Contents

 Introduction:.......................................................................3
 Definition :...........................................................................3
 Manufacture of photovoltaic panels :................................3
What does CIGS mean?.........................................................4
 Solar System Components :................................................4
 How are photovoltaic panels installed?.............................4
 how photovoltaic panels work ?........................................5
 The advantages and disadvantages :.................................6
Advantages of solar energy...................................................7
The disadvantages of solar energy.......................................7
 Uses of photovoltaic energy :.............................................7
 Solar energy uses in Algeria :..............................................8
 Conclusion :.........................................................................8
References :..............................................................................9
  Introduction:
Solar energy is considered one of the most important
and cleanest sources of renewable energy, because its source
is the light and heat emanating from the planet Sun, and man
has been able to Antiquity exploit this source and exploit it in
energy. generation, and he was also able to find means and
technologies that help him carry out this task.
There are 4 types of solar energy: photovoltaic energy,
thermal energy, aerovoltaic energy and thermodynamic solar
energy.
 Definition :
Photovoltaics is a technology that converts solar energy
(photons) into electrical energy through photovoltaic cells,
arranged in modules called photovoltaic panels.
This energy perfectly meets the needs of isolated
localities where connection to the electricity grid is very
expensive.
 Manufacture of photovoltaic panels :
There are several types of photovoltaic panels.
On one side are the solar panels made from crystalline silicon,
an element that makes up nearly 27% of the earth's crust.
They now represent more than 90% of the solar panels
produced and installed.
On the other hand, there are solar panels using CIGS
technology.

What does CIGS mean?

It is an acronym for the chemical elements copper, indium,
gallium and selenium which are much rarer metals but which are
not therefore “rare earths”.
Panels using these resources represent less than 10% of the
market.
 Solar System Components :
• Solar panel
• Charge regulator: It adjusts the energy coming from
the solar panels in such a way as to allow the batteries to
take the voltage and the current that they deserve.
• Battery: It is a device for storing electrical energy
produced by solar panels during the day for use at night.
• Current transformer: This converts direct current into
alternating current.
 How are photovoltaic panels installed?
After having calculated the need for electricity, it is
necessary to choose the best possible orientation of the panels.
The ideal is a roof facing south and inclined at an angle controlled
by the geographical position. Then, the location of the traced
material and the cut tiles made, the solar panels are installed on
the frame. The solar panels will then be connected to one or
more inverters and then connected to the electricity grid.

To protect your photovoltaic plant and particularly the

inverter against overvoltages linked to lightning and also the
electrical circuit of the house, a lightning arrester can be
installed on the electrical panel. In the event of an
overvoltage, this equipment leads the current to the earth
connection.
 how photovoltaic panels work ?
On simple terms, a solar panel works by allowing
photons, or particles of light, to release electrons from atoms,
generating a flow of electricity, Solar panels actually consist
of many smaller units called photovoltaic cells, which means
they convert sunlight into electricity. Many cells connected
together form a solar panel.
Each photovoltaic cell is essentially a sandwich made up of
two slices of semiconductor material. photovoltaic cells are
typically made of silicon, the same material used in
microelectronics.
To operate, photovoltaic cells need to establish an electric
field. Just like a magnetic field, which occurs due to opposite
poles, an electric field occurs when opposite charges are
separated. To achieve this field, manufacturers "dope" the
silicon with other materials, giving each slice of the sandwich
a positive or negative electrical charge.
Specifically, they seed phosphorus in the top layer of silicon,
according to the American Chemical Society, which adds extra
electrons, with a negative charge, to that layer. During this
time, the lower layer receives a dose of boron, resulting in
fewer electrons or a positive charge. All of this adds up to an
electric field at the junction between the silicon layers. Then,
when a photon from sunlight releases an electron, the
electric field will push that electron out of the silicon junction.
A few other components of the cell turn these electrons into
usable energy. Metallic conductive plates on the sides of the
cell collect the electrons and transfer them to the wires,
according to the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy (EERE). At this point, electrons can flow like any other
source of electricity.
Researchers have produced ultra-thin, flexible solar cells that
are only 1.3 microns thick - about 1/100th the width of a
human hair - and are 20 times lighter than a sheet of office
paper. In fact, the cells are so light they can sit on a soap
bubble, yet they produce power about as efficiently as glass-
based solar cells, scientists reported in a study published in
2016 in the journal Organic Electronics ( opens in a new tab).
Lighter, more flexible solar cells like these could find their
way into architecture, aerospace technology, or even
wearable electronics.
There are other types of solar power technology - including
solar thermal power and concentrated solar power (CSP) -
which work in a different way to photovoltaic solar panels,
but all harness the power of light sunlight to create electricity
or to heat water or air.
 The advantages and disadvantages :
Advantages and disadvantages of solar energy Whether
you are looking for a solar panel or want to keep up to date
with the latest developments in sustainable energy sources,
we have compiled the advantages and disadvantages of solar
energy for you.
Advantages of solar energy
1. Sustainable and renewable
2. Available everywhere
3. Helps save money
4. Low maintenance and long service life
5. Cheaper than ever
6. Energy independence
The disadvantages of solar energy
1. High initial investments
2. intermittent character
3. space inefficient
4. Not all rooftops
5. Manufacturing has a negative environmental impact
6. It is not portable and difficult to carry seven_
 7. They depend on the vagaries of nature: Indeed, if the
weather is cloudy, the solar panels will produce less and
the solar energy will therefore decrease in performance.
 Uses of photovoltaic energy :
1. solar pumps
2. Public lighting
3. General electrical supply

 Solar energy uses in Algeria :

In recent years, "non-renewable energy" (oil and gas)
has caused severe damage to the environment, especially in
terms of the emission of polluting gases to the air and sea. It
is also a non-renewable energy and is on its way to impact,
and this has led to the adoption of other methods, due to
Algeria's continuing energy needs, which prompted Algerian
officials to complete some projects related to the exploitation
of solar energy. Energy to supply some isolated villages with
electricity, and the most important project that Algeria has
undertaken so far is a dual project for solar and gas energy in
Hassi Rmel, and funding has been received for the completion
of this project.

 Conclusion :

Solar energy could be the best option for the future

because: it is the large and inexhaustible energy source,
excessive handling it does not have any harmful impact on
the environment and it is easily applicable (in village / urban
system as well as in industrial systems). In that sense,
photovoltaic technology, which directly converts sunlight into
electricity, is very convenient to use. Especially since these
devices are very easy to handle and simple in construction.
Briefly, the PV system works on the principle of using
sunlight, as a result of which the electrons are activated and
move from a lower to a higher electronic state, during which
electricity is formed. The PV-system can work well for up to
25 years with 80% capacity or 10 years with 90% capacity.
The increase in efficiency is achieved by the possibility of
adjusting the displacement of the PV panel according to the
motion of the solar. The PV system is suitable for combining
with other renewable (e.g. wind) or non-renewable (e.g.
diesel) sources in order to obtain consistent energy for
consumption. These are so-called hybrid systems. In addition
to significant advantages, solar energy production has its
drawbacks, such as: cost, maintenance of the entire system
and the impact of maintenance on the ecosystem, as well as
the development of consumer awareness. However, we must
be aware that overcoming these problems leads the world to
the necessary protection of the environment. Are we really
aware that this is necessary today?

References :
peertechzpublications.com
scholar.google.com
les-energies-renouvelables.eu
edfenr.com
actu-environnement.com
otovo.fr
quelleenergie.fr