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    Water Filtration

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    Aneesh Sullia
    The document discusses various methods of water filtration. It begins by explaining sedimentation, where suspended particles are allowed to settle. It then focuses on filtration, where the water passes through beds of granular materials like sand or anthracite coal to remove remaining impurities. It describes the properties of effective filtration media and various filter types, including slow sand filters, rapid sand filters, and pressure filters. Slow sand filters allow water to pass slowly through a sand bed, removing impurities via biological, chemical and physical processes. Rapid sand filters operate at higher flow rates using washed sand. Pressure filters enclose the sand under pressure. The document concludes by covering water disinfection methods to remove harmful bacteria.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Water Filtration

    Uploaded by

    Aneesh Sullia
    11 views23 pages
    The document discusses various methods of water filtration. It begins by explaining sedimentation, where suspended particles are allowed to settle. It then focuses on filtration, where the water passes through beds of granular materials like sand or anthracite coal to remove remaining impurities. It describes the properties of effective filtration media and various filter types, including slow sand filters, rapid sand filters, and pressure filters. Slow sand filters allow water to pass slowly through a sand bed, removing impurities via biological, chemical and physical processes. Rapid sand filters operate at higher flow rates using washed sand. Pressure filters enclose the sand under pressure. The document concludes by covering water disinfection methods to remove harmful bacteria.

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    The document discusses various methods of water filtration. It begins by explaining sedimentation, where suspended particles are allowed to settle. It then focuses on filtration, where the water passes through beds of granular materials like sand or anthracite coal to remove remaining impurities. It describes the properties of effective filtration media and various filter types, including slow sand filters, rapid sand filters, and pressure filters. Slow sand filters allow water to pass slowly through a sand bed, removing impurities via biological, chemical and physical processes. Rapid sand filters operate at higher flow rates using washed sand. Pressure filters enclose the sand under pressure. The document concludes by covering water disinfection methods to remove harmful bacteria.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views23 pages

    Water Filtration

    Uploaded by

    Aneesh Sullia
    The document discusses various methods of water filtration. It begins by explaining sedimentation, where suspended particles are allowed to settle. It then focuses on filtration, where the water passes through beds of granular materials like sand or anthracite coal to remove remaining impurities. It describes the properties of effective filtration media and various filter types, including slow sand filters, rapid sand filters, and pressure filters. Slow sand filters allow water to pass slowly through a sand bed, removing impurities via biological, chemical and physical processes. Rapid sand filters operate at higher flow rates using washed sand. Pressure filters enclose the sand under pressure. The document concludes by covering water disinfection methods to remove harmful bacteria.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    WATER FILTRATION

    1
    WATER TREATMENT PROCESS:-

    2
    FILTRATION:-
    • THE RESULTANT WATER AFTER SEDIMENTATION WILL NOT BE PURE, AND MAY CONTAIN
    SOME VERY FINE SUSPENDED PARTICLES AND BACTERIA IN IT.
    • TO REMOVE OR TO REDUCE THE REMAINING IMPURITIES STILL FURTHER, THE WATER IS
    FILTERED THROUGH THE BEDS OF FINE GRANULAR MATERIAL.
    • THE PROCESS OF PASSING THE WATER THROUGH THE BEDS OF FINE GRANULAR
    MATERIALS IS KNOWN AS FILTRATION.

    PROPERTIES OF GOOD FILTRATION PROCESS:-


    • PROPERTIES OF SAND
    • EFFECTIVE SIZE OF SAND
    • UNIFORMITY
    • DEPTH AND GRADING OF SAND BED
    • GRAVEL FOR FILTER.

    3
    PROPERTIES OF FILTER SAND:-
    • THE SAND TO BE USED FOR FILTER SHOULD BE FREE FROM CLAY, LOAM, VEGETABLE
    MATTER, ORGANIC IMPURITIES, ETC.
    • IT SHOULD ALSO BE UNIFORM IN NATURE AND SIZE.
    • THE FILTER SAND IS CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF
    • EFFECTIVE SIZE AND UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT.

    EFFECTIVE SIZE:-
    • THE EFFECTIVE SIZE OF SAND INDICATES THE SIZE OF SIEVE IN MM THROUGH WHICH TEN
    PER CENT OF THE SAMPLE BY WEIGHT WILL PASS.

    UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT:-
    • THE UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT OF SAND IS THE RATIO OF SIEVE SIZE IN MM THROUGH
    WHICH 60 PER CENT OF THE SAMPLE OF SAND BY WEIGHT WILL PASS TO THE EFFECTIVE
    SIZE OF SAND.
    • THE UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT DESCRIBES HOW SIMILAR IN SIZE THE SAND PARTICLES
    ARE. THE SILT CONTENT IS THE PERCENTAGE OF SAND WITH A DIAMETER < 0.1 MM. IF YOUR
    EFFECTIVE SIZE IS BELOW 0.15 MM, THAT MEANS TOO MUCH OF THE SAND IS VERY
    SMALL SAND PARTICLES. THIS WILL LEAD TO A LOW FLOW RATE.

    4
    DEPTH AND GRADING OF SAND BED:-
    • THE DEPTH OF SAND BED SHOULD BE BETWEEN 60 CM TO 90 CM.
    • THE SAND BED CONSISTS OF GRADED SAND IN VARIOUS LAYERS.
    • FOR SLOW SAND FILTERS, SAND HAVING EFFECTIVE SIZE BETWEEN 0.3 AND 0.35 MM AND
    UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT OF 1.75 IS USED IN INDIAN PRACTICE.
    • FOR RAPID SAND FILTERS SAND HAVING EFFECTIVE SIZE BETWEEN 0.35 AND 0.5 MM AND
    UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT OF 1.6 IS USED.
    • UNIFORM GRADING OR SAND BED IS VERY ESSENTIAL BECAUSE IT DECREASES THE VOID
    SPACES AND MAKES BOTTOM AND TOP OF FILTER BED EQUALLY EFFECTIVE, AND
    INCREASES THE RATE OF FILTRATION.

    5
    GRAVEL FOR FILTER:-
    • THE SAND BED IS SUPPORTED ON THE GRAVEL BED.
    • IT IS PROVIDED BELOW THE SAND BED.
    • IT SUPPORTS THE SAND AND ALLOWS THE FILTERED WATER TO MOVE FREELY TOWARDS
    THE UNDER-DRAINS.
    • IT ALSO ALLOWS THE WASH WATER TO MOVE UPWARD UNIFORMLY ON THE SAND.
    • THE GRAVEL IS PLACED IN 5-6 LAYERS HAVING FINEST SIZE ON THE TOP.

    6
    THE THEORY OF FILTRATION:-
    1. MECHANICAL STRAINING.
    2. SEDIMENTATION.
    3. BIOLOGICAL METABOLISM.
    4. ELECTROLYTIC CHARGES.

    7
    CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS:-

    8
    SLOW SAND FILTERS:-
    • THE WATER IS ALLOWED TO PASS SLOWLY THROUGH A LAYER OF SAND PLACED ABOVE
    THE BASE MATERIAL.
    • THE PURIFICATION PROCESS AIMS AT SIMULTANEOUSLY IMPROVING THE BIOLOGICAL,
    CHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER.

    ESSENTIAL PARTS:-
    • ENCLOSURE TANK.
    • UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
    • BASE MATERIAL.
    • FILTER MEDIUM.
    • APPURTENANCES.

    ENCLOSURE TANK:-
    • STONE /BRICK MASONRY STOTAGE TANK OF AREA AROUND 1000 – 5000M2.
    • WATERPROOF MATERIAL
    • BED SLOPE IS 1 IN 100 TO 1 IN 200
    • DEPTH OF THE TANK IS 2.5 M TO 3.5 M.

    9
    UNDER-DRAINAGE SYSTEM:-
    CONSIST OF TWO COMPONENTS.
    • LATERAL DRAIN.
    • CENTRAL DRAIN.

    LATERAL DRAIN:-
    • PLACED AT A DISTANCE OF ABOUT 2.5 TO 3.5 M.
    • STOPPED AT A DISTANCE OF 500 MM TO 800 MM FROM WALLS OF THE TANK.
    • OPEN JOINT PIPES

    BASE MATERIAL:-
    • PLACED ON TOP OF THE UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
    • VARIES FROM 300 MM TO 700 MM DEPTH
    • GRADED AND LAID IN LAYERS OF 150 MM

    10
    FILTER MEDIA:-
    • SAND LAYER IS PLACED ABOVE THE GRAVEL OF LAYER DEPTH 600 MM TO 900 MM.
    • SIZE OF THE SAND VARIES FROM 0.2 MM TO 0.3 MM.
    • UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT OF SAND IS 2 TO 3.
    • THE FINER THE SAND, THE BETTER WILL BE THE FILTRATION.

    WORKING:-
    • THE WATER IS ALLOWED TO ENTER THE FILTER THROUGH THE INLET CHAMBER.
    • IT DESCENDS THROUGH THE FILTER MEDIA AND GETS PURIFIED.
    • THESE FILTERS ARE USUALLY WORKED FOR A MAXIMUM FILTRATION HEAD OF 750 MM.

    CLEANING:-
    • TOP LAYER OF THE SAND IS REMOVED TO A DEPTH OF 15 TO 25 MM
    • EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF FILTER MEDIA IS REDUCED
    • FRESH LAYER OF 150MM DEPTH OF GRADED SAND IS ADDED

    RATE OF FILTRATION:-
    • 100 TO 200 LITERS PER HOUR PER M² OF FILTER AREA.

    EFFICIENCY:-
    • BACTERIAL LOAD: 99.50 TO 99.9 PERCENT IS REMOVED
    • COLOUR: LESS EFFICIENT IN REMOVAL OF COLOUR(20-25%)
    • TURBIDITY: CAN REMOVE TURBIDITY OF 50 P.P.M
    11
    SLOW SAND FILTRATION:-

    12
    13
    RAPID SAND FILTRATION:-

    14
    15
    PERFORATED PIPE SYSTEM:-

    16
    PIPE AND STRAINER SYSTEM:-

    17
    18
    PRESSURE FILTERS:-
    • “FILTER IS ENCLOSED IN SPACE AND THE WATER PASSES UNDER PRESSURE GREATER
    THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE”

    CONSTRUCTION:-
    • CLOSED STEEL CYLINDERS.
    • DIAMETER VARIES FROM 1.5 TO 3.0 M.
    • LENGTH OR HEIGHT VARIES FROM 3.5 TO 8.0M.
    • MANHOLES ARE PROVIDED AT THE TOP FOR INSPECTION.

    WORKING:-
    • THE WATER MIXED WITH COAGULANT IS DIRECTLY ADMITTED TO THE PRESSURE FILTER.
    • IN WORKING CONDITION ALL VALVES ARE CLOSED EXCEPT THOSE FOR RAW WATER AND
    FILTERED WATER.

    CLEANING:-
    • THE COMPRESSED AIR MAY BE USED TO AGITATE SAND GRAINS.
    • VALVES FOR WASH WATER AND WASH WATER DRAIN ARE OPENED DURING WASHING.

    RATE OF FILTRATION:- 6000-15000LITRES/HR/SQ.M


    EFFICIENCY:- LESS EFFICIENT THAN THE RAPID SAND FILTERS.

    19
    PRESSURE FILTERS:-

    20
    DISINFECTION OF WATER:-
    • DISINFECTION IS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING HARMFUL BACTERIA.
    • THE SUBSTANCES OR MATERIALS WHICH ARE TO BE USED FOR DISINFECTION ARE CALLED
    THE DISINFECTANTS.

    CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD DISINFECTANTS:-


    • SHOULD BE ABLE TO DESTROY ALL HARMFUL BACTERIA.
    • IT SHOULD NOT RENDER THE WATER TOXIC OR IMPART COLOR AND ODOUR.
    • IT SHOULD BE EASILY AVAILABLE AT REASONABLE COST.
    • IT SHOULD BE SAFE TO HANDLE AND METHOD OF APPLICATION SHOULD BE SIMPLE.

    METHODS OF DISINFECTION:-
    • BOILING METHOD
    • EXCESS LIME TREATMENT
    • IODINE AND BROMINE TREATMENT
    • SILVER TREATMENT
    • OZONE TREATMENT
    • POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE TREATMENT
    • ULTRA-VIOLET RAY TREATMENT.
    • CHLORINATION.

    21
    ASSIGNMENT -02
    1. IN YOUR OWN WORDS WRITE THE PROCESS OF RAPID AND PRESSURE SAND FILTRATION.
    AND ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
    2. IN DETAIL WRITE THE METHODS OF DISINFECTION PROCESS?
    3. WHAT IS MEANT BY WATER SOFTENING? AND WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT PROCESS OF
    REMOVING PERMANENT HARDNESS OF WATER IN DETAIL.

    22
    THANK YOU

    23

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