ENG REVIEWER.

• EXAMPLES- These include events or

circumstances that your audience can relate to
their life
COMPOSING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY.
• PRECEDENTS- These are specific examples
Argumentative essay, also known as the (historical and personal) from the past
persuasive essay
• AUTHORITY- The authority must be timely
It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a (not out-dated), and it must be qualified to
certain point of view or to take a particular judge the topic
action.
• DEDUCTIVE/INDUCTIVE- Deductive reasoning
Structure of a Five Paragraph is when you pick apart evidence to reach
conclusions, and inductive reasoning is when
Introduction you add logical pieces to the evidence to reach
(Paragraph 1 with 3-5 sentences) conclusions.

▪ Hook: Grab the reader’s attention with a Pathos (think PASSIONATE or emotional
quote, scenario, question, vivid description, etc. Appeal)
It must - Appeal that can be effective if it’s not
be related to your topic. over done.
- The BEST way to incorporate pathos (or
Body emotional) appeals is by using words
(Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 with 5-7 sentences each) that carry appropriate connotations.

▪ Go back to paragraph one and find your first, Ethos (think ETHICAL Appeal of the Writer)

second and third argument. Then write a - You are proving personal experience
- Can be trusted.
paragraph about it for each argument. - Mostly 3rd person view
▪ Use specific examples to support your A RHETORICAL DEVICE is a technique of using
language that will increase
argument
the persuasiveness of a piece of writing
Conclusion
EXAMPLES OF RHETORICAL DEVICES
(Paragraph 5 with 3-5 sentences)
1. Rhetorical question
▪ Summarize—restate your thesis statement and
2. Emotive language
three arguments in different words
3. Parallel structures- Rhetorical device that
▪ Make a strong closing statement. Tie your
uses word phase multiple times emphasizes
closing statement back to your opening hook. idea

Logos (think LOGICAL Appeal) 4. Sound patterns

• FACTS- These are valuable because they are 5. Contrast

not debatable; they represent the truth
6. Description and Imagery

7. The ‘rule of three’ a. describe - give the reader a sense of the

writer’s overall purpose and intent
8. Repetition- By repeating letters, words, and
phrases, the author can reinforce an argument b. analyze - examine how the structure and
and ensure that the point of view being made language of the text convey its meaning
stays in an audience's mind.
c. interpret - state the significance or
importance of each part of the text

9. Hyperbole (using exaggeration for effect) d. assess - make a judgment of the work’s worth
or value
Argumentative essay should focus on the
author’s side. PURPOSE OF WRITING A CRITIQUE

USE A VARIETY OF INFORMATIVE, PERSUASIVE, The purpose for writing a critique is to evaluate
AND ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING TECHNIQUES somebody's work in order to increase the
reader's understanding of it.
INFORMATIVE WRITING
- Analysis means to break down and
- Informative writing is absolutely what
study the parts.
its name implies – writing that is
designed to inform the reader about a 1. STATISTICS- numerical facts or data
given topic.
2. EXPERT OPINIONS - a belief or judgement
- It is sometimes called expository or
about something given by an expert on the
explanatory writing,
subject.
ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
3. ETHICAL APPEAL - convinces an audience of
An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that the authors credibility or character
takes a stance on an issue. In a good
4. EMOTIONAL APPEAL - the use of words that
argumentative essay,
have a lot of emotions and manipulation of
PERSUASIVE WRITING emotions to persuade or win an argument.5.
LOGICAL- reasonable
Persuasive writing is a form of nonfiction writing
that encourages careful word choice, the Structuralist/Formalist Approach & Marxist
development of logical arguments, and a Approach
cohesive summary. It is a written form of an oral
Formalism is a literary criticism and literary
debate.
theory having mainly to do with structural
COMPOSE AN INDEPENDENT CRITIQUE OF A purposes of a particular text.
CHOSEN SELECTION
Formalist Criticism
CRITIQUE.
In literary theory, formalism refers to critical
- This is a paper that gives a critical approaches that analyze, interpret, or evaluate
assessment of a chosen selection. the inherent features of a text.
- Its main purpose is not informational
but analytic and persuasive in nature.
1. PLOT - It is the sequence of events in a story • Protagonist – Principal character of a story
or play. The short story usually has one plot so it
• Antagonist - Opposition or "enemy" of main
can be read in one sitting. There are five
character.
essential parts of plot:
-Characteristics of a character can be revealed
a. Exposition (introduction) - Beginning of the
through:
story; characters, background, and setting
revealed. • his/her physical appearance
b. Rising Action - Events in the story become • what he/she says, thinks, feels, dreams and
complicated; the conflict is revealed. what he/she does or does not do
c. Climax - Turning point of the story. Readers • what others say about him/her and how
wonder what will happen next; will the conflict others react to him/her
be resolved or not?
4. POINT OF VIEW - The angle from which the
d. Falling Action - Resolution begins; events story is told.
and complications start to fall into place. These
are the events between climax and resolution. a. First Person - Story told by the protagonist or
a character who interacts closely with the
e. Resolution (Conclusion) - Final outcome of protagonist or other characters; speaker uses
events in the story. the pronouns "I", "me", "we".
2. SETTING - Time and location a story takes b. Second Person - Story told by a narrator who
place. addresses the reader or some other assumed
"you"; speaker uses pronouns "you", "your",
a. Place - Geographical location; where is the
and "yours".
action of the story taking place?
c. Third Person - Story told by a narrator who
b. Time - Historical period, time of day, year,
sees all of the action; speaker uses the
etc.; when is the story taking place?
pronouns "he", "she", "it", "they", "his",
c. Weather conditions - Is it rainy, sunny, "hers", "its", and "theirs". This person may be
stormy, etc.? a character in the story.

d. Social conditions - What is the daily life of

the characters like? Does the story
Moralist Approach
contain local color (writing that focuses on the
Moralist Criticism is a type of literary critique
speech, dress, mannerisms, customs, etc. of a
that judges the value of the literature based on
particular place)?
its moral lessons or ethical teachings, it
e. Mood or atmosphere - What feeling is evaluates the maturity, sincerity, honesty,
created at the beginning of the story? Cheerful sensitivity, and courage of literature.
or eerie?

3. CHARACTER - There are two meanings for

Literary Criticism Using Feminism, Historical,
"character":
and Reader-Response Approaches
-Person in a work of fiction can be a:
Feminist literary critics remind us to consider
writings by women, both new and forgotten,
and also ask us to consider viewing familiar
literature through a feminist perspective.

Feminism is a literary approach which

underscores the characteristics of women and
their contribution to society.

Historical Criticism

The primary goal of historical criticism is to

discover the text’s original meaning in order to
understand “the world behind the text”. It
focuses on the subject’s relevance, relationship
with, and influence upon the historical period in
which it was written.

Reader-Response Criticism

This is a school of literary theory which focuses

on the role of reader as a contributory factor to
the meaning of a text. It examines, explains, and
defends one’s personal reaction to a text,
hence, there is no right or wrong answer to a
reading response.