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    Lesson 1 (First Part) PDF

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    Jimmy Beast
    Statistics can be defined as either a science dealing with collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data, or as the numerical descriptions derived from data. There are two main branches of statistics: descriptive statistics, which organizes and summarizes data, and inferential statistics, which makes inferences about a population from a sample. A population includes all members of a defined group, while a sample is a subset of the population. Variables can be either categorical or quantitative, discrete or continuous, and measured at the nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio level. Collecting primary data involves methods like observation, surveys/censuses, and experiments.

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    Lesson 1 (First Part) PDF

    Uploaded by

    Jimmy Beast
    25 views38 pages
    Statistics can be defined as either a science dealing with collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data, or as the numerical descriptions derived from data. There are two main branches of statistics: descriptive statistics, which organizes and summarizes data, and inferential statistics, which makes inferences about a population from a sample. A population includes all members of a defined group, while a sample is a subset of the population. Variables can be either categorical or quantitative, discrete or continuous, and measured at the nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio level. Collecting primary data involves methods like observation, surveys/censuses, and experiments.

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    Statistics can be defined as either a science dealing with collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data, or as the numerical descriptions derived from data. There are two main branches of statistics: descriptive statistics, which organizes and summarizes data, and inferential statistics, which makes inferences about a population from a sample. A population includes all members of a defined group, while a sample is a subset of the population. Variables can be either categorical or quantitative, discrete or continuous, and measured at the nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio level. Collecting primary data involves methods like observation, surveys/censuses, and experiments.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views38 pages

    Lesson 1 (First Part) PDF

    Uploaded by

    Jimmy Beast
    Statistics can be defined as either a science dealing with collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data, or as the numerical descriptions derived from data. There are two main branches of statistics: descriptive statistics, which organizes and summarizes data, and inferential statistics, which makes inferences about a population from a sample. A population includes all members of a defined group, while a sample is a subset of the population. Variables can be either categorical or quantitative, discrete or continuous, and measured at the nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio level. Collecting primary data involves methods like observation, surveys/censuses, and experiments.

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    Introduction

    BasicConceptsofStatistics
    Learning Outcomes
    • Define and explain the importance, branches, and functions
    of statistics
    • Distinguish population from sample
    • Describe the concepts of variables and constants
    • Determine the level of measurement for the variable of
    interest
    • Explain the probability and nonprobability sampling
    • Solve and interpret the measures of location: central
    tendency and quantiles (decile, quartile, and percentile)
    • Solve and interpret the measures of variability: range,
    variance, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation
    WHAT IS STATISTICS?

    singular
    STATISTICS plural

    STATISTICS can be defined in two ways:

    1. In the singular sense, statistics is a science that


    deals with techniques for collecting, presenting,
    analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data.

    2. In the plural sense, statistics are numerical


    descriptions by which we enhance the
    understanding of data.
    BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

    STATISTICS

    Mathematical/
    Applied
    Theoretical

    Descriptive

    Inferential
    DESCRIPTIVE VS. INFERENTIAL

    Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

    o deals with collecting, o concerned with making


    simplifying and giving judgement or prediction
    properties to data (or inferences) about
    the population based on
    o an important objective the given sample
    is to organize, obtained from the
    summarize or describe population
    data so as to make it
    more comprehensive
    Descriptive or Inferential Statistics
    1. A badminton player wants to know his average score for the past
    10
    games.
    2. Based on last year’s electricity bills, Mrs. Venegas would like to forecast
    the average monthly electricity bill she will pay for the next year based
    on her average monthly bill in the past year.
    3. Ms. Macaset wants to determine the proportion spent on
    transportation during the past four months using the daily records of
    expenditure that she keeps.
    4. A shipping company wishes to estimate the number of
    passengers traveling via their ships next year using their data on
    the number of passengers in the past three years.
    5. A politician wants to determine the total number of votes his
    rival obtained in the past election based on his copies of the tally
    sheet of electoral returns.
    Population
    includes all
    members of some
    defined group

    Sample

    a subset of a
    population
    PARAMETER AND STATISTIC

    Parameter
    o numerical property of the population
    o Greek letters are used to denote parameter
    example: 𝜇 = mean of the population
    𝜎 = standard deviation of the population
    Statistic
    o numerical property of the sample
    o English alphabet letters are used as notations
    example: 𝑥̅ = mean of the sample
    𝑠 = standard deviation of the sample
    POPULATION & PARAMETERS: Example

    Suppose our population consists of 35 students in Statistics


    class and the variable under study, X, is whether or not the
    student owns a cellular phone. This variable has only two
    possible values:

    1 – the student does not own a cellular phone


    2 – The student owns a cellular phone

    Suppose that among the 35 students, 28 of them claimed that


    they own a cellular phone. Thus 28/35 or 0.8 is an example of
    parameter, a summary measure that describes the population.
    SAMPLE and STATISTIC: Example

    Suppose we take a sample of 10 students from the class.


    Among the 10 students in the sample, 7 own cellular phones.
    The proportion of students in the sample, 7/10 or 0.7, is an
    example of statistic.
    Other examples of sample and population

    Laboratory experiment: The population will be all the data we


    could have collected if we were to repeat the experiment a large
    number of times (an infinite number of times) under the same
    conditions, whereas the sample will be the data actually
    collected by the one experiment.

    Clinical studies: The population will be all the patients with the
    same disease, whereas the sample will be the subset of
    patients used in the study.
    WHY STUDY STATISTICS?

    Statistics enable us to:

    1. Characterize persons, objects, situations, and


    phenomena
    2. Explain relationships among variables
    3. Formulate objective assessments and comparisons
    4. Make evidence-based decisions and predictions
    Data, Variables, &
    Measurements
    DAT
    A
    To contextualize data, we must identify its six Ws or to put
    meaning on the data, we must know the following Ws
    of the data:

    1. Who?
    2. What?
    3. When?
    4. Where?
    5. Why?
    6. HoW?
    VARIABLES

    Variable
    The characteristic that can take on different values for
    different individuals.
    Examples: sex, height, weight, scores in a test

    Constant variable
    The characteristic is the same for every member of the
    group.
    Example: school studying

    • Observation: a realized value of a variable


    • Data: collection of observations
    VARIABLE: Examples
    VARIABLES
    Categories of Variables:

    Qualitative
    o Measurements will only be categories
    o Non-numeric
    Examples: civil status, degree program, type of
    marine organisms

    Quantitative
    o Variables that can take on numerical values
    o Numeric
    Examples: height, weight, salinity, pH,
    temperature
    Identify if the variable is quantitative
    or qualitative
    1. Scholar? (yes/no)
    2. Academic load (units)
    3. Number of siblings
    4. Distance of houses from the mountain park
    5. Father’s occupation
    6. Length of time used for ground truthing
    7. Problems encountered in marine ecosystems
    8. Number of marine animals in the area under
    study
    VARIABLES
    Discrete
    o one that can have only finite number of values
    o restricted to whole countable numbers
    o Qualitative
    o Examples: sex, number of students

    Continuous
    o one that can take on an infinite number of
    values
    o you can always find a third value
    o Examples: weight, height
    Identify whether the variable is discrete or
    continuous

    1. Books in the library


    2. Animals in the park
    3. Distance traveled
    4. Height of a plant
    5. Chairs in the room
    6. Number of individuals of a given
    species
    7. pH
    8. Temperature
    LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

    Measurement
    is a process of determining the value or label of
    the variable based on what has been observed.

    Important Note:
    The measurement scale of the variable is one of
    the more important factors in determining the
    appropriate statistical methods used to analyze
    the data of a particular research study.
    LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

    Ratio
    Interval
    Ordinal

    Nominal
    LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

    Nominal Level

    Property:

    The numbers in the system are used to classify a


    person/object into distinct, nonoverlapping, and
    exhaustive categories

    Examples: gender, blood type, place of origin,


    types of marine species, methods of capturing
    marine wildlife
    LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

    Ordinal Level

    Properties:
    1. The numbers in the system are used to classify a
    person/object into distinct, nonoverlapping, and
    exhaustive categories
    2. The system arranges the categories according to
    magnitude

    Examples: grading system, military rank, T-shirt


    size, weather condition
    LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

    Interval Level

    Properties:
    1. The numbers in the system are used to classify a person/object into distinct,
    nonoverlapping, and exhaustive categories
    2. The system arranges the categories according to magnitude (logical order)
    3. The system has a fixed unit of measurement representing a set size
    throughout the scale
    4. The zero point is arbitrary and is just another point on the scale
    5. Equal differences in the characteristic are represented by equal differences in
    the numbers assigned to the categories.

    Examples: temperature, achievement test, I.Q., humidity, GPA


    LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

    Ratio Level
    Properties:
    1. The numbers in the system are used to classify a
    person/object into distinct, nonoverlapping, and exhaustive
    categories
    2. The system arranges the categories according to
    magnitude
    3. The system has a fixed unit of measurement representing
    a set size throughout the scale
    4. The system has an absolute zero
    5. The point zero reflects an absence of the characteristic.

    Examples: age, height, weight, total amount of exported


    fishes, population of a given marine species
    LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
    How to decide what kind of scale a variable is
    measured on:
    Identify the scale of measurement

    1. The length of streamline flow (river/canals)


    2. Types of water
    3. Performance rating of an employee as excellent, very good,
    good, fair, and bad)
    4. Sea area under study
    5. pH
    6. Mountain elevation (low elevation, middle elevation, high
    elevation)
    7. Student number
    8. Most common diseases among marin species
    DATA COLLECTION
    Types of Data

    Primary- gathered by a researcher from first-hand sources through surveys,


    interviews, or experiments.

    1. Observation- method of collecting data on the phenomenon of


    interest by recording the observations made about the phenomenon as
    it actually happens.

    2. Survey/Census- method of collecting data on the variable of


    interest by asking people questions. When data came from asking all the
    people in the population, then the study is called census. When the
    data came from asking a sample of people selected from a well-defines
    population, then the study is called a sample survey.
    3. Experimental- method of collecting data where there is direct
    human intervention on the conditions that may affect the values of the
    variables of interest.

    Agencies of primary data:


    • Philippine Statistical Authority (PSA)
    • Pulse Asia
    • PAGASA
    Secondary- gathered from studies, surveys, or experiments that have been run
    by other people or for other research.

    1. Existing Records
    2. Others

    • A medical researcher’s documented data for his research paper,


    which were originally collected by Department of Health.
    • The documented data of a student for his thesis, which were
    originally collected by the Department of Labor and Employment.
    Summation
    SUMMATION NOTATION

    & 𝑋i = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑁
    i"1

    where:
    𝑖 = indicates the placement of the value
    1 = lower limit of the summation
    𝑁 = upper limit of the summation
    𝑋i = summands
    SUMMATION NOTATION

    Rules of Summation
    1. ∑ 𝑋 → indicates the sum of
    𝑋’s
    ∑ 𝑌 → indicates
    i the sum
    X of Y
    𝑌’s Example: 1 3 10
    2 1 4
    3 7 6
    4 3 5
    5 2 9
    SUMMATION NOTATION

    Rules of Summation
    2. XY → expression representing the product of
    variables 𝑥 and 𝑦
    ∑ 𝑋𝑌 → sum the products of 𝑥 and 𝑦

    3. 𝑋2 → squared value of a score


    ∑ 𝑋 2 → sum the squared values
    SUMMATION NOTATION

    Rules of Summation
    4. X + Y → two variables x and y are added
    together
    ∑ X + Y → sum the sums of x and y

    5. When a constant c is added to every value it is


    necessary to use parentheses
    ∑ X+c
    SUMMATION NOTATION

    Rules of Summation
    6. If a constant 𝑐 is multiplied to every, the sum
    is represented by the expression
    ∑ 𝑐𝑋

    7. If a constant 𝑐 is to be added 𝑛 times, the


    expression is
    ∑i𝑁" 1 𝑐 = 𝑁𝑐
    SUMMATION NOTATION

    Rules of Summation
    8. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants, then
    𝑁 𝑁 𝑁

    & 𝑎𝑋i ± 𝑏𝑌i = 𝑎 & 𝑋i ± 𝑏 & 𝑌i


    i"1 i"1 i"1

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