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    Asynchronous Data Transfer: Synchronous and Asynchronous Operations

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    Akshat Keshari
    The document discusses asynchronous data transfer methods. It describes two main methods: 1) Strobe pulse, which uses a single control line to time each transfer initiated by either the source or destination unit. 2) Handshaking, which uses two control signals - one to indicate data is ready and another to acknowledge receipt. Handshaking provides flexibility and reliability by requiring participation from both units. The document also discusses asynchronous serial transfer which uses start, data, and stop bits to encode each character and allows detection by the receiver. It describes the Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) chip, which implements asynchronous serial communication using transmitter and receiver registers, control registers, and status registers.

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    Asynchronous Data Transfer: Synchronous and Asynchronous Operations

    Uploaded by

    Akshat Keshari
    52 views9 pages
    The document discusses asynchronous data transfer methods. It describes two main methods: 1) Strobe pulse, which uses a single control line to time each transfer initiated by either the source or destination unit. 2) Handshaking, which uses two control signals - one to indicate data is ready and another to acknowledge receipt. Handshaking provides flexibility and reliability by requiring participation from both units. The document also discusses asynchronous serial transfer which uses start, data, and stop bits to encode each character and allows detection by the receiver. It describes the Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) chip, which implements asynchronous serial communication using transmitter and receiver registers, control registers, and status registers.

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    The document discusses asynchronous data transfer methods. It describes two main methods: 1) Strobe pulse, which uses a single control line to time each transfer initiated by either the source or destination unit. 2) Handshaking, which uses two control signals - one to indicate data is ready and another to acknowledge receipt. Handshaking provides flexibility and reliability by requiring participation from both units. The document also discusses asynchronous serial transfer which uses start, data, and stop bits to encode each character and allows detection by the receiver. It describes the Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) chip, which implements asynchronous serial communication using transmitter and receiver registers, control registers, and status registers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    52 views9 pages

    Asynchronous Data Transfer: Synchronous and Asynchronous Operations

    Uploaded by

    Akshat Keshari
    The document discusses asynchronous data transfer methods. It describes two main methods: 1) Strobe pulse, which uses a single control line to time each transfer initiated by either the source or destination unit. 2) Handshaking, which uses two control signals - one to indicate data is ready and another to acknowledge receipt. Handshaking provides flexibility and reliability by requiring participation from both units. The document also discusses asynchronous serial transfer which uses start, data, and stop bits to encode each character and allows detection by the receiver. It describes the Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) chip, which implements asynchronous serial communication using transmitter and receiver registers, control registers, and status registers.

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    Input/Output Organization 1

    Lecture 35
    Asynchronous Data Transfer
    Synchronous and Asynchronous Operations
    Synchronous - All devices derive the timing information from common clock line
    Asynchronous - No common clock

    Asynchronous Data Transfer


    Asynchronous data transfer between two independent units requires that
    control signals be transmitted between the communicating units to
    indicate the time at which data is being transmitted
    Two Asynchronous Data Transfer Methods
    Strobe pulse
    - A strobe pulse is supplied by one unit to indicate the other unit when the
    transfer has to occur

    Handshaking
    - A control signal is accompanied with each data being transmitted to
    indicate the presence of data
    - The receiving unit responds with another control signal to acknowledge
    receipt of the data
    Input/Output Organization 2
    Lecture 35
    Strobe Control
    * Employs a single control line to time each transfer
    * The strobe may be activated by either the source or the destination
    unit

    Source-Initiated Strobe Destination-Initiated Strobe


    for Data Transfer for Data Transfer

    Block Diagram Block Diagram


    Data bus Data bus
    Source Destination Source Destination
    unit Strobe unit unit Strobe unit

    Timing Diagram
    Valid data Valid data
    Data Data

    Strobe Strobe
    Which of the following methods of data transfer belongs to
    Asynchronous data transfer?

    a) Strobe pulse
    b) Handshaking
    c) Both a and b
    d) None of the above
    Input/Output Organization 4
    Lecture 35
    Handshaking

    Strobe Methods

    Source-Initiated

    The source unit that initiates the transfer has no way of


    knowing whether the destination unit has actually received data

    Destination-Initiated

    The destination unit that initiates the transfer no way of


    knowing whether the source has actually placed the data on the bus

    To solve this problem, the HANDSHAKE method


    introduces a second control signal to provide a Reply to
    the unit that initiates the transfer
    Input/Output Organization 5
    Lecture 35
    Source Initiated Transfer using
    Block Diagram
    Handshaking
    Source Data valid Destination
    unit Data accepted unit

    Valid data
    Timing Diagram Data bus

    Data valid

    Data accepted

    Sequence of Events Source unit Destination unit


    Place data on bus.
    Enable data valid.
    Accept data from bus.
    Enable data accepted
    Disable data valid.
    Invalidate data on bus.
    Disable data accepted.
    Ready to accept data
    (initial state).
    * Allows arbitrary delays from one state to the next
    * Permits each unit to respond at its own data transfer rate
    * The rate of transfer is determined by the slower unit
    Input/Output Organization 6
    Destination Initiated Transfer using
    Lecture 35

    Handshaking
    Block Diagram Source Data valid Destination
    unit Ready for data unit

    Ready for data

    Data valid

    Valid data
    Data bus

    Sequence of Events
    Source unit Destination unit
    Ready to accept data.
    Place data on bus. Enable ready for data.
    Enable data valid.

    Accept data from bus.


    Disable data valid. Disable ready for data.
    Invalidate data on bus
    (initial state).

    * Handshaking provides a high degree of flexibility and reliability because the successful
    completion of a data transfer relies on active participation by both units
    * If one unit is faulty, data transfer will not be completed -> Can be detected by means of a timeout
    mechanism
    Strobe pulse based data transfer method includes Acknowledgement. Is this
    statement true or false?

    TRUE
    FALSE
    Input/Output Organization 8
    Lecture 35
    Asynchronous Serial Transfer
    Four Different Types of Transfer Asynchronous serial transfer
    Synchronous serial transfer
    Asynchronous parallel transfer
    Synchronous parallel transfer
    Asynchronous Serial Transfer
    - Employs special bits which are inserted at both ends of the character code
    - Each character consists of three parts; Start bit; Data bits; Stop bits.

    1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
    Start Character bits Stop
    bits

    A character can be detected by the receiver from the knowledge of 4 rules;

    - When data are not being sent, the line is kept in the 1-state (idle state)
    - The initiation of a character transmission is detected by a Start Bit , which is always a 0
    - The character bits always follow the Start Bit
    - After the last character , a Stop Bit is detected when the line returns to the 1-state for at
    least 1 bit time

    The receiver knows in advance the transfer rate of the bits and the number of
    information bits to expect
    Input/Output Organization 9
    Lecture 36
    Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
    A typical asynchronous communication interface available as an IC
    Transmit
    Bidirectional Transmitter Shift data
    data bus Bus register register
    buffers

    Control Transmitter Transmitter


    clock
    register control

    Internal Bus
    and clock
    Chip select CS
    Status Receiver Receiver CS RS Oper. Register selected
    RS Timing clock
    register control 0 x x None
    I/O read and and clock 1 0 WR Transmitter register
    RD Control 1 1 WR Control register
    I/O write Receive 1 0 RD Receiver register
    WR Receiver Shift data
    1 1 RD Status register
    register register

    Transmitter Register
    - Accepts a data byte(from CPU) through the data bus
    - Transferred to a shift register for serial transmission
    Receiver
    - Receives serial information into another shift register
    - Complete data byte is sent to the receiver register
    Status Register Bits
    - Used for I/O flags and for recording errors
    Control Register Bits
    - Define baud rate, no. of bits in each character, whether to generate and check parity, and
    no. of stop bits

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