GRADE

San Fabian National High School

Quarter 3 Week 2 Module 2

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DANRIDGE G. VERCELES 09957398835 Danridge De Guzman Verceles

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
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Most Essential Learning Competencies

 Identify the basic tenets of the large political ideologies.

PRETEST
Instruction: Fill in the blank to complete the paragraph.
(1) _______________________________ coined the term the term Ideology during the
French Revolution and subsequently used in public in (2) _______________________. Idéologie
according to him is a new science of ideas from a literal term (3) __________________________.
Ideology becomes a (4) __________________________ to condemn or criticize opposing arrays of
ideas or belief system. When beliefs and values are put together in coherent system, they form an (5)
________________________.

CONCEPTS DISCUSSION
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
 Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) coined the term IDEOLOGY during the French
Revolution and subsequently used in public in 1796.
 Idéologie according to Tracy is a new science of ideas from a literal term idea-logy
 Ideology becomes a political weapon to condemn or criticize opposing arrays of ideas or
belief system
 Beliefs are people’s assessment of reality and what they hold to be true whereas, Values are
people’s ideas about right and wrong. Therefore, when beliefs and values are put together in a
coherent system, they form and ideology
CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEOLOGY
1. Ideologies have their levels end in –ism.
2. Ideologies provide an explanation for problems that confronts modern societies by providing
futuristic vision.
3. Ideology is action-oriented.
4. Ideologies mobilize a large number of people.
FEATURES OF IDEOLOGY (Heywood, 2012)
1. It offers an account of the existing order, usually in the form of a ‘world view.’
2. It advances a model of the desired future, a vision of the good society.
3. It explains how political change can and should be brought about – how to get from the two other
features.
INTELLECTUAL COMPONENTS OF AN IDEOLOGY
1. Values.
2. The vision of the Ideal Polity.
3. The conception of the Human Nature.
4. The strategy of Action.
5. Political Tactics.
FUNCTIONS OF IDEOLOGIES
1. Ideology addresses the basic human psychological needs such as safety, freedom, and community.
2. Ideology provides its believers with a sense of understanding history and with clues about what
kinds of things they should pay attention to or ignore.
3. Ideology is essential.
4. Ideology is powerful.
SOCIETAL ROLE OF IDEOLOGIES
1. Ideologies answer eternal questions and cut off competing beliefs and values;
2. Ideologies explain how the universe works and why it works that way;
3. Ideologies tell us how to behave; they help us predict the future
IDEOLOGIES
A. LIBERALISM
The term Liberalism derived from the Latin word “liber” which means “free men” in short, men who
were neither serfs nor slaves
A view that sees more need for change and improvement in social relations requiring governmental
involvement and that society must be free, if it is possible, free from government intervention
It supports promoting the individual welfare and supporting civil rights and accepts peaceful, social
change within the existing political system
SET OF VALUES AND BELIEFS OF LIBERALISM
1. Individualism 6. Consent
2. Freedom 7. Constitutionalism
3. Reason 8. Equality
4. Justice
5. Toleration
TWO TYPES OF LIBERALISM
1. Classical Liberalism – committed to an extreme form of individualism which underscores the self-
interest and self-sufficiency of human beings; government interference is seen as unhealthy and
destructive to the economy, which should be propelled by a self-regulating market
2. Neoliberalism/Modern Liberalism – states are constantly interacting with each other and that they
value cooperation as part of their own interest; it further refers to the revival of economic liberalism
B. CONSERVATISM
The term “conservatism” derived from the term conservation
It is political philosophy that tends to support the status quo and advocates change only in
moderation upholding the value of tradition and seeks to preserve all that is good about the past
A point of view that emphasizes tradition and established institutions and give greater attention to
social entities than to individuals having the inclination to oppose any change in political
environment
ELEMENTS OF CONSERVATISM
1. Tradition
2. Pragmatism
3. Human Imperfection
4. Organicism
5. Hierarchy
6. Authority
7. Property
C. SOCIALISM
The term socialism derived from the word ‘socialist’ in Latin social meaning to combine or to share.
Socialism is an economic and political doctrine advocating governmental ownership and direction
and services but which would retain existing institutions as the means of regulating them
It is also viewed as an ideology which opposed capitalism and tries to provide a more humane and
socially valuable substitute
Moreover, cooperation is preferred over the competition
Furthermore, socialism adheres to social equality which is the main way to attain social stability and
cohesion
DISTINCTIVE WAYS OF UNDERSTANDING SOCIALISM
1. Socialism is seen as an economic model.
2. Socialism as an instrument of the labor movement.
3. Socialism as a political creed encompasses community, cooperation, equality, class politics and
collective ownership
D. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
It is a moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favor a balance between the market and the state
rather than the abolition of capitalism
It is an ideological stance that supports a full balance between market capitalism, on the one hand,
and the state intervention, on the other side
Social democracies have become welfare states that focus on the improvement of living conditions
such as unemployment and medical insurance, generous pensions, and subsidized food and housing
E. COMMUNISM
It is an economic, social, and political system seeking government ownership of the means
production and services directed by a process of scientific administration and universal assent
It is an extreme left-wing ideology, based on the revolutionary socialist teaching of Karl Marx,
Father of Communism, characterized by collective ownership and a planned economy
The central formula of Marx’s communist principle of distribution is “from each according to his
ability, to each according to his need”
The abolition of private property is the cornerstone of the communist ideology, as expressed by Karl
Marx in his Communist Manifesto
F. FASCISM
Derived from fasces, an Italian word, which means a bundle of rods with an axe-blade protruding
that signified the authority of magistrates in Imperial Rome
In the 1890s, an Italian word fascia was used which refers to a political group or band not until
Benito Mussolini employed the term fascism to describe the armed paramilitary squads he formed
during and after World War II
Fascism is a movement that stands for outmoded, repressive social and political conditions rejecting
democracy, repudiates constitutionalism and stresses that all values arise from the state against which
the individual has no rights
SALIENT FEATURES OF FASCISM
1. Totalitarianism 5. Leadership
2. Nationalism
3. Anti-liberalism
4. Militarism and Violence
 G. FEMENISM
Derived from a Latin word Femina meaning women or female, concerned with the attainment of
gender equality in the political, economic and social spheres of life
The primary focus is the position of women in the society
The basic idea of feminism is that women experience a poor state in society as a consequence of the
patriarchy, male domination women, which has historically characterized all social relationships and
that this disadvantage can and should be overthrown
Feminists contend that patriarchy continues to be manifested in the systematic deprivation of
individual choices, political power, economic opportunities, and intellectual recognition currently
experienced by women
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97), a UK theorist and feminist, wrote her book, A Vindication of the
Rights of Women (1792), advocated equal rights for women, especially the right to education, based
on the idea of ‘personhood’
H. ENVIRONMENTALISM
It is an ideology focusing on the idea that environment is endangered and must be preserved through
regulation and lifestyle changes
Its concern is about the natural environment and particularly about reducing environmental
degradation that is more of a policy orientation rather than an ideological stance.
The regulation was only part of environmental credo.

ACTIVITY

Directions: Choose a Filipino historical figure. Then write a short biography (7-10 sentences)
addressing these guiding questions: Why is this individual a great leader? How is his/her political
belief linked to Philippine politics?