EARTH-VAS2 model parameters

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES (IJNAS), VOL. 12, Special Edition (2019); P. 29 – 38, 1 TABLE,
15 FIG.

EARTH-VAS2 model parameters: An answer to complex aquifer vulnerability studies

E.I. Akaerue 1 and S.O. Onwuka 2

ABSTRACT
Factors that enhance groundwater vulnerability also facilitate contaminant migration. In this study the EARTH-VAS2 model is applied to
investigate the migration of contaminants in shallow coastal aquifers of the Benin Formation in Calabar area southeastern Nigeria. The
EARTH-VAS2 model uses the parameters of Elevation, Aquifer thickness, Regolith, Transmissivity, Hydraulic conductivity, Vadose zone,
Aquifer media, Static water level and Specific capacity to investigate contaminant flow and soil vulnerability to pollution. Estimates from
pumping test and Dar-Zarrouk model show the aquifer viability and protective capacity of the aquifer zones. The mean values of parameters
from zone A are; Longitudinal conductance (0.1µs), Transverse Resistance (245386.5 ohm-m2), Aquifer resistivity (1247.3 ohm-m),
Transmissivity (1500m2/day), Hydraulic conductivity (100m/day), Specific capacity (400m3/day) while parametric mean values of Zone B
are: Longitudinal conductance (0.1 µs), Transverse Resistance (700 ohm-m2), Aquifer resistivity (100 ohm-m), Transmissivity (352m2/day),
Hydraulic conductivity (10 m/day), Specific capacity (40m3/day). The analysis of chemical pollution indictors of N0₃¯ 22.6 – 0.90 (mg/l),
EC 301 – 20 (µS/cm), E-coli 5 – 0.01 (mpn/100ml) and Cl¯ 11.73 – 0.10 (mg/l) of groundwater samples were used to validate results within
areas prone to contamination. Determination of coefficient (R2) of EARTH-VAS2 parameters point out that Aquifer media, Depth to static
water level, Hydraulic conductivity and Transmissivity are the most effective hydrogeological parameters to vulnerability assessment.

INTRODUCTION The EARTH-VAS2 is a point count index method modified after

some existing aquifer vulnerability methods comprising nine
The answer to aquifer vulnerability studies has for decades been a
hydrogeological parameters; Elevation, Aquifer thickness,
concern for groundwater sustainable development. In a quest for
Regolith/Lateritic thickness, Transmissivity, Hydraulic
groundwater hygiene revitalization, several authors has proposed
Conductivity, Impact to Vadose Zone, Saturation zone/Aquifer
various intrinsic vulnerability models raging from internal to
Media character, Depth to groundwater/SWL and Specific
external pollution system: (Margat 1968), GOD rating system
Capacity. These hydrogeologic parameters can aid aquifer viability
(Forster, 1987), DRASTIC point counting (Aller et al, 1987),
and in turn enhances it vulnerability to general contaminations from
SINTACS method (Civita M, 1994), ISIS method (Civita et al,
the the surface. Conversely, the estimation of the contaminant’s
1995), Vrba and Zaporozec 1994; Sinan and Razack 2009; Polemio
migration potential from land surface to groundwater through the
et al. 2009; CALOD method (Edet, 2004) and GWPPI model (
unsaturated zones is essential for management of groundwater
Amah et al. 2016),etc. However due to wide range of activities of
resources and subsequent land use planning. Hydrological
natural and artificial origins, the effect of contaminants to
parameters maps provide visual information for probable
groundwater turn out to be a focal to the diagnosis of the
vulnerable zones which help to protect groundwater resources and
parameters that define the local hydrologic system of the an area.
also to evaluate the potential for water quality improvement by
Groundwater vulnerability is defined as the tendency and
changing the agricultural practices and land use applications. The
likelihood for general contaminants to reach the water table after
concept of geomaterial parameters that aid external pollution
introduction at the ground surface (NRC 1993). In order to map the
introduction into the groundwater can be used in planning, policy
possible areas of groundwater pollution, a site evaluation tool and
analysis, and decision making, viz., advising decision makers for
groundwater quality assessment model called, EARTH-VAS2 was
adopting specific management options to mitigate the quality of
developed by Akaerue, (2019).
groundwater resources;

*Corresponding author. Email: akaerueemmanuel@gmail.com

1
Applied Geophysics Unit, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
2
Department of Geology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
© 2019 International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences (IJNAS). All rights reserved.
 Akaerue and Onwuka 30

demonstrating the implications and consequences of their 2002). The mean daily maximum and minimum temperature varies
decisions; providing direction for using groundwater resources; between 210C to 320C in January and 25.050C and 27.40C in July
highlighting about proper land use practices and activities; and and August respectively. The average monthly evaporation ranges
educating the general public regarding the consequences of between 4.3mm/day in February and 2.3mm/day in July. The soil
groundwater contamination (NRC 1993). covering the study area is sub-grade soil of gravelly clay to clayey
Study area sand. Generally classifield as (a) the deep lateritic, fertile soils on
0 I 0 I
The area lies between Latitudes 4 45 N and 5 16 N and the Cross River Plain; (b) the sandy heavily leached soils on the
0 I 0 I
Longitudes 8 05 E and 8 50 E which covers five Local older coastal plain which are highly susceptible to gully erosion;
Government Area Council within the Southern Senatorial Zone of and (c) the swampy aquic soils of the lower deltaic coastal plain
Cross River State Nigeria (Figure 1). The area belongs to the that is usually flooded during the rainy season. Geologically, the
lowland and swampland of South-eastern Nigeria (Iloje, 1991) study area is part of the Niger Delta, which is made up of
generally characterized by Coastal and alluvium sediment (Edet, sedimentary rocks. The area is composed of Tertiary to Recent,
1993). Over the years hydrogeology experts have classified the continental fluvialite sands and clays, known as the Coastal Plain
study area into aquifer zones based on local geological Sands. This formation is characterized by alternating sequence of
peculiarities. Concurrently, the minor hydro-lithological units of loose gravel, sand, silt, clay, lignite and alluvium (Short & Stauble,
the area are Shallow Gravelly Unit (Zone A) and Deep Sandy Unit 1967). It is underlain mostly by rocks of the Cretaceous Calabar
(Zone B). Edet, (1993); Edet and Okereke, (2002); Edet, (2004) Flank and precambrian Oban Massif (Figure 2). The Coastal Plain
and Akaerue, (2019). Sands (Benin Formation) is by far the most prolific aquiferous
hydrogeologic settings in the area and all the water boreholes are
located in this Formation (Esu & Amah, 1999).

Fig. 1. Geologic Map of the study area showing the sample points
areas
The main rivers that dominate the landscape of the study area are Fig. 2. Regional Geological map showing the study area
the Calabar River in the west, Great Kwa river in the east and
Akpayafe river flowing southwards into the Cross River. These MATERIALS AND METHODS
rivers are the secondary recharge source to the aquifer while The hydrogeological parameters which control the migration of
contaminant to groundwater were selected for the point counting
rainfall is the primary source of aquifer recharge (Edet & Okereke, system vulnerability model called EARTH-VAS2 (Akaerue, 2019).
Precisely, the litho-logs enable the examination of soil: lateritic
 EARTH-VAS2 model parameters 31

zone (R), Vadose zone (V) and aquifer media characters (A), and subsurface resistivity and thickness into single parameter gives rise
delineation of aquifer thickness (A). The hydraulic conductivity to the Dar Zarrouk parameters deployed for the study. Orellana et.
(H), transmissivity (T) and specific capacity (S) were obtained al., (1966) and Zohdy (1976) The highly impervious clayey
from the analysis of pumping test data which aid in the evaluation overburden, which is characterized by relatively high longitudinal
of aquifer hydraulic property (Okon et. al.,2018). The depths to conductance, offers protection to the underling aquifer (Abiola,et
groundwater level (S) were measured from existing boreholes and al., 2009). Based on longitudinal conductance values (Austin, et.
wells during the field survey using a water level recorder (Type al., 2017), aquifer overburden protective capacity were zoned into
KLT - Du). The biochemical tests provide information on pollution excellent (>10), very good (5 – 10), good (0.7 – 4.9), moderate (0.2
indicators (EC, N0₃¯, Cl¯, E-coli) whereas the Electrical resistivity – 0.69), weak (0.1- 0.19) and poor (>0.1). The earth subsurface acts
survey method were used to deduced parameters that evaluate the as a natural filter for percolating fluid. Hence, its ability to retard
protective capacity of the overburden layers. and filter percolating ground surface polluting fluid is a measure of
The litho - layers its protective capacity (Austin, et. al., 2017).
The litho-layers were evidences through the borehole logging,
three major litho-layers were broadly classified: (1) Topsoil or RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
lateritic layer of depth range 0 – 5 meters are merged together in Elevation: The elevation which is a metrological factor has an
few cases due to identical or related geo-electric property and/or effect to contamination migration from surface to subsurface. The
very thin or absent (Okon, 1998; Edet and Okereke 2002; Evans et. effect of this parameter is that, for low slope, contaminant is less
al., 2017 and Akaerue 2019).This layer consists of mainly likely to become runoff and more likely to infiltrate subsurface vice
unsaturated materials, except for few locations where static water versa (Appendix 1).The slope and slope variability of a land surface
level is less than 4.5m. Areas where the topsoil layers are with static water level difference gives the hydraulic head values of
composed of lateritic-sand generally has relatively high resistivity the area. Groundwater flow is from area of high hydraulic head to
and low resistivity are due to lateritic clay (Akaerue 2019). (2) the area of low hydraulic head. As presented in Figure 3. The main
Coarse sand and gravels layers of depth range of 5 – 20 meters. The flow direction of water in the coastal plain aquifers is southwestern,
depth of this layer has mean value of 15meters. This layer is very Edet (1993). Zone B areas has higher hydraulic heads (35 – 50m)
productive, with tiny multiple aquifers bounded by thin clay than Zone A (0 – 12m) areas with minor variation, Akaerue (2019).
horizons. This layer constitutes most parts of the water bearing Conversely, the groundwater flow direction is from zone B towards
formation. (3) Fine sands to clay material layer of depth range of 20 Zone A which represents the southern part of the study area. This
meters and above. This layer is also productive but not like the agrees with Edet’s finding (1993), that the coastal groundwater
gravel layer. The characteristic of this layer is conspicuous with silt flow direction is southwest ward.
and fine sand with minor presence of lignite in some area (Akaerue
2019).
Pumping test
A pumping test is a field experiment in which a well is pumped
at a control rate and water level response (drawdown) is measured
in one or more surrounding observation/monitoring wells (Hamill
and Bell 1986). Pumping tests are important and most effective
tools that provide information on the hydraulic characterization of a
borehole and aquifer parameters (Todd 1980; Turner et al 1991).
Constant Rate Test was carried out in the study area to give
information about the drawdown and aquifer properties resulting
from specific pumping rate. Three (24) to six (72) hours constant
discharge test was used since the yield is high and the boreholes are
sumo pump boreholes and are meant to serve large population. The
tests were carried out in some specific locations in the study area,
using the single well pumping test approach. The Jacob’s straight-
line method was used to analyse the pumping test results of
drawdown with respect to time in all the existing boreholes in the
study area in order to estimate the aquifer hydraulic parameters.
Prior to pumping, the well head was opened and the static water
Fig. 3. Hydraulic head map, showing the groundwater flow
level was measured and recorded using calibrated Dip meter. The
direction.
pump is then lowered to appreciable depth and Connect to the
Static water level: This refers to the level of water in a well
generator set. A known 20 liters volume of container was set in
under normal, undisturbed, no-pumping conditions whereas water
place to collect discharge and set stop watch to zero start time
table level is the level below which the ground is completely
Pumping was then started, drawdown measured base on scheduled
saturated with water. Conversely, both are the same, the depth from
time on the data sheet. The time and water level discharge was
the ground surface to the water table level is a hydrogeological
Measure and record simultaneously. The exercise was done in two
factor that determines the migration distance that a contaminant
(2) phases namely: 1. Discharge and 2. Recharge/Recovery phase.
will travel before reaching the aquifer. It is assumed that the deeper
Dar-zarrouk parameters
water tables level the lesser contamination chances to the aquifer.
The Dar-zarrouk parameters: Transverse resistance (T) and
The groundwater resources in the northern region (zone B) of the
Longitudinal conductance(S), obtained from the geoelectrical
study area has deeper water table levels (34 – 75m) whereas the
parameters were used to determine the overburden protective
southern region (zone A) of the area has shallower water table
capacity of the aquifer units in the study area. The combination of
levels (2.5 - 35m) figure 4 and Appendix 1.
 Akaerue and Onwuka 32

iron oxides. They develop by intensive and long-lasting weathering

of the underlying parent rock which produces a wide variety in the
thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting
soils. Thus thick lateritic layers are slightly permeable, which can
serve as an aquitard. However the thicker the layer, the better the
contaminant attenuation capacity. The zone B (6 – 16m) region has
thick lateritic layer than Zone A (0.5 – 7m), figure 6 and Appendix
1.

Fig. 4. Static water Level Map of the study area.

Aquifer thickness: Saturated thickness is the vertical thickness

of the hydrogeologically defined aquifer in which the pore spaces
of the rock forming the aquifer are filled (saturated) with water.
This factor defines the degree of extension/dimension of a
lithological layer. The thicker the sequence, the higher the dilution
effect and the lower is the contamination risk. This is because
thickness controls texture and the migration of contaminants into
the aquifer. The thickness of the aquifer in the study area is not
evenly and well distributed (Appendix 1). Although from the
parametric map Figure 5, zone B (21 – 80m) region shows more of
thicker aquifers than zone A (9 – 61m).
Fig. 6. lateritic thickness distribution map of the study area.

Vadose zone media: The unsaturated layer is sandwiched

between the aquifer media and the lateritic layer. The filtration
system nature of this zone is composed of a fine sandstone, sandy
clay, thin lateritic and clayey sand. Due to ferrigunized effect, the
colour range is from reddish to brown clayey sand and brown to
greyish sand. Aside the litho-logs data, the Dar-zarrouk deduced
parameter of longitudinal conductance were used to evaluate the
conduit effectiveness of this media (Austin, et. al., 2017).
Conversely the zone B region has higher longitudinal values
(0.5038 – 0.9818 µs) than zone A, region (0.1213 – 0.5037 µs)
(Figure 7 and Appendix 1). The effect of this is that aquifer within
zone B are more likely to be protected from contaminant migration
from the surface.

Fig. 5. Aquifer Thickness Map of the study area

.
Lateritic thickness: The peculiarity of the study area is the
occurrence of a lateritic layer which lies above the unsaturated zone
but below the soil layer in some locations (Edet., 2004).This layer
protruded southern ward from the estuary region of the study area
towards the northern region and later thin-out. Soil laterization is
the weathering process by which soils and rocks are depleted of
soluble substances, such as silica-rich and alkaline components and
enriched with insoluble substances, such as hydrated aluminum and
 EARTH-VAS2 model parameters 33

permeability, thickness and fluid velocity. Conversely, the

migration of a contaminant depends on the degree and extent of
media permeability. A thick sequence media with low degree of
intrinsic permeability will eventually attenuate contaminant
migration whereas a thin media with high degree of directional
permeability will lead to high contaminant velocity per unit area
and thickness and per unit change in hydraulic head. Thus these
properties express the easiness in fluid flow and generally
productivity within the coastal aquifer. From the parametric map
figure 9 – 11 and Appendix 1, aquifer within zone A, region has
good hydraulic property (T: 1300 m2/day, K: 135m/day, SC:
250m3/day) compare to zone B (T: 80m2/day, K: 1.3m/day and SC:
80m3/day) and this can facilitate easiness to contaminant migration
within the area.

Fig. 7. Longitudinal conductance distribution map of the study

area.

Aquifer media: The consolidated or unconsolidated rock which

serves as the water-bearing unit. Two water-bearing units are being
exploited in the area (Edet and Okereke, 2002). The first is the
upper gravelly layer composed of medium to coarse to gravelly
sand protruding southern ward marked by shallow depth (Zone A).
The second is the semi-confined lower sandy unit which is
composed of fine grain, silt/clay sand protruding northern ward
(Zone B). Aside the litho-logs data, the Dar-zarrouk deduced
parameter of Transverse resistance were used to evaluate the
conduit effectiveness of this media. Aquifer media in zone A has
effective conduit property than zone B. Figure 8 and Appendix 1,
indicate that transverse resistance value which is synonymous to
aquifer Transmissivity is higher in zone A (205 – 264 ohm-m)
compare to zone B (29 – 59 ohm-m). Fig. 9. Hydraulic conductivity distribution map of the study area

Fig. 8. Transverse Resistance distribution map of the study area

Aquifer hydraulic properties: Transmissivity, Hydraulic Fig. 10. Transmissivity distribution map of the study area
conductivity and Specific capacity are the properties/parameters
that designate the relationship between the earth media
 34
Akaerue and Onwuka

Fig. 11. Specific capacity distribution map of the study area. Fig. 13:.Nitrate distribution map of the study area

Physicochemical pollution indicators: (Nitrate 0.10 – 13mg/l,

Chloride 0.32 – 8mg/l and Electrical conductivity 4 – 602 µS/cm ):
These are natural and induced chemicals found in groundwater in
higher concentrations above WHO standards for domestic purposes
generally cause by; (i) Groundwater interaction with geological
materials, (ii) industrial discharge, (iii) urban activities,
(iv)agriculture, (v) groundwater pumpage, and (vi) disposal of
waste. Figure 12 – 14 and Appendix 1, shows the distribution of the
three physicochemical parameters analysed from the groundwater
in the study area.

Fig. 14. Chloride distribution map of the study area.

Vulnerability status of the study area based on EARTH-VAS2

input parameters model.
From the hydrogeological analysis of EARTH-VAS2
parameters, Zone A areas show high to moderate value (35 and
above) in vulnerability rating to surface contamination compare to
Fig. 12. Electrical conductivity distribution map of the study area. zone B (35 and below) (Figure 15 and appendix 1). The
hydrogeological parametric values of Zone A show prolific
aquifers (Figure 9 – 11, and Appendix 1). Thus the areas were the
parametric values are viable to groundwater accumulation correlate
with the areas where we have high values of Nitrate, Electrical
Conductivity, and chloride accumulations in the analyzed water
samples (Figure 12 – 14,). The physicochemical constituents,
naturally supposed to be attenuated before reaching the water table
if the depth to the water table is deep and the thickness of the
 EARTH-VAS2 model parameters 35

overlying layer to the aquifer is high (Edet., 2004). But because the the aquifer. However, Aquifer thickness shows a low or weak
depth to water table within Zone A area is very shallow and the correlation values (R = 0.047; R2 = 0.2%), this can be attributed to
overlying layer thickness is thin with high permeable lithology, the the fact that, contribution of the aquifer thickness to EARTH-VAS2
migration of this pollution indicator of physicochemical model is low.
constituents became obviously conspicuous in the groundwater
sample collected around borehole within the Zone A. Conversely Table 1. Summarized correlation data between EARTH-VAS2
the higher the permeability and thinner the sequence of the Vadose index and input parameters
zone, the lower the dilution effect and the higher the contamination PARAMETERS R R2
risk to groundwater vice versa. Aquifer Media, 0.965 0.931 (93%)
Swl, Lateritic
Character.
Aquifer 0.047 0.002 (0.2%)
Thickness
Transmissivity 0.748 0.559 (56%)
Hydraulic 0.749 0.561 (56%)
Conductivity
Specific 0.637 0.406 (40%)
Capacity

CONCLUSION
A modified vulnerability index model called EARTH-VAS2
parameters was used in other to ascertain the potential risk of the
aquiferous units to surface contamination. EARTH-VAS2 is
acronyms for nine parameters of Elevation, Aquifer thickness,
Regolith, Transmissivity, Hydraulic conductivity, vadose zone,
Correlation between earth-vas2 and hydrogeological
aquifer Media, Static water level and specific capacity. The
parameters.
hydrological Zone A (62.5%) covers the entire Calabar South
In this research, R establishes the relationship between the
L.G.A, Akpabuyo L.G.A, Southern part of Calabar Municipality
EARTH-VAS2 index value and their input parameters (aquifer
L.G.A and extends up to Bakassi L.G.A; Whereas the hydrological
media & thickness, Transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity and
Zone B (37.5%) covers the northern part of Calabar Municipality
specific capacity, etc.). From Table 1, R is 0.965 for EARTH-
L.G.A and Southern part of Odukpani L.G.A. Hydrogeologic unit
VAS2 versus Aquifer Media; meaning there is a strong relationship
Zone A appears more prolific to groundwater availability with high
or perfect relationship between the EARTH-VAS2 and Aquifer
risk of surface to subsurface groundwater contamination Whereas
Media. Also the coefficient of determination (R2) enables us to
groundwater resources within Zone B environment are not as
know the percentage of variation between EARTH-VAS2 index
prolific as zone A, with low risk of groundwater contamination.
and its input parameters. Also, from the Table 1, R2 is 0.9312;
meaning that the variation in EARTH-VAS2 model is 93%
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Appendix 1. EARTH-VAS2 input data for the study area

LOCATION ELEVATION AQUIFER AQUIFER SWL HYDRAULIC AQUIFER TRANSMISSIVITY HYDRAULIC SPECIFIC UNSATURATED LATERITIC
(m) ZONE MEDIA (m) HEAD THICKNESS (m2/d) CONDUCTIVITY CAPACITY MEDIA THICKNESS
(m) (m) (m/d) (m3/d)
BH_01 22 A G-CS-MS 20 2 48 2595 54.06 113 RCSL 1
BH_02 25 A G-CS-MS 3.0 22 45 2930 65.1 28.5 RCSL 0
BH_03 21 A G-CS-MS 18 3 50 1840 36.8 258 RCSL 1
BH_04 23 A G-CS-MS 20 3 45 1950 43.3 51.6 RCSL 1
BH_05 21 A G-CS-MS 20.8 1 50 1560 31.2 93.2 RCSL 1
BH_06 23 A G-CS-MS 15 8 65 2412 37.1 91 RCSL 0.5
BH_07 24 A G-CS-MS 20.5 4 40 1180 29.5 29 RCSL 0.5
BH_08 25 A G-CS-MS 30 -5 45 1629.5 36.2 344 RCSL 2
BH_09 41 A G-CS-MS 30 10 35 1156 33.03 9 RCSL 2
BH_10 41 A G-CS-MS 35 6 65 4388.2 67.5 970 RCSL 2
BH_11 16 A G-CS-MS 4 12 45 3416 75.9 114 RCSL 0
BH_12 39 A G-CS-MS 25 14 67 1439 21.47 28 RCSL 1
BH_13 37 A G-CS-MS 20 17 50 1881 22.4 228 RCSL 0.5
BH_14 36 A G-CS-MS 20 16 50 2207 44.14 110 RCSL 1
BH_15 32 A G-CS-MS 13 19 40 2590 64.75 91 RCSL 1
BH_16 23 A G-CS-MS 3 20 30 3000 100 87 RCSL 1
BH_17 50 A G-CS-MS 4 46 45 845 18.7 120 RCSL 1
BH_18 52 A G-CS-MS 2 50 45 900 20 121 RCSL 1
BH_19 18 A G-CS-MS 2 16 60 1098 18.3 1344 RCSL 1
BH_20 19 A G-CS-MS 5 81 5100 63.75 3100 RCSL 1
BH_21 23 A G-CS-MS 4.6 18.4 55 1180 21.45 2550 RCSL 1
BH_22 20 A G-CS-MS 12 8 45 1180 26.22 2550 RCSL 1
BH_23 23 A G-CS-MS 13 10 100 2100 21 890 RCSL 0.5
BH_24 18 A G-CS-MS 2.4 15.6 60 4331 72.1 890 RCSL 0.5
BH_25 23 A G-CS-MS 3 20 50 3550 71 750 RCSL 0.5
BH_26 19 A G-CS-MS 12 7 45 2700 60 990 RCSL 0.5
BH_27 20 A G-CS-MS 2 18 35 1190 34 158 RCSL 1
BH_28 42 A CS-MS-FS 44 -2 60 1200 20 20 LCLS 12
BH_29 40 A CS-MS-FS 34 6 20 1200 60 56 LCLS 14
BH_30 32 A CS-MS-FS 50 18 27 1306 48.37 60 LCLS 9
BH_31 25 A CS-MS-FS 50 25 18 926 18.5 7.7 LCLS 12
BH_32 34 A CS-MS-FS 67 -33 25 5190 207.6 51.4 LCLS 15
BH_33 32 A CS-MS-FS 67 -35 20 1180 59 32.2 LCLS 13
BH_34 27 A CS-MS-FS 60 -33 40 1175 29.38 105 LCLS 12
BH_35 27 A CS-MS-FS 64 -37 40 2409 60.23 52.5 LCLS 13
BH_36 45 A CS-MS-FS 40 5 45 1580 35.1 58 LCLS 8
BH_37 51 B CS-MS-FS 45 6 41 960 23.4 52 LCLS 8
BH_38 69 B CS-MS-FS 43 26 40 1456 36.4 67 LCLS 8
BH_39 34 A CS-MS-FS 36 -2 33 1639 49.67 52 LCLS 8
BH_40 29 A CS-MS-FS 21 8 55 1112 20.23 67 LCLS 12
BH_41 30 A CS-MS-FS 33.3 -3.3 65 1450 22.3 52 LCLS 5
BH_42 33 A CS-MS-FS 52.4 -19.4 41 1456 35.5 420 LCLS 10
BH_43 31 A CS-MS-FS 53 -22 50 2240 44.8 367 LCLS 12
BH_44 28 A CS-MS-FS 50.1 -21.9 56 2581 46.1 103 LCLS 12
BH_45 43 A CS-MS-FS 54 -11 60 3000 50 103 LCLS 13
BH_46 50 B CS-MS-FS 30 -20 45.8 3509 76.6 258 LCLS 10
BH_47 51 B CS-MS-FS 23.6 27.4 55 3400 61.8 40 LCLS 12
BH_48 49 B CS-MS-FS 47.1 1.9 60 4678 77.96 84 LCLS 15
BH_49 50 B CS-MS-FS 30.3 19.7 65 2800 43.08 545 LCLS 10
BH_50 40 A CS-MS-FS 23.7 16.2 45 5780 128.4 436 LCLS 8
 38
Akaerue and Onwuka

BH_51 37 A CS-MS-FS 42.8 -5.8 30 3456 115.2 194 LCLS 10

BH_52 48 B CS-MS-FS 40 8 34 3310 97.35 532 LCLS 12
BH_53 78 B CS-MS-FS 30.5 48 60 2248 37.47 58 LCLS 15
BH_54 41 A CS-MS-FS 30 11 34 5432 159.76 67 LCLS 8
BH_55 50 B CS-MS-FS 50 0 70 4567.9 65.25 197 LCLS 13
BH_56 52 B CS-MS-FS 45 7 30 3218 107.27 181 LCLS 8
BH_57 82 B MS-FS- 50 32 45 897 19.9 23 TLCLS 8
CLS
BH_58 70 B MS-FS- 45 25 45 501 11.1 19 TLCLS 8
CLS
BH_59 63 B MS-FS- 44 19 35 200.1 5.7 35 TLCLS 8
CLS
BH_60 73 B MS-FS- 40 33 35 45 1.29 36 TLCLS 8
CLS
BH_61 67 B MS-FS- 53 14 67 70 1.04 TLCLS 10
CLS 59

BH_62 37 A MS-FS- 47 -10 80 398 4.98 13 TLCLS 11

CLS
BH_63 54 B MS-FS- 55 -1 56 400 7.124 25 TLCLS 12
CLS
BH_64 75 B MS-FS- 30 45 58 286 4.93 48 TLCLS 12
CLS
BH_65 71 B MS-FS- 50.3 21 65 200 3.07 41 TLCLS 12
CLS
BH_66 60 B MS-FS- 45.7 15 26 100 3.85 31 TLCLS 10
CLS
BH_67 69 B MS-FS- 48.7 21 60 78 1.3 33 TLCLS 10
CLS
BH_68 53 B MS-FS- 55 -2 30 50 1.67 22 TLCLS 15
CLS
BH_69 83 B MS-FS- 32 51 70 90 1.28 12 TLCLS 12
CLS
BH_70 65 B MS-FS- 60 5 80 100 1.25 11 TLCLS 16
CLS
BH_71 79 B MS-FS- 78 1 52 200 3.85 18 TLCLS 15
CLS
BH_72 81 B MS-FS- 65 16 60 121 2.01 19 TLCLS 14
CLS
BH_73 86 B MS-FS- 45 41 65 133 2.05 28 TLCLS 13
CLS
BH_74 61 B MS-FS- 67 -6 65 190 2.92 35 TLCLS 10
CLS
BH_75 98 B MS-FS- 50 48 70 180 2.25 12 TLCLS 12
CLS
BH_76 56 B MS-FS- 45 11 65 456 7.02 15 TLCLS 10
CLS
BH_77 65 B MS-FS- 67 -2 30 70 2.33 14 TLCLS 13
CLS
BH_78 40 B MS-FS- 45 -5 32 50 1.42 45 TLCLS 12
CLS
BH_79 67 B MS-FS- 50 17 65 78 1.2 34 TLCLS 16
CLS
BH_80 80 B MS-FS- 48 32 21 90 4.29 40 TLCLS 15
CLS

LEGEND:
*G-gravelly* > *CS-coarse sandy* >* MS-medium sandy* > *FS-fine sandy/silty* > *CLS- clayey sandy*
*RCSL - Thin clayey Sand +coarse +gravelly+ thin Lateritic Layer*
*TLCLS - Thick* Lateritic sand + Lateritic Clay + clay + fine + medium
sand + silt intercalation*