in two steps (Figure 10.13B).
Checkpoint question What would happen if a
genetic mutation in a gene changed a start codon
to some other codon?

Figure 10.13b_1
Initiator
tRNA
mRNA
U A C
A U G
Start
codon Small ribosomal
1 subunit

Figure 10.13b_2
Large
Initiator ribosomal
tRNA subunit
P A
mRNA site site
U A C U A C
A U G A U G
Start
codon Small ribosomal
1 subunit 2

10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the
polypeptide chain until a stop codon
terminates translation
• As the mRNA moves one codon at a time relative
to the ribosome, a tRNA with a complementary
anticodon pairs with each codon, adding its amino
acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
• Elongation continues until a stop codon reaches
the ribosome’s A site.
Checkpoint question What would happen if a
mutation caused a codon in the middle of an
mRNA to change from UUA to UAA?

Figure 10.14_1
Polypeptide Amino
acid
P A Anticodon
site site
mRNA
Codons 1 Codon
recognition

Figure 10.14_2
Polypeptide Amino
acid
P A Anticodon
site site
mRNA
Codons 1 Codon
recognition
2 Peptide bond
formation

Figure 10.14_3
Polypeptide Amino
acid
P A Anticodon
site site
mRNA
Codons 1 Codon
recognition
New
peptide
3 Translocation bond
2 Peptide bond
formation

Figure 10.14_4
Polypeptide Amino
acid
P A Anticodon
site site
mRNA
Codons 1 Codon
recognition
mRNA
movement
Stop
codon
New
peptide
3 Translocation bond
2 Peptide bond
formation

Animation: Translation

10.15 Review: The flow of genetic information
in the cell is DNA  RNA  protein
• The sequence of codons in DNA, via the sequence

of codons in mRNA, spells out the primary
structure of a polypeptide.
Checkpoint question Which of the types of nucleic
acids you’ve learned about does not participate
directly in translation?

Figure 10.15_1
RNA Transcription NUCLEUS
polymerase
DNA 1 Transcription
mRNA

Figure 10.15_2
polymerase
DNA 1 Transcription
mRNA
Translation CYTOPLASM
Amino acid
2 Amino acid
attachment
Enzyme
tRNA
ATP
Anticodon

Figure 10.15_3
polymerase
DNA 1 Transcription
mRNA
Amino acid
2 Amino acid
attachment
Enzyme
tRNA
ATP
Initiator Anticodon
tRNA Large
ribosomal 3 Initiation of
UAC
subunit polypeptide
AUG synthesis
Start codon Small
mRNA ribosomal
subunit

Figure 10.15_4
polymerase
DNA 1 Transcription
mRNA
Amino acid
2 Amino acid
attachment
Enzyme
tRNA
ATP
Initiator Anticodon
tRNA Large
UAC
subunit polypeptide
AUG synthesis
Start codon Small
mRNA ribosomal
subunit
Growing
polypeptide New peptide
bond forming
4 Elongation
Codons
mRNA

Figure 10.15_5
polymerase
DNA 1 Transcription
mRNA
Amino acid
2 Amino acid
attachment
Enzyme
tRNA
ATP
Initiator Anticodon
tRNA Large
UAC
subunit polypeptide
AUG synthesis
Start codon Small
mRNA ribosomal
subunit
Growing
polypeptide New peptide
bond forming
4 Elongation
Codons
mRNA
Polypeptide
5 Termination
Stop codon

10.16 Mutations can affect genes
• Mutations are changes in the genetic information
of a cell or virus, caused by errors in DNA
replication or recombination, or by physical or
chemical agents called mutagens.
• Substituting, inserting, or deleting nucleotides
alters a gene, with varying effects.
Checkpoint question How could a single
nucleotide substitution result in a shortened protein
product?

Figure 10.16a
Normal hemoglobin DNA Mutant hemoglobin DNA
C T T C A T
mRNA mRNA
G A A G U A
Normal hemoglobin Sickle-cell hemoglobin

Glu Val

Figure 10.16b
Normal T A C T T C A A A C C G C G T
gene A U G A A G U U U G G C G C A
mRNA
Protein Met Lys Phe Gly Ala
Nucleotide A U G A A G U U U A G C G C A
substitution
Met Lys Phe Ser Ala
Deleted
Nucleotide A U G A A G U U G G C G C A
deletion
Met Lys Leu Ala
Inserted
Nucleotide A U G A A G U U U G G C G C
insertion
Met Lys Leu Trp Arg
Figure 10.16b_1
Normal T A C T T C A A A C C G C G T
mRNA
Nucleotide A U G A A G U U U A G C G C A
substitution
Met Lys Phe Ser Ala

Figure 10.16b_2
Normal
mRNA
Deleted
Nucleotide A U G A A G U U G G C G C A
deletion
Met Lys Leu Ala

Figure 10.16b_3
Normal
mRNA
Inserted
Nucleotide A U G A A G U U U G G C G C
insertion
Met Lys Leu Trp Arg

THE GENETICS OF VIRUSES
AND BACTERIA

10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host
chromosome
• A virus is an infectious particle consisting of little
more than “genes in a box”: a bit of nucleic acid
wrapped in a protein coat called a capsid and, in
some cases, a membrane envelope.
• When phage DNA enters a lytic cycle inside a
bacterium, it is replicated, transcribed, and
translated.
• The new viral DNA and protein molecules then
assemble into new phages, which burst from the
host cell.

10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host
chromosome
• In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA inserts into the
host chromosome and is passed on to generations
of daughter cells.
• Once inserted, the phage DNA is referred to as a
prophage, and most of its genes are inactive.
• Later, it may initiate phage production.
Checkpoint question Describe one way a virus can
perpetuate its genes without destroying its host
cell. What is this type of replication cycle called?

Figure 10.17
Phage
Attaches
to cell
Phage DNA Bacterial

chromosome
Newly released
phage may infect 1 The phage injects its DNA
another cell
4 The cell lyses,

releasing phages 2 The phage DNA
circularizes Environmental
stress Many cell
divisions
Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle
New phages assemble 6 The lysogenic bacterium repli-

Prophage cates normally, copying the
prophage at each cell division
OR
3 New phage DNA and 5 Phage DNA inserts into the

proteins are synthesized bacterial chromosome
Figure 10.17_1
Phage
Attaches
to cell
Phage DNA Bacterial

chromosome
Newly released
phage may infect 1 The phage injects its DNA
another cell
4 The cell lyses,

releasing phages 2 The phage DNA
circularizes
Lytic cycle
New phages assemble
3 New phage DNA and

proteins are synthesized
Figure 10.17_2
Phage
Attaches
to cell
Phage DNA Bacterial

chromosome
1 The phage injects its DNA
2 The phage DNA

circularizes Environmental
stress Many cell
divisions
Lysogenic cycle
6 The lysogenic bacterium repli-

Prophage cates normally, copying the
prophage at each cell division
5 Phage DNA inserts into the

bacterial chromosome
Animation: Phage λ Lysogenic and Lytic
Cycles

Animation: Phage T2 Lytic Cycle

10.18 CONNECTION: Many viruses cause
disease in animals and plants
• Flu viruses and most plant viruses have RNA,
rather than DNA, as their genetic material.
• Some animal viruses steal a bit of host cell
membrane as a protective envelope.
Checkpoint question Explain how some viruses
replicate without having DNA.

Figure 10.18_1
Virus
Glycoprotein spike
Protein coat
Viral RNA (genome) Membranous
envelope
Plasma membrane 1 Entry CYTOPLASM

of host cell

Figure 10.18_2
Virus
Glycoprotein spike
Protein coat
envelope

of host cell
2 Uncoating
Viral RNA
(genome)

Figure 10.18_3
Virus
Glycoprotein spike
Protein coat
envelope

of host cell
2 Uncoating
Viral RNA
(genome)
3 RNA synthesis
by viral enzyme

Figure 10.18_4
Virus
Glycoprotein spike
Protein coat
envelope

of host cell
2 Uncoating
Viral RNA
(genome)
3 RNA synthesis
by viral enzyme
4 Protein and
RNA synthesis
(other strand) Template
mRNA
New viral
genome
New
viral proteins

Figure 10.18_5
Virus
Glycoprotein spike
Protein coat
envelope

of host cell
2 Uncoating
Viral RNA
(genome)
3 RNA synthesis
by viral enzyme
4 Protein and
RNA synthesis
mRNA
New viral
genome
New 5 Assembly
viral proteins

Figure 10.18_6
Virus
Glycoprotein spike
Protein coat
envelope

of host cell
2 Uncoating
Viral RNA
(genome)
3 RNA synthesis
by viral enzyme
4 Protein and
RNA synthesis
mRNA
New viral
genome
New 5 Assembly
viral proteins
Exit
6

Animation: Simplified Viral Reproductive
Cycle

10.19 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Emerging
viruses threaten human health
• Emerging viruses are ones that seem to burst on
to the scene, becoming apparent to the medical
community quite suddenly.
• One familiar example is HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
Checkpoint question Why doesn’t a flu shot one
year give us immunity to flu in subsequent years?

Figure 10.19
H1N1 flu West Nile virus

1918 1996
AIDS
1981
Severe acute
respiratory syndrome
2002
H1N1 flu
2009
Avian flu
1997
Zika fever Ebola
2015 1976

10.20 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA
template
• HIV is a retrovirus: It uses RNA as a template for
making DNA, which then inserts into a host
chromosome.
• These viruses carry molecules of an enzyme
called reverse transcriptase, which catalyzes
reverse transcription: the synthesis of DNA on an
RNA template.
Checkpoint question Why is HIV reverse
transcriptase a good target for anti-AIDS drug
therapy?

Figure 10.20a
Envelope
Glycoprotein
Protein coat
RNA
(two identical
strands)
Reverse
transcriptase

Figure 10.20b
Reverse CYTOPLASM
Viral RNA
1 transcriptase
NUCLEUS
DNA
Chromosomal
strand
2 DNA
Double- 3
stranded Provirus
DNA 4 DNA
Viral 5
RNA
and RNA
proteins
6

Animation: HIV Reproductive Cycle

10.21 Prions are infectious proteins
• Prions are infectious proteins that can cause brain
diseases in animals.
• When the prion gets into a cell containing the
normal form of the protein, the prion somehow
converts normal protein molecules to misfolded
versions.
Checkpoint question What makes prions different
from all other known infectious agents?

Figure 10.21

10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways
• Bacteria use three mechanisms to move genes

from cell to cell.
1. Transformation is the uptake of DNA from the
surrounding environment.
2. Transduction is gene transfer by phages.
3. Conjugation is the transfer of DNA from a donor
to a recipient bacterial cell.
• Once new DNA gets into a bacterial cell by any
mechanism, part of it may then integrate into the
recipient’s chromosome.

Figure 10.22a
Mating bridge
DNA enters
cell Phage Sex pili
A fragment
of DNA from
another bac-
terial cell
A fragment of Donor Recipient
Bacterial DNA from another cell cell
chromosome bacterial cell (former
(DNA) phage host)
Transformation Transduction Conjugation

Figure 10.22a_1
DNA enters
cell
A fragment
of DNA from
another bac-
terial cell
Bacterial
chromosome
(DNA)
Transformation

Figure 10.22a_2
Phage
A fragment of
DNA from another
bacterial cell (former
phage host)
Transduction

Figure 10.22a_3
Mating bridge
Sex pili
Donor Recipient
cell cell
Conjugation

Figure 10.22b
Donated DNA Crossovers Degraded DNA
Recipient cell’s Recombinant

chromosome chromosome

10.23 Bacterial plasmids can serve as
carriers for gene transfer
• The ability of a donor E. coli cell to carry out
conjugation is usually due to a specific piece of
DNA called the F factor (f for fertility).
• An F factor can exist as a plasmid, a small, circular
DNA molecule separate from the bacterial
chromosome.
• R plasmids pose serious problems for human
medicine by carrying genes for enzymes that
destroy antibiotics.
Checkpoint question Plasmids are useful tools for
genetic engineering. Can you guess why?
Figure 10.23a
1 F factor (integrated)
Donor
Origin of
replication
Bacterial
chromosome
F factor starts
replication and
transfer of chromosome
Recipient cell
Only part of the

chromosome
transfers
Recombination can occur

Figure 10.23b
F factor (plasmid)
1 Donor
Bacterial
chromosome
F factor starts
replication
and transfer
The plasmid completes

its transfer
and circularizes
The cell is
now a donor
Figure 10.23c

Plasmids
4,210×

You should now be able to
1. Describe the experiments of Griffith, Hershey,
and Chase, which supported the idea that DNA
was life’s genetic material.
2. Compare the structures of DNA and RNA.
3. Explain how the structure of DNA facilitates its
replication.
4. Describe the process of DNA replication.
5. Describe the locations, reactants, and products
of transcription and translation.

6. Explain how the “languages” of DNA and RNA
are used to produce polypeptides.
7. Explain how mRNA is produced using DNA.
8. Explain how eukaryotic RNA is processed
before leaving the nucleus.
9. Relate the structure of tRNA to its functions in
the process of translation.
10. Describe the structure and function of
ribosomes.

11. Describe the step-by-step process by which
amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide
chain.
12. Diagram the overall process of transcription and
translation.
13. Describe the major types of mutations, causes
of mutations, and potential consequences.
14. Compare the lytic and lysogenic reproductive
cycles of a phage.
15. Compare the structures and reproductive cycles
of the mumps virus and a herpes virus.
16. Describe three processes that contribute to the
emergence of viral disease.
17. Explain how the AIDS virus enters a host cell
and reproduces.
18. Describe the structure of prions and explain
how they cause disease.
19. Define and compare the processes of
transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
20. Define a plasmid and explain why R plasmids
pose serious human health problems.

Figure 10.23a-b
1 F factor (integrated) F factor (plasmid)
Donor
1 Donor
Origin of
replication Bacterial
chromosome
Bacterial
chromosome
F factor starts F factor starts

replication and replication
transfer of chromosome and transfer
Recipient cell
The plasmid completes

Only part of the
its transfer and
chromosome circularizes
transfers
3
3
Recombination can occur The cell is

now a donor
Figure 10.UN01

Figure 10.UN03
Growing polypeptide
Amino acid
tRNA
Large
ribosomal
subunit Anticodon
mRNA
Small
Codons ribosomal
subunit

Figure 10.UN04
is a polymer
DNA made from (a)
monomers called
is performed by (c)
(b)
an enzyme called
(d)
comes
RNA in three (e)
kinds called
(f)
molecules are
components of
use amino-acid-bearing
(g)
is performed by molecules called
structures called
(h)
one or more polymers

Protein made from (i)
monomers called

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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS,

NINTH EDITION, GLOBAL EDITION

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

The Structure of the DNA Replication

The Flow of Genetic The Genetics of Viruses

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Colorized TEM 200,000×

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Colorized TEM 200,000×

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Phage Radioactive Empty

Batch 2: Radioactive DNA in green

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Phage Radioactive Empty

Batch 1: Radioactive protein in yellow

Batch 2: Radioactive DNA in green

Batch 2: Radioactive DNA in green

1 A phage attaches 2 The phage injects 3 The phage DNA directs

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1 A phage attaches 2 The phage injects

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3 The phage DNA directs

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Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

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Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

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Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

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Sugar- Nitrogenous base

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Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model

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Partial chemical structure

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