Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 9 views

    Lal7 9

    Uploaded by

    Luise Fang
    This lecture will consolidate material from Topic 2 on determinants. It will evaluate several determinants and their properties under elementary row operations. The lecture will also cover vectors in 2D and 3D space, including their representation, addition, scalar multiplication, length, and dot products. It will discuss the relationship between the dot product and angle between two vectors and how to project one vector onto another. The cross product in 3D space is also introduced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lal7 9

    Uploaded by

    Luise Fang
    9 views3 pages
    This lecture will consolidate material from Topic 2 on determinants. It will evaluate several determinants and their properties under elementary row operations. The lecture will also cover vectors in 2D and 3D space, including their representation, addition, scalar multiplication, length, and dot products. It will discuss the relationship between the dot product and angle between two vectors and how to project one vector onto another. The cross product in 3D space is also introduced.

    Original Title

    LAL7-9

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This lecture will consolidate material from Topic 2 on determinants. It will evaluate several determinants and their properties under elementary row operations. The lecture will also cover vectors in 2D and 3D space, including their representation, addition, scalar multiplication, length, and dot products. It will discuss the relationship between the dot product and angle between two vectors and how to project one vector onto another. The cross product in 3D space is also introduced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views3 pages

    Lal7 9

    Uploaded by

    Luise Fang
    This lecture will consolidate material from Topic 2 on determinants. It will evaluate several determinants and their properties under elementary row operations. The lecture will also cover vectors in 2D and 3D space, including their representation, addition, scalar multiplication, length, and dot products. It will discuss the relationship between the dot product and angle between two vectors and how to project one vector onto another. The cross product in 3D space is also introduced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 3

    7.

    Topic 2 — Lecture 7

    This lecture will be used to finish off and/ or consolidate the material from Topic
    2.
    Exercise Let
    a b c


    |A| = d e f = 1 .

    g h i
    Evaluate the following determinants:

    a b c a −b c d e f


    g
    h i , d −e f , 3g 3h 3i
    e f g −h i a

    d b c

    2a 2b 2c a b c



    2d 2e 2f , d + a e+b f + c

    2g 2h 2i g − 2a h − 2b i − 2c

    8. Topic 3 — Lecture 8

    Slides: pgs. 93–102. Exercises: Topic 3, Q.50–Q.57.

    8.1. Vectors in R2 and R3 . In R2 and R3 points can be thought of as being


    located by a directed straight line from the origin, and this gives us a geometrical
    representation of a vector.
    The basic operations applied to vectors are that of scalar multiplication and
    vector addition. Both these can be represented geometrically, by scaling in the
    case of scalar multiplication, and by the a head to tail rule for addition.
    In R3 it is standard to denote the unit vectors in the directions of the x, y and
    z axes respectively as i, j and k respectively. We then write

    ai + bj + ck = (a, b, c)

    This array is the standard notation for points in R3 , and is often referred to as a
    row vector. The same array could be written
     
    a
     
    b
     
    c

    in which case it is referred to as a column vector.


    The (Euclidean) length of a vector v = (a, b, c, ) ∈ R3 , denoted ||v||, is defined
    √
    as ||v|| = a2 + b2 + c2 which is consistent with Pythagoras’ theorem.
    1
    2

    8.2. Vectors in Rn . Let e1 , e2 , . . . , en be the unit vectors making up the n per-


    pendicular directions in Rn . We then write

    x1 e1 + x2 e2 + · · · + xn en = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )

    which specifies a general vector in Rn .


    The length of (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ∈ Rn is defined as
    q
    ||x|| = x21 + x22 + · · · x2n .

    Let c ∈ R be a scalar. We have that

    ||cx|| = |c| ||x||.

    Dot product Related to length is the notion of dot product. Let u = (u1 , . . . , un
    and let v = (v1 , . . . , vn . The dot product of u and v is defined as

    ~u · ~v = u1 v1 + u2 v2 + · · · un vn .

    Distance between two vectors


    The fact that v + (u − v) = u tells us that geometrically the vector u − v
    corresponds (by the head to tail rule) to a vector starting at v and finishing at u.
    Hence the distance between vectors u and v is simply ||u − v||. Sometimes this
    distance is denoted d(u, v).

    9. Topic 3 — Lecture 9

    Slides: pgs. 103–113. Exercises: Topic 3, Q.58, 59, 63–65.

    9.1. Dot product and angle between two vectors. In the diagram θ is the
    angle between the two vectors, and θ = φ − ρ. Recall u · · · v = as + bt. The aim is
    to eliminate a, s, b, t in favour of ||u||, ||v|| and θ.
    Here
    a = ||u|| cos φ, b = ||u|| sin φ

    s = ||v|| cos ρ, t = ||v|| sin ρ

    Hence
     
    u · v = ||u|| ||v|| cos φ cos ρ + sin φ sin ρ

    = ||u|| ||v|| cos(φ − ρ)


    = ||u|| ||v|| cos θ

    We choose 0 ≤ θ ≤ π. Since the vectors are perpendicular when θ = π/2, we see


    that in terms of the dot product, vectors are perpendicular when u · v = 0.
    3

    9.2. Vector projection. Here, given a vector u (which is to be thought of as a


    direction), the task is to orthogonally project a given vector v in the direction of
    u. Denote the projected vector by p.
    From trigonometry we have

    ||p|| = ||v|| cos θ


    u
    A unit vector in the direction of u is ||u|| .
    Hence
    u u·v
    p = (||v|| cos θ) = u.
    ||u|| ||u||2
    Exercise Verify that the vector q = v − p is perpendicular to p.
    Exercise Let û and v̂ be the unit vectors corresponding to u and v respectively.
    Show that
    p = (û · v)û.

    9.3. Cross product. The cross product is a particular rule for multiplying vectors
    in R3 . The rule can be written in the short hand notation

    i j k


    u × v = u1 u2 u3

    v1 v2 v3
    Here it is required that the determinant be expanded along the first row, so this
    means
    u u3 u u3 u u2
    2 1 1
    u × v = i − j + k
    v2 v3 v1 v3 v1 v2

    You might also like