INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Total No. of questions in Indefinite Integration are-

In Chapter Examples..................................................... 53

Solved Example............................................................ 50

Total No. of questions...............................................103

1. INTEGRATION OF A FUNCTION i. z0. dx = c

Integration is a reverse process of differentiation.

The integral or primitive of a function f(x) with
ii. z1.dx = x + c

respect to x is that function  (x) whose derivative

with respect to x is the given function f(x). It is
iii. zk.dx = kx + c (k  R)

expressed symbolically as - iv. zxn dx =

xn1
+ c (n  –1)

z f ( x) dx   ( x)
n1

Thus v. z 1
x
dx = loge x + c

z
f ( x) dx   ( x) 
d
dx
[ ( x) ]  f ( x)
vi. zex dx = ex + c

The process of finding the integral of a function

is called Integration and the given function is
vii. zax dx =
ax
loge a
+ c = ax loga e + c

called Integrand. Now, it is obvious that the

operation of integration is inverse operation of
viii. zsin x dx = – cos x + c
differentiation. Hence integral of a function is
also named as anti-derivative of that function.
ix. zcos x dx = sin x + c

Further we observe that- x. ztan x dx = log sec x + c = – log cos x + c

d 2
(x )  2x
U
|| xi. zcot x dx = log sin x + c
dx
d 2
( x  2)  2x 
|V  2xdx  x 2  constant z
xii. sec x dx = log(secx + tanx) + c
dx
d 2
|| = – log (sec x –tan x) + c
( x  k )  2x |W F
G xI
dx = log tan H4  2 JK+ c
So we always add a constant to the integral of
function, which is called the constant of
xiii. zcosec x dx = – log (cosec x + cot x) + c

Integration. It is generally denoted by c. Due to F

GxI
presence of this constant such an integral is = log (cosec x – cot x) + c = log tan H2 JK+ c
called an Indefinite integral.
xiv. zsec x tan x dx = sec x + c
2. BASIC THEOREMS ON INTEGRATION
xv. zcosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + c
If f(x), g(x) are two functions of a variable x and
k is a constant, then- xvi. zsec2 x dx = tan x + c

(i) z z
k f(x) dx = k f(x) dx. z
xvii. cosec2 x dx = – cot x + c

(ii) z
[f(x)  g(x)] dx = z z
f(x)dx ± g(x) dx z
xviii. sinh x dx = cosh x + c

z
(iii) d/dx ( f(x) dx) = f(x) xix. zcosh x dx = sinh x + c

(iv) zFG
d
H
dx
IJ
f ( x) dx = f(x)
K xx. zsech2 x dx = tanh x + c

xxi. zcosech2 x dx = – coth x + c

3. STANDARD INTEGRALS

The following integrals are directly obtained from

z
xxii. sech x tanh x dx = – sech x + c

the derivatives of standard functions. z

xxiii. cosech x coth x = – cosech x + c
 F xI R Fb IU+ c
xxiv. z 2
x + a
1
2 dx =
1
a
an–1
tan G
Ha JK+ c =
e ax
2
a b 2 sin S
bx  tan GJV
T
1
Ha KW
xxv. z
1
x a2 dx = 2
1
2a
log G
Fx  a IJ+ c
Hx  a K xxxv. z eax cos bx dx

e ax
xxvi. z
1 1 Fa  xIJ + c
log G
=
a 2  b2
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
2
a x
dx =
2 2
a Ha  xK
e ax R
S bU
V+ c
z 1 F
GxI = cos
T
1
bx  tan
aW
Ha JK+ c
2 2
xxvii. dx = sin–1 a b
a2  x 2
Examples
Integration of Function
F
GxI based on
= – cos–1 Ha JK+ c
FxI
Ex.1 Evaluate : z x –55 dx

xxviii. z 2
x a
1
2
dx = sinh–1 G
Ha JK+ c Sol. z x–55 dx
x54
= + c Ans.
= log (x + x 2  a2 ) + c 54
2

z FxI ex  1j
2

xxix.
x2  a 2
1
dx = cosh–1 G
Ha JK+ c Ex.2 Evaluate :
z x
dx

= log (x + x 2  a2 ) + c
Sol. z x4  2 x2  1
x
dx

xxx.
z a2  x2 dx
=zFG
H x 3  2x 
1
x
dx
IJ
K
x4
x a x 2 = + x2 + log x + c Ans.
= –1 4
2 a  x + 2 . sin
2 2
a
+ c

Evaluate : z
F 1 I
2

xxxi. z 2
x  a dx 2 Ex.3 G
H x JKdx
x

Here I = z
F
G 1 I
=
x
x a +
2 2
a2
. sinh–1
x
+ c
Sol. Hx  x  2JKdx
2 2 a
x2
= + log x – 2x + c Ans.
xxxii. z x2  a 2 dx
2

x a2 x
Ex.4 Evaluate : z tan2 x. dx
=
2
2
x a 2 –
2
. cosh–1 + c
a Sol. Here I = z (sec2 x – 1) dx

xxxiii. zx x a
1
2 2 dx =
1
a
sec–1
x
a
+ c
z
= sec2 x dx –
= tan x – x + c
z dx
Ans.

xxxiv. z eax sin bx dx Ex.5 Evaluate z cos2 x/2 dx

=
e ax
a 2  b2
(a sin bx – b cos bx) + c Sol. Here I = zb 1  cos x
2
gdx
 =
1
z
dx +
1
cos x dx z Ex.11 Evaluate : z x2  9 dx

=
2
1
2

(x + sin x) + c Ans.
Sol. I = z x2  9 dx
2 F
GxI
H3 JK+ c
x 9
Ex.6 Evaluate : z e log x dx
6
=
2 x2  9 + 2 sinh
–1 Ans.

Sol. Let I = z 6
e log x dx
Ex.12 Evaluate : z e3x. cos 4x dx
I = z x dx
6

Sol. Here I = z e3x . cos 4x dx

x7 e3 x
= + c Ans. = cos (4x – tan–1 4/3) + c Ans.
7 5
Ex.7 Evaluate : ze sec 2 x .cos ec 2 x dx j Ex.13 Evaluate : z sin–1 (cos x) dx

Sol. Here I = z sin 2 x  cos 2 x

2
cos x sin x 2 dx Sol. z
Here I = sin–1 (cos x) dx

F I
= zFG 1 1 I
Hcos x sin xJKdx
 2 2
= z sin–1 sin G
H2  xJKdx
= z sec 2 x dx 
= tan x – cot x + c
z cos ec 2 x dx
Ans.
= zFG
H

2
x
IJ dx
K
F
G I 2

Ex.8 Evaluate : za x . e x dx = H2  xJK + c Ans.

Sol. I = z a x . e x dx
2

z x
= (ae) dx
4. METHODS OF INTEGRATION

When integration can not be reduced into some

=
baegx

+ c
standard form then integration is performed using
log (ae) following methods-
(i) Integration by substitutions
axex
= c Ans. (ii) Integration by parts
log a  1
(iii) Integration of rational functions
Ex.9 z
Evaluate : sin 2x. cos x dx (iv) Integration of irrational functions

Sol. Let I = z sin 2x. cos x dx

(v) Integration of trigonometric functions
4.1 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION:
=
1
2 z (sin 3x + sin x) dx Generally we apply this method in the following
two cases.
L
1 cos 3 x  cos x
M O
P
(i) When Integrand is a function of function-
= –
2 N3
+ c
Q Ans.
i.e.  f [  (x)]  ' (x) dx

Ex.10 Evaluate z 2
dx
4 x  4x  2
Here we put  (x) = t so that  '(x) dx = dt
and in that case the integrand is reduced
Sol. Let I = z dx
4 x2  4 x  2 
to f(t) dt.

= zb 1
2x  1  1 g
2 dx
Note:
In this method the integrand is broken into two
factors so that one factor can be expressed in
1 terms of the function whose differential coefficient
= tan–1 (2x + 1) + c Ans.
2 is the second factor.
Ex.14 Evaluate : z x 1  x2 dx
Ex.18 Evaluate : z tan 1 x
1  x2
dx.
Sol. Let 1 + x2 = t
then 2x dx = dt Sol. Let tan–1 x = t then
or x dx = 1/2 dt. 1
dx = dt
1 1  x2
  x 1  x2 dx =  2 t dt

=
t 3/ 2
c =
1
(1 + x2)3/2 + c Ans.
 I = z
t dt =
t2
2
+ c
3 3
1
= (tan–1 x)2 + c Ans.
3 2
Ex.15 Evaluate :  x 2 e x dx.
Sol. Let
2
x3
= t then
3x dx = dt
Ex.19 Evaluate : ztan x.sec2 x dx.

Sol. Let tan x = t

1 1 t sec2 x. dx = dt
 I = e t dt = e + c

1 x
3
3
3
 I = z
tan x . sec2 x dx = z t.dt
= e + c Ans.
3 t2 tan 2 x
= + c = + c Ans.
2 2

Ex.16 Evaluate : x tan x2 sec x 2 dx.
Sol. Let x2
= t (iii) Integral of a function of the form f (ax+b).
2x dx = dt  x dx = 1/2 dt Here we put ax + b = t and convert it

1 into standard integral. Obviously if


 I =
2
tan t sec t dt
z f(x) dx =  (x), then

=
1
2
sec t + c =
1
2
sec x2 + c .Ans. z f(ax + b) dx =
1
a
 (ax + b)

(ii) When integrand is the product of two

factors such that one is the derivative of
Ex.20 Evaluate : z 1
3  2x
dx

the other i.e. I = z f'(x) f(x) dx. Sol. Here I = z 1

3  2x
dx
In this case we put f(x) = t and convert it 1
into a standard integral. = – log (3 – 2x) + c Ans.
2

Ex.17 Evaluate : z log x

x
dx.
Ex.21 Evaluate : zcos 3x cos 5x dx

Sol. Let log x = t Sol. I = z

cos 3x cos 5x.dx


1
x
dx = dt =
1
2 z(cos 8x + cos 2x) dx.

L
1 1 sin 8 x  1 sin 2x
M O
P
 I = t.dt =z 1 2
2
t + c
=
2 8 N 2
+ c

(iv) Standard form of Integrals:

Ans.
Q
=
1
2
(log x)2 + c Ans. (a) z
f '( x)
f ( x)
dx = log [f(x)] + c
 (v) Integral of the form
z
n1
f ( x)
(b) [f(x)]n f'(x) dx = + c

(provided n  – 1)
n 1
z dx
a sin x  b cos x
putting a = r cos  and b = r sin  . we get
(c) z f '( x)
f ( x)
dx = 2 f ( x) + c
I = z dx
=
1
z
cosec (x +  ) dx.
z
Ex.22 Evaluate : tan3 x. sec2 x dx
=
1
r sin ( x  )

log tan (x/2 +  /2) + c

r

Sol. Let tan x = t r

sec2 x dx = dt 1
log tan (x/2 + 1/2 tan–1 b/a) + c
z
 tan3 x. sec2 x dx = z t 3 dt
=
a2  b 2

=
t4
4
+ c
Ex.26 Evaluate : z 1
sin x  cos x
dx

Sol. Here a = 1 & b = 1

tan 4 x
=
4
+ c

sec 2 x
Ans.
So z 1
sin x  cos x
dx

Ex.23 Evaluate : z tan x

dx.
=
1
1 1
F
G
log tan
x 1 I
H2  2 tan 1JK+ c
1

Sol. Let t = tan x

dt = sec2 x dx
1 Fx   IJ+ c Ans.
log tan G
=
2 H2 8 K
 I = z dt
t
= 2 t1/2 + c
Ex.27 Evaluate : z 1
dx
= 2 tan x  c Ans. 3 sin x  cos x
Sol. By putting a = 3 & b = 1
3

zea  b tan xj z
1
1
Ex.24 Evaluate dx. dx
1 x 2 3 sin x  cos x
Sol. Let a + b tan–1 x = t 1 x 1 F
1 1
G IJ
log tan 2  2 tan
F 1 I
=
1 3 H 3
+ c
K
 b G
H1  x JKdx = dt
2 Fx I
=
1
log tan G
H2  12 JK+ c. Ans.
F
G 1 I 2
H1  x JKdx = b
dt
or 2
(vi) Standard Substitutions : Following standard
3

ze j z substitutions will be useful-

1
a  b tan x 1
 dx = t3 dt Integrand form Substitution
1 x 2 b
1 t4 (i) a 2  x 2 or x = a sin  or
= + c
b 4 1
1 x = a cos 
 (a + b tan–1 x)4 + c Ans. a  x2
2
4b
(ii) x2  a2 or x = a tan  or

Ex.25 Evaluate
x
z e e
ex  ex
–x
x x
dx. 1
x  a2
2 x = a cot  or x = a sinh 
Sol. Let e + e = t
(ex – e–x).dx = dt (iii) x2  a2 or x = a sec  or

 I = z
dt
t
= log t + c 1
x = a cosec orx = a cosh 
= log (e + e–x) + c
x Ans. x  a2
2
 dx
(iv)
x
ax
or
ax
x
x = a tan2  Ex.29 Evaluate : zb x a x g
Sol. Let x = a sin2  then
1
or b gor
x ax
b g
x a x
dx = 2a sin  cos  d 

(v)
x
ax
or
ax  I= z 2a sin . cos 
a sin 2 . a cos 2 
d
x

or b g
x ax x = a sin2  = 2 z d = 2 + c

or
1
x(a  x)
= 2 sin–1 ex / a j + c Ans.

x 4.2 INTEGRATION BY PARTS :

(vi) or x = a sec2 
xa
4.2.1 If u and v are two functions of x, then

ezv dxj – zFdu I

xa
z Hdx JK. ezv dxjdx.
or
x (u.v) dx = u G
b gor
x xa
i.e. Integral of the product of two functions =
1 first function × integral of second function –
x( x  a) z[(derivative of first) × ( Integral of second)]

ax Note :
(vii) or x = a cos 2
ax (i) From the first letter of the words inverse
ax circular, logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric,
Exponential functions, we get a word ILATE.
ax
Therefore first arrange the functions in the
x order according to letters of this word and
(viii) or x =  cos2  +  sin2  then integrate by parts.
x
(ii) For the integration of Logarithmic or Inverse
bx  gb  xg trigonometric functions alone, take unity (1)
as the second function.
b  g 4.2.2 If the integral is of the form

Ex.28 Evaluate : z1  sin x

dx.
z ex [f(x) + f'(x)] dx, then by breaking this
integral into two integrals, integrate one
1  sin x
integral by parts and keep other integral
Sol. I= z 1  sin x
dx. as it is, By doing so, we get-

L
1  sin x

b g b gO 2 zex [f(x) + f'(x)]dx = ex f(x) + c

= zM
M cos x / 2  sin x / 2
N b g b gP
P
Q
cos x / 2  sin x / 2
dx
z
Ex.30 Evaluate : x sin x dx.

z FG I Sol. Here integrating by parts by taking x as the

 x
= H JK
tan2 
4 2
dx first function and sin x as the second function.
I = z x. sin x dx.
= z FGH JK
[sec2
I  x

4 2
–1 ] dx = x (–cos x) – z 1. (–cos x) dx.

= 2 tan
F
G xI
H4  2 JK– x + c Ans.
= – x cos x + zcos x. dx
= – x cos x + sin x + c Ans.
Sol.
z
Ex.31 Evaluate : x2 ex dx.
Here integrating by parts by taking x 2 as the
4.3 Integration of Rational functions :
4.3.1 When denominator can be factorized
first function and ex as the second function (using partial fraction) :

I = z x2 ex dx Let the integrand is of the form

f ( x)
g ( x)
, where both
= x 2 ex – z2x.ex dx f(x) and g(x) are polynomials. If degree of f(x) is

= x2 ex – 2 [x.ex – 1.ex dx]z

(taking x as first function)
greater than degree of g(x) then first divide f(x) by
g(x) till the degree of the remainder becomes
less than the degree of g(x). Let Q(x) is the
= x2 ex – 2xex + 2ex + c Ans. quotient and R(x) , the remainder then

Sol.
z
Ex.32 Evaluate : tan–1 x dx.
Integrating it by parts by taking tan–1 x as
f ( x)
g ( x)
= Q(x) +
R ( x)
g ( x)
the first function and 1 as the second Now in R(x)/g(x), factorize g(x) and then write
function, we get partial fractions in the following manner-
I = z tan–1 x. 1 dx (i) For every non repeated linear factor in the
denominator, write
= tan–1 x. x – z 1
1  x2
. x dx
1 A B
= x. tan–1 x –
1
log (1 + x2) + c Ans. bx  agbx  bg =
xa
+
xb
2
z
Ex.33 Evaluate : ex (sin x + cos x) dx
(ii) For repeated linear factors in the denominator,
write-
Sol. I = z ex (sin x + cos x) dx 1
=
A
+
B
This is of the form 3
b g
( x  a) x  b ( x  a) ( x  a) 2

z ex [f(x) + f'(x)] dx = ex f(x) + c

Now here f(x) = sin x
+
( x  a) (
C
x
D
 b) 3
+
(iii) For every non repeated quadratic factor in
 I = ex sin x + c Ans.
the denominator, write
z
Ex.34 Evaluate : ex (log x + 1/x) dx.
1 Ax  B C
Sol. I = z (ex log x + ex. 1/x) dx 2
b g
(ax  bx  c) x  d
= 2
ax  bx  c

xd

= ex log x + c
L
Here f ( x)  log xO
M P Note :
N
& f '( x)  1 / x QAns. (i) If integrand is of the form
1
then
4.2.3 If the integral is of the form ( x  a) ( x  b)

z [x f'(x) + f(x)]dx then by breaking this

integral into two integrals integrate one
use the following method for obtaining partial
fractions-

integral by parts and keep other integral 1 1 L

M ab O
P
as it is, by doing so, we get Here
( x  a) ( x  b)b gM
=
ab Nbx  agbx  bgP
Q
z [x f'(x) + f(x) ]dx = x f (x) + c
1 Lbx  agb
 x  bgO
M
ba  bgM P
z Nbx  agbx  bgP
=
Ex.35 Evaluate : (x sec2 x + tan x) dx Q
Sol. Here I = z(x sec2 x + tan x) dx
=
1
ba  bgM
L1  1 O
Nx  b x  a PQ
= z
[x f'(x) + f(x)]dx where f(x) = tan x
= x f(x) + c x
(ii) If integrand is of the form
= x. tan x + c Ans. bx  agbx  bgthen
 L b g O L
2b x  1gb
 x  2gO
b gb g
xa xb
x
= M
M
N
1 ba x
P
P
Q
b  a ( x  a)( x  b)
= 2 zMM Pdx
Nbx  1gbx  2g P
Q
=
1 Lbb
M
ba M
 a ( x  b) O
x  ag
N(x  a) ( x  b) P
P
Q
= 2 zLM
N
x
2
 2

x
1 O
Pdx
 1Q

=
1 Lb  a O
M
x  b x  aP
ba N Q
= z 4
x2
dx –
2
x1 z
dx

= 4 log (x + 2) – 2 log (x + 1) + c

Ex.36 Evaluate : z x2
dx = 2 log
bx  2g+ c 2

Ans.
x2  1 ( x  1)
Sol. Given integral
4.3.2 When denominator can not be factorised:

I = zFG
H1
IJ
K
1
x2  1
dx
In this case integral may be in the form

(i) z 2
dx
, (ii)
px  q
zb
dx
g
2
ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
= z zb gb
dx +
dx
x1 x1g
Method:
(i) Here taking coefficient of x 2 common from
denominator, write -
= x + zFG
H
1
2
1 1 I
Jdx
x  1 x  1K

x2 + (b/a) x + c/a = (x + b/2a)2 –
4a2
b 2  4 ac

Now the integrand so obtained can be

1 Fx  1IJ+ c
log G
evaluated easily by using standard formulas.
= x +
2 Hx  1K Ans.
(ii) Here suppose that px + q = A [diff. coefficient
of (ax2 + bx + c) ] + B

Ex.37 Evaluate : z x x2 2

x
dx.
= A (2ax + b) + B ...(1)
Now comparing coefficient of x and constant
terms.
Sol. Here I = zb gb x
x  2 x  1 dx g we get A = p/2a, B = q – (pb/2a)

 I = P/2a z 2ax  b
dx
=
1
zFG
H
2

1
x  2 x 1
dx
IJ
K
ax 2  bx  c
3

1

+ q 

pb 

2a  z 2
dx
ax  bx  c
= [2 log (x – 2) + log (x + 1)] + c Now we can integrate it easily.
3

=
1
3
log [(x – 2)2 (x + 1)] + c Ans.
Ex.39 Evaluate : z 2
dx
x  x 1

Sol. Here I = z dx

z
2
2x x  x 1
Ex.38 Evaluate : dx
2
x  3x  2
= zb
x  1/ 2
dx
g b3 / 4g
2

Sol. I = zb gb g 2x
x  1 x  2 dx
2 Fx  1 / 2I
= tan–1 G
H3 / 2 JK+ c
= 2 zb gb g
x1
x
x2 dx.
3

F2x  1I
zbbgbg g
2
=
2
(2 – 1) x1 x2
21 x
dx =
3
tan–1 G
H 3 JK+ c Ans.
Ex.40 Evaluate : z2
x  x 1
x 1
dx Ex.42 Evaluate : z
x  4 x2  1
dx.
4
x2  1

Sol. I = z x1
x2  x  1
dx
Sol. Dividing numerator and denominator by x 2,
we get

e j
=
1
2 zb 2
x  x1
g
2x  1  1
dx I= z 1  1 / x2
x  4  1 / x2
2
dx

F 1  e1 / x j I
=
1
2 z 2
x  x 1
2x  1
dx +
1
2 z 2
dx
x  x 1 = zG
G
G
JJdx
2

Hlx  1 / xq  2 JK
2

=
1
zb g
2x  1 dx
+
1
z dx
L 1O
bx  1 / 2g F 3I
2 2
2 x  x1 2
G2

H2 JK
Now taking x + 1/x = t  M
Nx P
1
Qdx = dt
2

we get
F2x  1I F t I
=
1
2
log (x2 + x + 1) +
1
3
tan G J+ c
–1
H3 K I = z dt
t2  2
=
1
2
G
H2 JK+ c
tan–1

Ans.
L
Mx  1/ x O
N2 P
4.3.3 Integration of rational functions 1
containing only even powers of x.
=
2
tan–1 Q+ c
To find integral of such functions, first we
divide numerator and denominator by x2, then Fx  1I
2

express numerator as d(x ± 1/x) and =

1
2
tan–1 G
H2 x JK+ c Ans.
denominator as a function of (x ± 1/x).
Following examples illustrate it.
4.4 Integration of irrational functions :
If anyone term in Nr or Dr is irrational then it is
Ex.41 Evaluate : z
x2  1
x4  1
dx made rational by suitable substitution. Also if
integral is of the form-
Sol. Dividing numerator and denominator by x 2,
we get
z 2
dx
ax  bx  c
, z ax 2  bx  c dx
e j
1  1 / x2
I = z x 2
e1/ x j
dx
2
then we integrate it by expressing
ax2 + bx + c = (x +  )2 + 
Also for integrals of the form

zLMR FGeIJUj z z
2
1 1/ x px  q
dx, (px + q) ax 2  bx  c dx.
=
O 2 dx
ax2  bx  c
 2P
1
S V
T HxKW P
Mx
N Q First we express px + q in the form
R
Sd
jU
Tdx eax V
2
 bx  c + B and then
Now taking x –1/x = t px + q = A
W
 [1 + 1/x 2] dx = dt , we get proceed as usual with standard form.
Ft I
I = z 2
t 2
dt
=
1
2
tan–1 G
H2 JK+ c Ex.43 Evaluate : z dx
2  x  3 x2
Fx  1I
2

=
1
2
tan–1 G
H2 x JK+ c Ans. Sol. I = z dx
2  x  3 x2
 =
1
3 z 2/ 3x/ 3 x
dx
2
(iv) zb dx
a sin x  b cos x g
2

Method :
=
1
3 z 2 F
x
G
 x2  
1 1
dx
IJ
Divide numerator and Denominator by cos2 x in
all such type of integrals and then put tan x = t.
3 H 
3 36 36 K
Ex.46 Evaluate : z dx
1  3 sin2 x
=
1
z F
dx
I
3 25
36
G
H JK
 x
1
6
2
Sol. I = z sec 2 x dx
sec 2 x  3 tan 2 x
.

(Dividing Numr and Denr by cos2 x)

1 F
6 x  1I
G
= sin–1 H 5 JK+ c Ans.
3
= z sec 2 x dx
1  4 tan 2 x
Ex.44 Evaluate : z x2  2x .dx 1
Sol. Let I = z x 2  2 x .dx
=
2
tan–1 (2 tan x) + c Ans.

= zb g2
x  1  1 .dx Ex.47 Evaluate : zb dx
2 sin x  3 cos x g
2

=
1
2
(x+1)
1 –1
x2  2x – 2 cosh (x+1) + c Sol. I= zb dx
2 sin x  3 cos x g 2

Ans. Dividing numr and Denr by cos2 x.

sec 2 x dx
Ex.45 Evaluate : z 2
x2
x  2x  4
dx. = zb 2 tan x  3 g 2

1
1
(2x  2  6)
b
= – 2 2 tan x  3 + c g Ans.

Sol. Let I = z 2
x2  2x  4
dx.
II. (i) z dx
a  b cos x

=
1
2 z 2x  2
x 2  2x  4
dx + 3 zb x 1
dx
g 32
(ii) z dx
a  b sin x

F
x  1I
(iii) z dx
a cos x  b sin x
G
H3 JK+ c
= x2  2x  4 + 3 sinh–1 Ans.
(iv) z dx
a sin x  b cos x  c
4.5 Integration of Trigonometric functions : Method :
Here we shall study the methods for In such types of integrals we use following formulae
evaluation of following types of integrals. for sin x and cos x in terms of tan (x/2).

I. (i) z dx
a  b sin 2 x F
G
H
xI
J
2K
2 tan 1  tan 2 F
GxI
H2 JK
(ii) z dx
a  b cos 2 x
sin x =
Fx I , cos x = 1  tan
1  tan GJ
H2 K
2 2 F
GxI
H2 JK
(iii) z dx
a cos 2 x  b sin x cos x  c sin2 x
and then take tan(x/2) = t and integrate another
method for evaluation of integral
 (iii) put a = r cos  , b = r sin  , then
III. z p sin x  q cos x
dx
I =
1
z
dx a sin x  b cos x

=
1
r sin( x   )

z
cosec (x +  ) dx.
z p sin x
a sin x  b cos x
dx
r
1
= log tan (x/2 +  /2) + c
r
z q cos x
a sin x  b cos x
dx
For their integration, we first express Nr. as
1 x 1 F
G 1 b
log tan 2  2 tan a + c
IJ follows-
=
a2  b 2
H K Nr = A (Dr) + B (derivative of Dr.)
Then integral = Ax + B log (Dr) + C

Ex.48 Evaluate : z dx
5  4 cos x Ex.51 Evaluate :
sin x  cos x
2 sin x  3 cos xzdx
Sol. Let sin x + cos x = A (2 sin x + 3 cosx)
Sol. I = z 54
L
M
dx
1  tan ( x / 2) O
2
P
+ B(2 cos x – 3 sin x)

U
M
N1  tan ( x / 2) P
2
Q 
2A  3B  1  0
V A = 5/13 , B = –1/13
3 A  2B  1  0W
z
2
sec ( x / 2)
= dx
9  tan 2 ( x / 2)  I = (5/13) x – (1/13)log(2 sin x + 3 cos x) + c
Ans.
= 2 z dt
32  t2
where tan (x/2) = t 5. SOME INT EGRAT ES OF DIFFERENT
EXPRESSIONS OF ex
2 t
= tan–1 + c

2
3 3
F
G1 xI
(i) z ae x
b  ce x
dx [put ex = t]
= tan–1 H3 tan 2 JK+ c Ans.
3
(ii) z 1
1 e x
dx [Multiply and divide

Ex.49 Evaluate : z
sin x  3 cos x
.
dx
by e–x and put e–x = t]

Sol. I = z dx
sin x  3 cos x
.
(iii) z 1
1 e x
dx [Multiply and divide
by e–x and put e–x = t]
1 x  F
G IJ
=
1 3
log tan 2  6 + c
x  F
H
IJ
K (iv) z e  ex
x
1
dx [Multiply and divide
=
2
1
log tan 2  6 + c G
H K Ans. by ex]
L O
(v) z ex  ex
dx Mf '( x)
Nf( x) Q form P
Ex.50 Evaluate : z dx e ex x

Sol. Here I = z
1 sin x
dx
(vi) z ex  1
ex  1
dx [Multiply and divide by e–x/2]

I = z
1 sin x
dx (vii) zFG
H
e x  e x
e ex x
I
JKdx [Integrand = tanh2 x]
sin ( x / 2)  cos ( x / 2)
zFG I 2
e 2x  1
2 F
G x I (viii)
H J dx
 1K
[Integrand = coth2 x]
=
2
log tan H4  8 JK+ c e 2x

= 2
Fx   IJ+ c. Ans.
log tan G
H4 8 K
(ix) ze x
e e
1
x
j 2 dx [Integrand = 1/4 sech2 x]
(x) zex
e e
1
x
2
j
dx [Integrand = 1/4 cosech2 x] Examples
based on
Some integrates of different
expressions ex

(xi) ze
1  ex
1
je1  e j x
dx [Multiply and divide by ex Ex.52 Evaluate : z x
1
e 1
dx.

and put ex = t]
Sol. Here I = z x
1
e 1
dx
(xii) z1 e
1
x
dx [Multiply and divide by e–x/2]
= z ex
dx = log (1 – e–x) + c Ans.
1  e x
(xiii) z 1
1 e x
dx [Multiply and divide by e–x/2] Ex.53 Evaluate : z e x  1 dx .

(xiv) z 1
ex  1
dx [Multiply & divide by e–x/2] Sol. Here I = z e x  1 dx

(xv) z 1
x
2e  1
dx [Multiply and divide by = z ex  1
ex  1
dx

–x/2
2e ]

(xvi) z1 e dx x [Integrand

= z ex
x
e 1
dx – z x
1
e 1
dx

= (1 – ex)/ 1 e x ] Let ex – 1 = t 2, then ex dx = 2t dt

(xvii) z 1 e dx x [Integrand
 I = 2 z z
dt – 2
t 1
2
dt

= 2t – 2 tan–1 (t) + c
= (1 + ex) / 1 e x ]

z L
M x O
 1  tan 1 e x  1 + c Ans.
P
(xviii) e x  1 dx [Integrand = 2
Ne Q
= (ex – 1) / e x  1 ]

(xix) z x
e a
ex  a
dx [Integrand

= (ex + a)/ e 2 x  a 2