EAR SCI Lahars - is a flowing slurry of volcanic

debris and water that originates on a

EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMIS, AND
volcano.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Fluid lava - forms long thin flows on slopes
Geologic/natural hazards - are extreme
and flat-topped lava lakes in flat areas and
natural events in the crust of the earth that
topographic depressions.
pose a threat to life and property, for
Viscous lava - forms short stubby flows on
example, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
slopes and steep-sided domes around their
and landslides.
vents.
Adaptation - refers to changes in natural
Landslides - occur in sloping terrain. It can
and human systems to reduce risks to the
be triggered by rainfall or earthquake.
lives and livelihoods of people.
Adaptation actions - can reduce many
Drop - Drop down to the floor
unavoidable impacts in the near term,
Cover - Duck under a sturdy piece of
although they cannot reduce them to zero.
furniture. If that is not possible, seek
Mitigation - Structural and non structural
COVER against an interior wall and protect
measures taken to reduce the adverse
your head and neck with your arms.
effects of a disaster, if it occurs (e.g
Hold - Hold on to the safety of your cover or
construction of retaining walls, widening of
location. If you take cover with a piece of
water channels, building codes, early
furniture, be prepared to move with it if
warning systems etc.)
necessary. Hold your position until the
Earthquakes - are the shaking, rolling, or
ground shaking stops and authorities have
sudden shock of the Earth’s surface.
declared it is safe to move.
Earthquakes - Earth’s natural means of
releasing stress. They can be felt over large
Reducing the impact of an earthquake
areas although they usually last less than a
requires preparation, planning, and practice.
minute.
here are some tips on what to do:
Ground shaking - is the vibration of the
ground due to plate movement or seismic
Before an earthquake
waves during an earthquake. It is also
1. Learn what to do during an
known as ground motion.
earthquake and practice what you
Ground shaking - It is a principal cause of
have learned with your family.
the partial or total collapse of structures.
2. Prepare the complete contents of a
Surface faulting - is the tearing of the
survival kit with food and water.
ground when the movement of a fault deep
3. Remove all heavy objects that are
within Earth breaks through to the ground
placed or hung in high areas.
surface.
4. Check the stability or secure
hanging objects such as ceiling
Tsunamis - is a very high, large wave or
fans,chandeliers, and portraits.
seismic sea waves caused by the sudden
5. fasten heavy furniture or appliances
movement of the ocean floor due to
to the walls or floor.
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, man made
6. Store all small items, chemicals, and
explosions, and on some occasions,
breakable objects separately in
landslides.
secured cabinets or shelves.
 7. Practice the earthquake plan in your causes marked instability in the cold air
community, workplace, or workplace. from aloft.
8. If you live near a dam, learn about
flood-zone information in your area Hydrometeorological hazard - is a
and have an evacuation plan ready. process or phenomenon of atmospheric,
hydrological or oceanographic nature that
During and after an earthquake may cause loss of life, injury or other health
1. Stay calm and duck under a sturdy impacts, property damage, loss of
table. livelihoods and services, social and
2. If you are inside a building , do not economic disruption, or environmental
use the elevator. Take the stairs damage.
instead. Intertropical Convergence Zone - The
3. If you are outside, stay in the open area that encircles earth near the equator
place. where trade winds meet.
4. If you are in a vehicle, ask the driver Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical,
to stop the vehicle as quickly as and Astronomical Services
safely as possible. Administration - The government agency
5. If you are near the shore, drop, that provides information on meteorological,
cover, and hold until the shaking astronomical and climatological activities in
stops. the Philippines territory.
6. Stay away from the steep slopes for PAGASA - It coordinates with concerned
potential landslides agencies and institutions regarding
significant atmospheric activities including
Managing Volcanic Eruptions typhoons, droughts, floods, and other
1. Take note of surroundings weather related events.
2. Gather all members of household
3. Put together an emergency supply Tropical cyclone - is a localized, very
kit intense low pressure wind system, forming
4. Put important things on containers over tropical oceans and with winds of
etc. preventing ash fall. hurricane force.
5. Follow instructions of local Tropical cyclone - also known as typhoons
authorities. for those occurring in the Northeast Pacific,
are storm systems characterized by rapidly
TROPICAL CYCLONES spiraling storms, low pressure center, and
Tropical hurricanes and typhoons are intensely strong winds.
cyclonic storms that originate in the tropics. Tropical depression - cyclones develop
These disturbances originate over water in into this when they have increased strength
or near the polar regions of the doldrum of wind.
belt. The warm, moist air of the trade blows
toward these belts and on reaching them is Some of the hazards associated with the
forced to rise. The most probable push for typhoons are:
the vigorous convective action in starting 1. Strong winds -The strength of
these rotary storms results from lofty, cold winds can destroy lightweight
air meeting the warm, moist , rising air. This structures and uproot plants and
 trees. Super typhoons can even 4. Cut dead or rotting trees and trim
wipe out an entire community, tree branches that could otherwise
leaving families homeless. fall off from the force of winds and
2. Heavy rainfall leading to flooding - cause injury or damage.
some typhoons are associated with 5. Reinforce supports or foundations in
continuous and heavy rains. your house to withstand strong
winds or water.
This can lead to more problems such as: 6. Transfer valuables and other
● disruptions of commercial and furniture to higher ground especially
industrial operations, leading to loss if your place is flood - prone.
of income; 7. Secure objects found outside that
● displacement of affected families; could be blown away or cause
● damaged properties resulting from damage to properties or bring harm
corrosion and water intrusion; and to people.
● health diseases including 8. Unplug any electronic equipment.
leptospirosis and pathological
diseases caused by waterborne During
agents. 1. Stay indoors. Do not go to isolated
or open areas.
Yellow warning - rainfall advisory is issued 2. Stay updated with PAGASA's official
when the rain continues for one hour. announcements by listening to the
Flooding may be possible in low lying areas. news.
Communities are advised to monitor the 3. If the electricity is out, use battery
weather conditions. operated radios.
Orange warning - rainfall advisory is raised 4. Stay away from corded devices such
when there is a heavy rainfall in more than as telephones, air conditioners,
one hour. Flooding is a definite threat. computers, and lighting fixtures.
Communities are advised to be alert for Power surges from lightning can
possible evacuation. Red warning - rainfall cause serious damage.
advisory is raised when the observed heavy 5. Do not go near windows, doors, and
rainfall has continued for more than three porches.
hours. The downpours have reached an
alarming level. There is a need for TORNADOES
evacuation in low lying areas. Tornado - is a rapidly swirling condensation
funnel whose narrow end comes in contact
Before with the ground. Usually, the violent air
1. Check your emergency kit. column carries debris and other objects that
2. Make plans for evacuation to higher it can pick up from the ground.
or safer ground especially if you live Tornado - a mobile, destructive vortex of
in coastal areas. violently rotating winds having the
3. Participate in clean up activities to appearance of a funnel shaped cloud and
clear pathways or rain waters to advancing beneath a large storm system.
avoid flooding.
Hazards
 1. Strong whirling winds - As the high winds, waves and surges or tsunamis
winds move toward the center created by submarine earthquakes and
(Centripetal force), the impact landslides.
breaks objects along its path. Slow onset hazards - develop
Depending on strength, the whirling incrementally over longer time periods and
wind can also pick up objects as examples include erosion and gradual
heavy as vehicles. From midair inundation.
going down, these objects can
smash other objects or hit people as Coastal Erosion - The sea water through
they fall to the ground. wave actions, tidal currents, strong winds,
2. Flying debris and dust - Fragments or a combination of all of these loosens the
of destroyed objects are hurled soil on the shore, which eventually destroys
away, and soil particles scatter the integrity of land.
around the area, potentially hitting or Submersion - As global atmospheric
slamming onto a structure or person. temperatures rise, oceans and seas
3. Fire - Tornadoes can destroy power become warm and expand, rising global
lines and cause fire. At night, sparks temperatures also speed the melting of
seen from a tornado site can mean glaciers and ice caps. These changes
snapping power lines that have been cause sea level to rise and seawater to
damaged by the passing tornado. extend to the land.
Storm surges - may occur in coastal areas
Tornado watch - weather conditions could when typhoons make landfall. The strong
lead to the formation of severe storms and winds of the cyclone push the waters toward
tornadoes. Be prepared. the shore, sometimes generating huge
Tornado warning - a tornado has been waves capable of destroying sea walls and
spotted or indicated by weather radar, structures facing the sea.
meaning a tornado is occurring or expected Salt water intrusion - is the movement of
soon. minerals and salts from coastal seas to
Tornado emergency - an exceedingly rare fresh water aquifers.
situation with a severe threat to human life
and catastrophic damage due to a LIFE SCI
confirmed violent tornado.
Carbon - all of life is built around this
element.
COASTAL PROCESSES
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
Coastal areas - are transition places
nucleic acids - four categories of organic
between land and seas. These areas are
compounds.
considered low lying.
Enzymes - are biological catalysts, allowing
Coastal hazards - are physical phenomena
biochemical reactions to proceed at the rate
that expose a coastal area to risk of
necessary to maintain life.
property damage, loss of life and
Evolution - the process by which the genes
environmental degradation.
of populations of species change genetically
Rapid onset hazards - last over periods of
over time.
minutes to several days and examples
Paleontologists - are scientists who
include major cyclones accompanied by
collect, identify, and study pieces of
evidence about earlier life forms, and try to 7. Levels of organization (tissues >
determine how these have evolved into the organs > organ system > organism)
organisms of today. Cell - the basic unit of life, where the
Fossil - a remnant or trace of plant, animal, hierarchy of biological organization starts.
or another organism that may have been Biosphere - is the highest level in the
replaced by rock material or left imprinted hierarchy. It supports all ecosystems
on a sedimentary rock deposited in a river including all terrestrial (e.g: forest desert,
or on the ocean floor. grassland) and aquatic ecosystems (e.g:
Stromatolites - are layers of sheetlike river, lake, marine, estuarine) that harbor
sedimentary rocks that were created by organisms and the physical components of
layers upon layers of cyanobacteria, single the environment where they live.
celled photosynthetic microbes. Ecosystems - consist of various groups of
Bacteria - are considered to be the first life organisms and the physical components of
form that existed on Earth over two billion the environment with which they interact.
years ago. Community - is composed of several
groups of organisms of the same species.
These pieces of evidence have also led Population - comprises a community.
scientists to conclude that the first life-forms Organism - each living thing is known as?
began in deep hot springs located in Organ system - is made up of several
hydrothermal vents, or cracks on Earth’s tissues and other related structures which
surface (ocean floor). perform specific function.
Organ - is made up of a group of similar
Very hot water from the Earth’s interior cells that make up a tissue.
escapes through these cracks, which are Tissue - is made up of a fundamental unit
found in areas where volcanoes are highly of life called a cell.
active. Cell - consists of membrane bound
structures, called organelles, each of which
Scientists maintain that the energy present performs specific functions.
in the environments like this can support Organelle - is held together by chemical
various chemical reactions essential for the bonds called molecules.
evolution of organisms. They have traced Molecules - are further divided into smaller
that the ancestors of the organism came units called atoms.
from aquatic microorganisms that survived Atoms - building blocks of matter.
even on very high temperatures such as Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue,
those in hydrothermal vents. organ, organ system, organism,
population, community, ecosystem,
Characteristics of living things biosphere - levels of biological hierarchy
1. Made of cells Muscle cells - are capable of rapid
2. Living things grow and develop contraction. If they will not function properly,
3. Reproduce movement would not be possible.
4. Contain DNA Nerve cells - Transmit electrochemical
5. Require energy messages. If they do not work properly, a
6. Respond to stimuli person may not be aware of his or her
environment, or may not be able to respond
to changes in his vision, hearing, taste, Robert Hooke - In 1665, with the aid of his
smell, and touch. two invented microscopes, he was able to
Cardiac cells - are primarily involved in the examine a variety of objects including the
contractile function of the heart that enables bark of a cork tree. As he observed this, he
the pumping of blood around the body. noticed tiny, empty compartments like the
Liver - produces proteins that are important structure of a honeycomb. He gave them
in blood clotting. It is also one of the organs the Latin name celulae, meaning "small
that break down old or damaged blood cells. rooms,” thus the biological term "cell"
Liver - plays a central role in all metabolic coined.
processes in the body. Anton Van Leuwenhoek - the scientist who
Fat metabolism - the liver cells break down discovered microorganisms (animalcules)
fats and produce energy. Robert Brown - a botanist reported the
Kidney - functions in filtration, ion presence of sphere like structures inside the
homeostasis, and blood pressure control plant cell and called it a "nucleus".
rely on multiple cell types and anatomical Matthias Schleiden and Theodor
structures. Schwann - recognized the basic similarities
pancreatic acini - are clusters of cells that between plant cells and animal cells. Thus
produce digestive enzymes and secretions in 1839 they proposed the first two
and make up the bulk of the pancreas. principles of cell theory: All organisms are
Endocrine - function of the pancreas helps composed of one or more cells, the cell is
maintain blood glucose levels, and the the basic living unit of organization for all
structures involved are known as the organisms.
pancreatic islets, or the islets of Rudolf Virchow - completed the cell theory
Langerhans. with another principle. All cells arise from
Sperm - passes on the necessary biological pre-existing cells.
information required to produce a new
organism. Cell Theory
Ovum - carries the set of chromosomes 1. All organisms are composed of one
contributed by the female and creates the or more cells.
right environment to enable fertilization by 2. The cell is the basic living unit of
the sperm. organization for all organisms.
Ova - provides nutrients for the growing 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
embryo until it sinks into the uterus and the
placenta takes over. Prokaryotic cells - most of which are
bacteria and blue green algae
Unicellular organisms - consists of one (cyanobacteria), are the simplest cell types.
cell. They have no membrane bound nucleus nor
Multicellular organisms - composed of a do they contain well developed membrane
great number of cells working in concert. bound organelles, such as mitochondria,
Cells - carry out thousands of biochemical chloroplast and golgi apparatus.
reactions each minute and reproduce new Eukaryotic cells - which make up plants,
cells that perpetuate life. animals and fungi and all other life forms
.The cells have a well organized nucleus
and contain numerous distinct organelles, Tissue - A group of similar cells that
within each cell. performs a specific function.

Nucleus - directs activities of the cell and Genetics - is the branch that studies
carries genetic information to generation. heredity and variation.
Mitochondria - generate energy for the cell. Genetics - shows how the characteristics of
The powerhouse of the cell. the parents are transmitted to their offspring
Ribosomes - that manufactures proteins. through the reproductive process.
Golgi apparatus - modifies, packages, and genetic variation - the reason for the
distributes proteins. natural diversity between and across
Lysosomes - store enzymes for digesting species.
food. DNA - The biological or genetic information
Plasma membrane - surrounds the cell; and characteristics of an organism
selectively permits materials to pass in out contained in the genes.
of the cell. Gene - contains the biological information of
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - that individuals and can passed on by parents to
manufactures lipids used for making their offspring during reproduction.
membranes and storing energy. Bacteria, archaea, eukarya - 3 categories
Chloroplast - found in the plant cell, called domain
captures energy from sunlight and a single Bacteria - are the most diverse, ubiquitous,
filled vacuole that stores compounds and and widespread prokaryotes.
helps in plant growth. Archaea - prokaryotes that live only in
Cell wall - surrounds the plant cell, protects extreme environments, such as salty lakes
and maintains its shape. and boiling hot springs.
Eukarya - includes the multicellular plants,
KEY WORDS fungi ,and animals, and the single-celled
Cell - The basic unit of life protists.
Cell membrane - Outer covering of a cell Charles Darwin - published the book on the
that controls the passage of substances into origin of Species by means of natural
and out of the cell. selection in 1859.
Cell wall - Rigid structure that surrounds Natural selection - feasible mechanism for
the cell membrane of plant cells. evolution proposed by Charles Darwin.
Chloroplasts - contain a green pigment
called chlorophyll that is critical in carrying Darwin also inferred the following:
out photosynthesis. ● Individuals with traits suited to the
Eukaryotic cell - Cells that have a nucleus environment are more likely to
Mitochondria - organelles that supply the survive than less suited individuals.
cell with energy. ● Survival for existence depends on
Nucleus - Part of a cell that controls most of the hereditary constitution of
the activities of the cell. survivors, and that this part of the
Organ - A group of similar tissues that process of natural selection.
performs a specialized function. ● The process of natural selection
Prokaryotic cell - Cells that lack a nucleus. from one generation to another will
lead to a continuing gradual change
 which may result in evolutionary The diversity and abundance of these
adaptations or production of new domains are controlled by resources(food
species. and conditions) of their habitat
(temperature, pH, and oxygen). The habitat
Cells are composed of chemical of each organism differs based on its
substances. The biochemical composition of characteristics. Some habitats may be
organisms is essential in interacting with harmful to one organism but beneficial to
other organisms and their environment. another organism. The physical and
The chemical properties of organic(carbon chemical components of the environment
containing) molecules provide energy to combine to make the environment suitable
drive cellular processes and serve as a to the survival of different types of
building block for the synthesis of larger organisms.
molecules.
Theory of Evolution
All organisms are made up of elements or a ● Charles Darwin was a British
combination of elements called compounds. naturalist who proposed the theory
organisms are made up of matter that of biological evolution by natural
occupies space and has mass(weight). selection.
About 25 elements are essential to ● Darwin defined evolution as
organisms. Four of these elements make "descent with modification," the idea
up about 96% of the weight of most that species change over time, give
organisms. These elements are Carbon, rise to new species, and share a
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. common ancestor.
● The mechanism that Darwin
The biochemical composition of an proposed for evolution is natural
organism is important in its ability to adapt selection. Because resources are
to its environment. For example life first limited in nature, organisms with
evolved in water, and all organisms require heritable traits that favor survival and
water. When water is removed from the reproduction will tend to leave more
body, it will be hard for an organism to offspring than their peers, causing
survive. Further, Majority of chemical the traits to increase in frequency
reactions in an organism happen in the cells over generations.
that are made of almost 95% water. ● Natural selection causes populations
to become adapted, or increasingly
Domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya well-suited, to their environments
need to produce (genetics), adapt over time. Natural selection depends
(evolution), and metabolize on the environment and requires
(biochemistry). All organisms need to existing heritable variation in a
reproduce to preserve their future group.
generations. These younger generations
should possess the needed biochemical Darwin's concept of natural selection was
components that will help them adapt to based on several key observations:
their environment. ● Traits are often heritable. In living
organisms, many characteristics are
 inherited, or passed from parent to
offspring. (Darwin knew this was the Multiple types of evidence support the
case, even though he did not know theory of evolution:
that traits were inherited by genes.) ● Homologous structures provide
● More offspring are produced than evidence for common ancestry,
can survive. Organisms are while analogous structures show
capable of producing more offspring that similar selective pressures can
than their environments can support. produce similar adaptations
Thus, there is competition for limited (beneficial features).
resources in each generation. ● Similarities and differences among
biological molecules (e.g., in the
● Offspring vary in their heritable DNA sequence of genes) can be
traits. The offspring in any used to determine species'
generation will be slightly different relatedness.
from one another in their traits (color, ● Biogeographical patterns provide
size, shape, etc.), and many of these clues about how species are related
features will be heritable. to each other.
● The fossil record, though
Based on these simple observations, incomplete, provides information
Darwin concluded the following: about what species existed at
● In a population, some individuals will particular times of Earth’s history.
have inherited traits that help them ● Some populations, like those of
survive and reproduce (given the microbes and some insects, evolve
conditions of the environment, such over relatively short time periods and
as the predators and food sources can be observed directly.
present). The individuals with the
helpful traits will leave more Carolus Linnaeus - a Swedish scientist who
offspring in the next generation than formalized binomial nomenclature, the
their peers, since the traits make modern system of naming organisms. He is
them more effective at surviving and known as the "father of modern taxonomy"
reproducing.
● Because the helpful traits are
heritable, and because organisms
with these traits leave more
offspring, the traits will tend to
become more common (present in a
larger fraction of the population) in
the next generation.
● Over generations, the population will
become adapted to its environment
(as individuals with traits helpful in
that environment have consistently
greater reproductive success than
their peers).
REVIEW 10. Scientists who collect, identify, and
1. If a boat is sinking because of a study pieces of evidence about
hole, what you did to remove the earlier life forms and try to determine
water inside is an act of? how these have evolved into
- ADAPTATION organisms of today.
2. Areas that are at risk to earthquakes - PALEONTOLOGIST
may also experience other hazards 11. The scientist who discovered
associated with earthquakes. Which microorganisms (animalcules)
one is not included? - ANTON VAN
- LAHARS LEEUWENHEOK
3. It is a process or phenomenon of 12. Cell wall of fungi is made of?
atmospheric, hydrological, or - CHITIN
oceanographic nature that may 13. Cell wall of bacteria is made of?
cause loss of life, injury, or other - PEPTIDOGLYCAN
health impacts. 14. Chemical reaction that takes place in
- HYDROMETEOROLOGICA the chloroplast.
L HAZARD - PHOTOSYNTHESIS
4. Development refers to? 15. Chemical form of energy.
- AN ORGANISM’S CHANGE - ATP
THROUGH A LIFE 16. Movement away from stimuli.
CYCLE/THROUGHOUT ITS - NEGATIVE RESPONSE
LIFE 17. The area that encircles earth near
5. Some organisms capture energy equator where trade winds meet is
from the sun and convert it into known as the?
chemical energy in food; others use - INTERTROPICAL
chemical energy from molecules CONVERGENCE ZONE
they take in. 18. Cells that have nucleus and
- NUTRITION membrane bound organelles.
6. These are single-celled organisms - EUKARYOTIC CELLS
that lack organelles surrounded by a
membrane and do not have a
nucleus.
- PROKARYOTES
7. A type of tissue that sends and
receives information about stimuli.
NERVOUS
8. These are collections of tissues
grouped together based on a
common function.
- ORGAN
9. These organisms could live in
extreme environments.
- ARCHAEA